Brown, J.
These actions were brought to recover damages alleged to have been suffered by plaintiffs in consequence of a nuisance maintained by defendant upon premises adjacent to those occupied and owned by them. They were consolidated on the call of the calendar in the court-below and tried together; the Lead and Schulze actions being submitted to a jury, and the Gazett action to the court, save as to the question of damages.
In the two actions submitted wholly to the jury, verdicts were returned for the respective plaintiffs; in the Gazett action a verdict assessing plaintiff’s damages at the sum of one dollar was returned, and the court therein made findings of fact and conclusions of law, awarding judgment therefor, and directing the issuance of a permanent injunction restraining the further maintenance of the nuisance. The action was dismissed as to defendant Anker. Defendant Inch moved for additional and amended findings in the Gazett case* which was denied in part and granted in part. Defendant thereafter moved for a new trial of all the actions on various grounds, and appealed from an order denying the same.
It is contended on this appeal (1) that the evidence does not justify the verdict of the jury or the findings of the court; (2) that the court erred in certain of its instructions and refusals to instruct the jury; (3) that incompetent evidence was erroneously admitted,-; and (4) that a permanent injunction in the Gazett case was improperly granted.
[470]*470The facts as disclosed, by tbe evidence and findings of tbe court are substantially as follows:
Defendant is a teamster, employing in tbe conduct of bis business a number of borses, wbicb be stables in a barn owned by him and located upon tbe land described in tbe complaint in tbe city of Dulutb. The barn was originally built fifteen or more years ago and of sufficient capacity to stable a limited number of borses. For several years prior to tbe time defendant became tbe owner of tbe barn, it was not in use to any considerable extent, if at all, and bad been practically abandoned as a stabling place, for borses. During this period a large number of people, including plaintiffs, purchased lots in tbe vicinity of tbe barn and erected thereon dwelling bouses, and tbe locality became a thickly settled residence part of tbe city of Dulutb.
Thereafter, and about five years prior to tbe commencement of these actions, defendant purchased tbe property and commenced stabling tbe borses used by him in bis business as teamster, and so continued until some three years before tbe commencement of tbe actions, when be rebuilt and reconstructed tbe barn and so enlarged its capacity as to accommodate about thirty borses. About tbe same time defendant extended bis business, and in addition to borses used in bis team work constantly kept a number in tbe barn for sale. By these improvements in tbe barn it was made into a two-story structure, with room on one floor for thirteen and upon tbe other seventeen borses.
Thereafter tbe court found that defendant allowed tbe barn to be used and kept in such a manner that there emanated therefrom noxious and offensive odors, varying in intensity and offensiveness from time to time, and to such an extent as to cause tbe atmosphere, especially in tbe summer time, to become polluted, wbicb reached tbe bouses and dwellings of plaintiffs, to their annoyance and discomfort; that during said time tbe borses so. stabled, during both tbe night and day time, stamped, pawed, and made loud and offensive noises, to tbe disturbance of plaintiffs and their families; that during said time defendant frequently curried and cleaned bis [471]*471said horses in an alley adjacent to the barn, allowing large quantities of hair, dust, and dirt, to be carried by the wind to and within the houses of plaintiffs, to their annoyance and discomfort; that defendant permitted the accumulation of manure to remain in a wagon upon the premises, which gave off additional offensive odors; that by reason of these facts plaintiffs were deprived of the free and comfortable enjoyment of their property; and that the bam and the manner in which it was kept constituted a nuisance. The court also found that the management of the barn during the last three years of defendant’s occupancy thereof was entirely different than when plaintiffs purchased their property and erected their dwellings thereon.
1. We have examined the record with care, and find therein ample evidence to justify the court and jury in finding the facts substantially as embodied in the foregoing statement. It would serve no useful purpose to discuss the evidence, and we leave .this branch of the case without further comment. That the facts justify the conclusion that defendant’s barn and the management thereof constitute a nuisance for which he is liable -in damages to those who have suffered therefrom is clear. The case is brought by the facts within the provisions of section 4446, B>. L. 1905, which are declaratory of the common law upon the subject, and entitle plaintiffs to the relief demanded.
" 2. The assignments of error challenging certain portions of the instructions to the jury, and the refusal of certain requests, are not sustained. The rules and principles of law upon the subject of both public and private nuisances are well settled, and a general discussion thereof seems unnecessary. 29 Cyc. 1152, et seq.; 2 Dunnell, Minn. Digest, § 7240, and cases cited.
A barn or stable wherein horses or cattle are kept is not a nuisance per se, although it may become a nuisance by reason of its location and the manner in which it is managed and conducted. Albany Church v. Wilborn, 112 Ky. 507, 66 S. W. 285; Joyce, Nuisances, § 202. If the manner in which it is conducted results in noxious odors, disagreeable noises, to the discomfort and annoy[472]*472anee of adjoining property owners, it is a nuisance within the meaning of the law, regardless of the. question whether defendant exercised due care to so manage the property as to avoid results of that nature. Joyce, Nuisances, § 202; Berger v. Minneapolis Gaslight Co. 60 Minn. 296, 62 N. W. 336. In other words, where the business casts off noxious and unwholesome odors, in fact annoying to and impairing the comfort of adjoining property owners, it is no defense to say that it was conducted in a reasonable and proper manner, and that the odors emanating therefrom were such as are ordinarily incident to the business when properly conducted. Pennoyer v. Allen, 56 Wis. 502, 14 N. W. 609, 43 Am. Rep. 728; People v. Detroit, 82 Mich. 471, 46 N. W. 735, 9 L.R.A. 722; Aldrich v. Howard, 8 R. I. 246; Rodenhausen v. Craven, 141 Pa. St. 546, 21 Atl. 774, 23 Am. St. 306; Bohan v. Port Jervis, 122 N. Y. 18, 25 N. E. 246, 9 L.R.A. 711.
There can be no question but that defendant was conducting a lawful business, and it was not per se a nuisance; but the evidence justified the conclusion that the manner in which it was conducted created a nuisance as a matter of law. A careful reading of the charge of the learned trial court impresses us that the rules of law pertinent to the issues presented were clearly and fully stated to the jury. We construe the charge as a whole, and not segregated parts thereof, which, standing alone, might seem incomplete or incorrect. The evidence did not require the submission to the jury of the question covered by one of defendant’s requests, to the effect that, if plaintiffs acquiesced in the improvements of defendant’s barn, that fact should be taken into consideration by the jury in determining the issues involved.
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Brown, J.
These actions were brought to recover damages alleged to have been suffered by plaintiffs in consequence of a nuisance maintained by defendant upon premises adjacent to those occupied and owned by them. They were consolidated on the call of the calendar in the court-below and tried together; the Lead and Schulze actions being submitted to a jury, and the Gazett action to the court, save as to the question of damages.
In the two actions submitted wholly to the jury, verdicts were returned for the respective plaintiffs; in the Gazett action a verdict assessing plaintiff’s damages at the sum of one dollar was returned, and the court therein made findings of fact and conclusions of law, awarding judgment therefor, and directing the issuance of a permanent injunction restraining the further maintenance of the nuisance. The action was dismissed as to defendant Anker. Defendant Inch moved for additional and amended findings in the Gazett case* which was denied in part and granted in part. Defendant thereafter moved for a new trial of all the actions on various grounds, and appealed from an order denying the same.
It is contended on this appeal (1) that the evidence does not justify the verdict of the jury or the findings of the court; (2) that the court erred in certain of its instructions and refusals to instruct the jury; (3) that incompetent evidence was erroneously admitted,-; and (4) that a permanent injunction in the Gazett case was improperly granted.
[470]*470The facts as disclosed, by tbe evidence and findings of tbe court are substantially as follows:
Defendant is a teamster, employing in tbe conduct of bis business a number of borses, wbicb be stables in a barn owned by him and located upon tbe land described in tbe complaint in tbe city of Dulutb. The barn was originally built fifteen or more years ago and of sufficient capacity to stable a limited number of borses. For several years prior to tbe time defendant became tbe owner of tbe barn, it was not in use to any considerable extent, if at all, and bad been practically abandoned as a stabling place, for borses. During this period a large number of people, including plaintiffs, purchased lots in tbe vicinity of tbe barn and erected thereon dwelling bouses, and tbe locality became a thickly settled residence part of tbe city of Dulutb.
Thereafter, and about five years prior to tbe commencement of these actions, defendant purchased tbe property and commenced stabling tbe borses used by him in bis business as teamster, and so continued until some three years before tbe commencement of tbe actions, when be rebuilt and reconstructed tbe barn and so enlarged its capacity as to accommodate about thirty borses. About tbe same time defendant extended bis business, and in addition to borses used in bis team work constantly kept a number in tbe barn for sale. By these improvements in tbe barn it was made into a two-story structure, with room on one floor for thirteen and upon tbe other seventeen borses.
Thereafter tbe court found that defendant allowed tbe barn to be used and kept in such a manner that there emanated therefrom noxious and offensive odors, varying in intensity and offensiveness from time to time, and to such an extent as to cause tbe atmosphere, especially in tbe summer time, to become polluted, wbicb reached tbe bouses and dwellings of plaintiffs, to their annoyance and discomfort; that during said time tbe borses so. stabled, during both tbe night and day time, stamped, pawed, and made loud and offensive noises, to tbe disturbance of plaintiffs and their families; that during said time defendant frequently curried and cleaned bis [471]*471said horses in an alley adjacent to the barn, allowing large quantities of hair, dust, and dirt, to be carried by the wind to and within the houses of plaintiffs, to their annoyance and discomfort; that defendant permitted the accumulation of manure to remain in a wagon upon the premises, which gave off additional offensive odors; that by reason of these facts plaintiffs were deprived of the free and comfortable enjoyment of their property; and that the bam and the manner in which it was kept constituted a nuisance. The court also found that the management of the barn during the last three years of defendant’s occupancy thereof was entirely different than when plaintiffs purchased their property and erected their dwellings thereon.
1. We have examined the record with care, and find therein ample evidence to justify the court and jury in finding the facts substantially as embodied in the foregoing statement. It would serve no useful purpose to discuss the evidence, and we leave .this branch of the case without further comment. That the facts justify the conclusion that defendant’s barn and the management thereof constitute a nuisance for which he is liable -in damages to those who have suffered therefrom is clear. The case is brought by the facts within the provisions of section 4446, B>. L. 1905, which are declaratory of the common law upon the subject, and entitle plaintiffs to the relief demanded.
" 2. The assignments of error challenging certain portions of the instructions to the jury, and the refusal of certain requests, are not sustained. The rules and principles of law upon the subject of both public and private nuisances are well settled, and a general discussion thereof seems unnecessary. 29 Cyc. 1152, et seq.; 2 Dunnell, Minn. Digest, § 7240, and cases cited.
A barn or stable wherein horses or cattle are kept is not a nuisance per se, although it may become a nuisance by reason of its location and the manner in which it is managed and conducted. Albany Church v. Wilborn, 112 Ky. 507, 66 S. W. 285; Joyce, Nuisances, § 202. If the manner in which it is conducted results in noxious odors, disagreeable noises, to the discomfort and annoy[472]*472anee of adjoining property owners, it is a nuisance within the meaning of the law, regardless of the. question whether defendant exercised due care to so manage the property as to avoid results of that nature. Joyce, Nuisances, § 202; Berger v. Minneapolis Gaslight Co. 60 Minn. 296, 62 N. W. 336. In other words, where the business casts off noxious and unwholesome odors, in fact annoying to and impairing the comfort of adjoining property owners, it is no defense to say that it was conducted in a reasonable and proper manner, and that the odors emanating therefrom were such as are ordinarily incident to the business when properly conducted. Pennoyer v. Allen, 56 Wis. 502, 14 N. W. 609, 43 Am. Rep. 728; People v. Detroit, 82 Mich. 471, 46 N. W. 735, 9 L.R.A. 722; Aldrich v. Howard, 8 R. I. 246; Rodenhausen v. Craven, 141 Pa. St. 546, 21 Atl. 774, 23 Am. St. 306; Bohan v. Port Jervis, 122 N. Y. 18, 25 N. E. 246, 9 L.R.A. 711.
There can be no question but that defendant was conducting a lawful business, and it was not per se a nuisance; but the evidence justified the conclusion that the manner in which it was conducted created a nuisance as a matter of law. A careful reading of the charge of the learned trial court impresses us that the rules of law pertinent to the issues presented were clearly and fully stated to the jury. We construe the charge as a whole, and not segregated parts thereof, which, standing alone, might seem incomplete or incorrect. The evidence did not require the submission to the jury of the question covered by one of defendant’s requests, to the effect that, if plaintiffs acquiesced in the improvements of defendant’s barn, that fact should be taken into consideration by the jury in determining the issues involved. No acquiescence in the conduct of defendant’s business, of a character to estop plaintiffs, was shown, and the request was properly refused. We find, therefore, the assignments of error challenging the instructions to the jury not well taken.
3. Defendant complains of the admission over his objection of certain expert testimony. This evidence related almost wholly to the damages suffered by plaintiffs, and in view of the well-settled rule that the admission of expert evidence rests largely in the discretion of the trial court, and the further fact that the damages [473]*473awarded were in no sense excessive, the conclusion must be that no prejudice resulted to defendant, conceding, for present purposes, that some of the evidence so objected to might have been excluded.
The question to one of plaintiffs’ witnesses, seeking to elicit information as to whether conditions had improved with reference to the management of the barn since the commencement of the action, was objected to as “immaterial, and calling for the conclusion of the witness.” The objection did not call attention to the objection now urged, namely, that the question was incompetent, and there was no reversible error in overruling it. The answer to the question stated a fact, and not the conclusion of the witness.
The other assignments in reference to this branch of the case do not require separate mention. We discover no reversible error in the admission or exclusion of the evidence.
4. In the Gazett ease the court ordered judgment for a permanent injunction, “perpetually enjoining the defendant, either by himself, his servants, agents, or any of them, from maintaining or permitting to be maintained on the property of the defendant, * * * the barn and stable for horses in such numbers or in such manner as to produce noise sufficient habitually to disturb the sleep or comfort of the occupants of the plaintiff’s house, * * * or from maintaining or permitting to be maintained * * * a stable for horses in such numbers as to habitually produce odors or gases that shall be offensive to the senses of the plaintiff or his family in said house of the plaintiff, or to interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of plaintiff’s house by himself and family,” and restraining and enjoining specific acts not necessary here to repeat. The jury in this case awarded plaintiff one dollar as damages.
It is contended by defendant that the injunction was improperly granted, for the reasons (1) that plaintiff has suffered no substantial damage from the maintenance of the barn; and (2) that an injunction should not issue in any case where it appears that defendant is solvent and the complainant’s injury may be compensated by the payment of damages.
Neither contention can be sustained. The nuisance complained [474]*474of is continuing in character, and the annoyance and discomfort arising therefrom are in the nature of things incapable of accurate, or even approximately accurate, measurement in dollars and cents. In such cases, the authorities say, whether the damage be great or small, the injury is practically irreparable, and equity will interfere to prevent its continuance. 29 Cyc. 1223; Wahle v. Reinbach, 76 Ill. 322; Bushnell v. Robeson, 62 Iowa, 540, 17 N. W. 888; Friedman v. Columbia, 99 App. Div. 504, 91 N. Y. Supp. 129. For the same reason the financial responsibility of the defendant is not controlling. To send the plaintiff to a court of law for redress by way of damages in such cases would not only compel him to submit to the conditions surrounding the nuisance, but also result in a multiplicity of suits.
For these reasons, well supported by the authorities, we hold that a proper case for an injunction was presented. Though in some respects the injunction which the court ordered issued is quite general in its commands, it is specific in some respects, and as a whole perhaps as definite as the law itself upon the subject. Oehler v. Levy, 234 Ill. 595, 85 N. E. 271, 17 L.R.A.(N.S.) 1025.
We find in the record evidence reasonably tending to support the findings objected to by defendant, and there was therefore no error in the refusal of the court below to strike them out. Nor was there error in the denial of defendant’s motion for additional findings.
Order affirmed.