RECORD IMPOUNDED
NOT FOR PUBLICATION WITHOUT THE APPROVAL OF THE APPELLATE DIVISION
SUPERIOR COURT OF NEW JERSEY APPELLATE DIVISION DOCKET NO. A-3638-16T1
L.E. and P.T.,
Plaintiffs-Appellants, APPROVED FOR PUBLICATION v. October 5, 2018 THE PLAINFIELD PUBLIC SCHOOL APPELLATE DIVISION DISTRICT, PLAINFIELD BOARD OF EDUCATION, ANN NETTINGHAM, ANGELA BENTO and ANNA BELIN-PYLES,
Defendants/Third Party Plaintiffs-Respondents,
v.
A.D. and R.B.,
Third Party Defendants. _____________________________________
Submitted February 12, 2018 – Decided October 5, 2018
Before Judges Sabatino, Ostrer and Rose.
On appeal from Superior Court of New Jersey, Law Division, Union County, Docket No. L-2513-15.
Matthew Van Natten, attorney for appellants. Nirenberg & Varano, LLP, attorneys for respondents (Howard M. Nirenberg, of counsel; Sandra N. Varano, on the brief).
The opinion of the court was delivered by
OSTRER, J.A.D.
Plaintiffs L.E. and her mother, P.T., allege that defendants, a school
district and several of its employees, negligently supervised L.E. and two
teenage male students on school grounds; failed to protect L.E. from a sexual
assault; and failed to undertake an adequate investigation after L.E.'s delayed
report. Plaintiffs allege that L.E. suffered psychological injury as a result.
They appeal from the summary judgment dismissal of their complaint.
We conclude defendants owed L.E. a duty to exercise reasonable care in
supervising her and fellow students during the school day; and plaintiffs'
expert provided sufficient evidence for a jury to reasonably conclude that
defendants failed to fulfill that duty. The court erred in determining that two
provisions of the Tort Claims Act (TCA or Act) – N.J.S.A. 59:5-4, governing
the failure to provide police protection services, and N.J.S.A. 59:3-5,
governing the failure to enforce laws – shield defendants from liability for the
negligent supervision of the students preceding the assault. However, we
agree with the trial court that plaintiffs failed to establish a reasonable standard
of care governing the appropriate response to L.E.'s report of the assault, or
A-3638-16T1 2 that she suffered any harm from the alleged shortcomings in the post-assault
investigation.
Therefore, we reverse in part, and affirm in part, the trial court's order
granting summary judgment.
I.
We view the facts in the light most favorable to plaintiffs. Brill v.
Guardian Life Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 536 (1995). June 23, 2011, was
the last day of L.E.'s high school freshman year. She was on the playground
for a scheduled gym class, but most students had "skipped" that day. The
boys' and girls' gym classes were combined, but there was no real instruction.
L.E. testified, "We didn't really have a class. Nobody came. We're just, it was
like a free day." She said no teachers or security guards were present on the
playground.
Two male students, A.D. and R.B., approached her on the playground.
She knew them from her classes. She once had a crush on A.D., but recently
he had been bullying her. He offered to reconcile.
While the class was technically still in session, L.E. left the playground
and entered the school building on the way to the bathroom. The boys left too,
and the three entered the school building. None of them had hall passes,
A-3638-16T1 3 notwithstanding that the school required them when students used the hallways
during class.
L.E. reached the girls' bathroom, which was across the hallway from the
boys' bathroom. R.B. asked L.E. to enter the boys' bathroom and she
consented. L.E. alleged that once inside the boys' bathroom, an unwanted
sexual encounter took place with both boys, which escalated with one of them,
as the other watched. When another student entered the boys' bathroom, L.E.
ran out.
In December the following school year, L.E. reported the incident to a
guidance counselor and a basketball coach. She did so after she overheard
R.B. boasting about the incident to fellow classmates. L.E. also told her
mother. The principal and school superintendent were soon involved, as were
local police and the Division of Youth and Family Services, as it was known at
the time. No criminal charges were brought. Shortly after her report, L.E. left
school and was hospitalized for extended periods due to mental illness.
Plaintiff contends the assault triggered and exacerbated her condition.
Plaintiffs retained an expert in school security and safety. The expert
visited the school in 2016. He noted that the school maintained a closed
circuit television (CCTV) system of sixteen cameras that could be monitored
from the school's front desk, including one camera with a view of the boys'
A-3638-16T1 4 bathroom where the expert believed the assault occurred. 1 The school also
maintained locks restricting access to the school building.
Citing both the school's own policy and "school security best practices,"
the expert opined that "students should be supervised at all times during
regular school hours" and hall passes should be required for students traveling
within a building during class sessions. He also opined that controlling access
to school buildings "is critical to providing a safe and secur[e] school
environment." The expert opined that defendants failed to implement a hall-
pass system, failed to control access to the building, and failed to supervise
L.E., A.D. and R.B. on the date of the incident.
After discovery, the trial court granted defendants' motion for summary
judgment. In an oral opinion, the trial court found defendants were immune
under the TCA. The court invoked N.J.S.A. 59:5-4, which provides public
entities and employees immunity for "failure to provide police protection
services," and "failure to provide sufficient police protection service." The
court also relied on N.J.S.A. 59:3-5, which provides immunity to public
employees for injuries "caused . . . by his [or her] failure to enforce any law."
See also N.J.S.A. 59:2-4 (extending similar immunity to public entities). The
1 Based on the date of his visit to the school, the expert acknowledged that he did not know whether the system was in place or operational when the assault occurred.
A-3638-16T1 5 court rejected plaintiffs' negligent supervision claim, which it found
unsupported by the expert's opinion. The judge stated:
So plaintiffs argue that the defendants did not reasonably supervise the students. They point to the parts of the expert report noting the various failures that are alleged . . . : failure to supervise, failure to have hall passes, not having somebody on the playground. But basically it boils down to a lack of security or a lack of supervision. And if it's a lack of security . . . the Tort Claims Act provides a defense. And if it's a lack of supervision, there's no expert for that. The policeman [2] is not an expert on what is appropriate supervision for 15-year-olds in a high school.
The court also questioned whether plaintiffs could prove causation.
And I guess what's alleged here is that they did not act to . . . give hall passes, have one police person on campus or have somebody everywhere at every point in time to make sure that girls are not entering the boys bathroom. . . . And there's a lot of assumptions to be made that if somebody was there, . . . that person would have stopped her. It's really left a lot to speculation.
However, the court ultimately concluded that plaintiffs' negligent
supervision claim was, at bottom, a claim of inadequate security. "Plaintiffs
here have not raised any facts outside of lack of security at school which
2 The court referred thereby to plaintiffs' expert, who was a former police detective and municipal police commissioner. After his policing career, the expert served lengthy stints as the security chief for two hospitals and a New Jersey university. He also reported experience managing the day-to-day security operations of educational programs serving K-12 students.
A-3638-16T1 6 would subject defendants to liability." The court found that statutory
immunity shielded defendants. "Mainly, the plaintiff is alleging . . . that
defendants negligently supervised the three students, despite the fact that even
if this were true, it would be irrelevant in light of the applicability of the police
protection and the failure to enforce immunities."
The trial court also dismissed plaintiffs' claim that defendants failed to
conduct an appropriate investigation of L.E.'s allegation. After reviewing the
various steps that the individual defendants took, the court relied on plaintiffs'
failure to present any evidence or expert opinion to establish a standard of care
for the appropriate response to L.E.'s report. The court concluded that
plaintiffs failed to demonstrate how any shortcomings in the individual
defendants' response caused L.E. injury.
On appeal, plaintiffs contend the trial court misapplied the TCA. They
argue that their claim pertains to negligent supervision, not inadequate police
protection or failure to enforce laws. They also contend the trial judge
inappropriately relied on facts pertaining to L.E. and P.T., which the judge
learned while presiding over a Family Part matter involving them.
A-3638-16T1 7 II.
Exercising de novo review, see Henry v. N.J. Dep't of Human Servs.,
204 N.J. 320, 330 (2010), we conclude the trial court erred in dismissing
plaintiffs' negligent supervision claim.
We turn first to the TCA. The Act establishes the general principal of
sovereign immunity, which is subject to exceptions, and specific grants of
immunity. The Act provides, "Except as otherwise provided by this act, a
public entity is not liable for an injury, whether such injury arises out of an act
or omission of the public entity or a public employee or any other person ."
N.J.S.A. 59:2-1. But, the Act states generally that "[a] public entity is liable
for injury proximately caused by an act or omission of a public employee
within the scope of his employment in the same manner and to the same extent
as a private individual under like circumstances." N.J.S.A. 59:2-2(a); see also
Margolis and Novack, Claims Against Public Entities, 1972 Task Force
Comment to N.J.S.A. 59:2-2 (2018) (stating the subsection is "[t]he primary
source of public entity liability"). Similarly, "[e]xcept as otherwise provided
by this act, a public employee is liable for injury caused by his [or her] act or
omission to the same extent as a private person." N.J.S.A. 59:3-1(a).
Notwithstanding these general provisions, defendants seek protection
under the specific immunities granted by N.J.S.A. 59:5-4 and N.J.S.A. 59:3-5.
A-3638-16T1 8 They bear the burden to plead and prove immunity. Leang v. Jersey City Bd.
of Educ., 198 N.J. 557, 582 (2009).
N.J.S.A. 59:5-4 "precludes suit against municipalities and their
responsible officers based upon contentions that damage occurred from the
absence of a police force or from the presence of an inadequate one." Sczyrek
v. Cty. of Essex, 324 N.J. Super. 235, 241 (App. Div. 1999) (quoting Suarez v.
Dosky, 171 N.J. Super. 1, 9 (App. Div. 1979)). The immunity provision
"protect[s] 'the public entity's essential right and power to allocate its
resources'" and "determine with impunity whether to provide police protection
service and, if provided, to what extent." Ibid. (quoting Rodriguez v. N.J.
Sports & Exposition Auth., 193 N.J. Super. 39, 43 (App. Div. 1983)).
We disagree with the trial court's view that plaintiffs' claim relates to a
failure to provide police protection, or to enforce laws. Plaintiffs alleged in
their complaint that defendants violated a duty when they "failed to prop erly
supervise, attend to, care for and otherwise provide for the safety of . . . [L.E.]"
and they "failed to properly supervise, attend to, patrol, monitor, control and
regulate the conduct and behavior of [A.D.] and [R.B.] who were other
students either entrusted to their care or over whom they have supervisory
responsibilities." Plaintiffs did not ground their claim on a "failure to provide
A-3638-16T1 9 police protection service," N.J.S.A. 59:5-4, or a "failure to enforce any law,"
N.J.S.A. 59:3-5.
The trial court and defendants misplace reliance on Setrin v. Glassboro
State College, 136 N.J. Super. 329 (App Div. 1975), which involved a claim
by a person stabbed on college property after leaving a basketball game. The
plaintiff did not ground his claim on negligent supervision. See id. at 332.
Rather, he claimed that prior incidents of racial unrest created a "dangerous
condition" that rendered the defendants liable under the proviso of N.J.S.A.
59:2-7, which states, "A public entity is not liable for failure to provide
supervision of public recreational facilities; provided, however, that nothing in
this section shall exonerate a public entity from liability for failure to protect a
dangerous condition . . . ." (emphasis added).
We held that "the mere presence on the property of a person with
criminal intent or purpose" was not a dangerous condition that would impose
liability on the school. Setrin, 136 N.J. Super. at 333. In passing, we stated
that the plaintiff's claim amounted to a claim of insufficient police protection,
which was barred by N.J.S.A. 59:2-7. Id. at 335. We simply did not address
the interplay between a negligent supervision claim and N.J.S.A. 59:5-4 or
A-3638-16T1 10 The other reported police-protection cases upon which defendants rely
extend N.J.S.A. 59:5-4 to claims involving security arrangements and the
adequacy of privately retained security officers; but they do not justify
immunizing school staff's failure to supervise interactions among students on
school grounds during the school day. See Sczyrek, 324 N.J. Super. at 241-42
(finding immunity for allegedly inadequate security plan in courthouse, which
failed to prevent entry and murder by armed person); Rodriguez, 193 N.J.
Super. at 42 (finding immunity for failure to provide sufficient private security
protection services to prevent robbery on racetrack parking lot).
The policy underlying N.J.S.A. 59:5-4 is to shield a public entity's
discretionary decisions regarding how to allocate and direct scarce police
resources. Suarez, 171 N.J. Super. at 9. Plaintiffs do not question the
allocation of police or security personnel, nor do they contend defendants
provided an inadequate police presence in the school. Plaintiffs' claim relates
to the separate duty of a school and its staff to exercise reasonable care in
supervising children entrusted to them. Plaintiffs assert that L.E. was injured
by fellow students whom defendants failed to supervise. Their expert
addresses the failure to issue hall passes, the absence of teachers or other staff
on the playground during the class hour, and the students' unfettered access to
A-3638-16T1 11 the school building during class hour. These failures do not involve
inadequate police protection.
Courts in other jurisdictions have likewise distinguished between police-
protection immunity and educators' duty to supervise and assure the safety of
students. See Peterson v. San Francisco Cmty. Coll. Dist., 685 P.2d 1193,
1202 (Cal. 1984) (concluding that a provision comparable to N.J.S.A. 59:5 -4
did not immunize college from claims that it failed to warn student of danger,
or failed to take other steps to prevent assault); Moore ex rel. Knight v. Wood
Cty. Bd. of Educ., 489 S.E.2d 1, 5 (W. Va. 1997) ("A county school board's
policy regarding supervision of students on school grounds is [not] police . . .
protection, and the immunity cited . . . does not therefore apply.")
Defendants also mischaracterize plaintiffs' claim as one alleging a
failure to enforce the law against sexual assault. Defendants cite Bombace v.
City of Newark, 125 N.J. 361 (1991), which addressed the immunity for failure
to enforce a law. The Court held that the defendants were entitled to summary
judgment on plaintiffs' complaint that a fatal apartment fire caused by a stove
or portable heater could have been prevented had the City enforced laws
requiring adequate heating and smoke detectors. Id. at 373-74. The Court
noted that the immunity under N.J.S.A. 59:3-5 and N.J.S.A. 59:2-4 addresses
"the government's failure to act or non-action" where there is usually "a
A-3638-16T1 12 principal wrongdoer from whom to seek redress." Id. at 372. The immunity
recognizes that the government cannot "do everything that might be done." Id.
at 372 (quoting N.J.S.A. 59:1-2). By contrast, plaintiffs focus not on the
failure to act in the form of the non-enforcement of laws, but on the negligent
discharge of the supervisory function that the school had already assumed
when students were attending class.
Our courts have consistently held that school officials have a duty to
supervise the children in their care. See, e.g., Jerkins v. Anderson, 191 N.J.
285, 296 (2007) (stating that "[s]chool officials have a general duty 'to exercise
reasonable supervisory care for the safety of students entrusted to them, and
[are accountable] for injuries resulting from failure to discharge that duty'")
(quoting Caltavuturo v. City of Passaic, 124 N.J. Super. 361, 366 (App. Div.
1973) (alteration in original)); Frugis v. Bracigliano, 177 N.J. 250, 268-70
(2003) (stating school officials' duty of care "extends to supervisory care" of
their students). We have recognized that "[t]eachers must at times be present
to oversee students on school playgrounds and in hallways, classrooms,
lunchrooms and auditoriums." Kibler v. Roxbury Bd. of Educ., 392 N.J.
Super. 45, 55 (App. Div. 2007). The duty may be violated by nonfeasance, as
well as misfeasance. Titus v. Lindberg, 49 N.J. 66, 74 (1967); Caltavuturo,
124 N.J. Super. at 366.
A-3638-16T1 13 "The theory behind the duty is that the relationship between the child
and school authorities is not a voluntary one but is compelled by law." Frugis,
177 N.J. at 270. Because "[t]he child must attend school and is subject to
school rules and discipline," school officials "are obligated to take reasonable
precautions for [the child's] safety and well-being." Ibid.
The supervisory duty extends to "foreseeable dangers . . . [that] arise
from the careless acts or intentional transgressions of others." Id. at 268; see
also L.W. ex rel L.G. v. Toms River Reg'l Sch. Bd. of Educ., 189 N.J. 381, 406
(2007). In Frugis, the Court held that the supervisory duty extended to protect
students from the transgressions of an adult – a school principal who privately
photographed students in inappropriate poses. 177 N.J. at 268. In L.W., the
Court applied the supervisory duty to a case of student-on-student harassment.
189 N.J. at 406-07. In Titus, the Court affirmed a jury verdict finding a
principal liable for negligent supervision of a student who shot a paper clip at
another student, injuring him. 49 N.J. at 75-76; see also Longo v. Santoro, 195
N.J. Super. 507 (App. Div. 1984) (reversing summary judgment for the school
board and principal whom the plaintiff claimed negligently assigned
supervisory personnel, who failed to prevent one student from striking another
with a rock); Kibler, 392 N.J. Super. at 55 (noting, in reference to teachers'
A-3638-16T1 14 supervisory responsibilities, that "there is invariably the prospect that a
student-on-student altercation will erupt").
Consistent with this authority, we conclude that school personnel's
supervisory responsibilities may extend to the prevention of unwanted sexual
encounters between students. Although we have found no New Jersey case
addressing that form of student-upon-student assault, persuasive out-of-state
decisions have found liability in such cases. See J.H. v. Los Angeles Unified
Sch. Dist., 107 Cal. Rptr. 3d 182, 196 (Ct. App. 2010) (finding student who
was sexually assaulted during a voluntary, school-sponsored after-school
program had "a right to reasonable protection"); M.W. v. Panama Buena Vista
Union Sch. Dist., 1 Cal. Rptr. 3d 673, 675 (Ct. App. 2003) (recognizing a duty
of supervision where an eighth-grade special education student was sexually
assaulted by another student in the school bathroom before classes began);
Collins v. Sch. Bd. of Broward Cty., 471 So. 2d 560, 564 (Fla. Dist. Ct. App.
1985) (holding that a teacher and school board "owed a duty to use reasonable
care in supervising" a class in which an emotionally handicapped student was
sexually assaulted); Doe v. Dep't of Educ. of City of New York, 862 N.Y.S.2d
598, 599-600 (App. Div. 2008) (holding that a school could be liable for
negligent supervision of students if an alleged sexual assault against the
plaintiff on school grounds was foreseeable); Doe by Roe v. Orangeburg Cty.
A-3638-16T1 15 Sch. Dist., 495 S.E.2d 230, 232 (S.C. Ct. App. 1997) (finding, in a student-on-
student sexual assault case, that a jury could conclude the school acted with
gross negligence by leaving a class of students unsupervised for fifteen
minutes).
School officials must exercise "that degree of care which a person of
ordinary prudence, charged with comparable duties, would exercise under the
same circumstances." Caltavuturo, 124 N.J. Super. at 366. In Frugis,
plaintiffs proceeded on the theory that the school board had not implemented
proper procedures for school officials to report a principal's inappropriate
behavior toward students. 177 N.J. at 270. In L.W., the Court acknowledged
that "[a] school cannot be expected to shelter students from all instances of
peer harassment" but "reasonable measures are required to protect our youth, a
duty that schools are more than capable of performing." 189 N.J. at 406. 3
In addition to establishing a duty of care, plaintiffs must prove a breach
of the duty, actual and proximate causation, and damages. See Jersey Cent.
Power & Light Co. v. Melcar Util. Co., 212 N.J. 576, 594 (2013) (setting forth
four requisites of negligence action). There was sufficient evidence that
school officials breached their duty. L.E. asserted there was no instruction or
3 The parties have not cited to us, nor have we found, any State regulations or Department of Education guidelines or standards addressing the level of supervision that a high school should maintain over its students.
A-3638-16T1 16 supervision during the gym class period. The boys and girls mixed freely on
the playground, so A.D. and R.B. were free to approach L.E. The three were
also able to leave the playground together during the class period, without
securing hall passes or the express permission of a staff-person. They freely
entered the school building and proceeded to the hallway. They avoided
observation of school staff, despite the presence of a CCTV camera trained on
the area (assuming it was in place in 2011).
Plaintiffs' expert opined that reasonable measures to prevent student-on-
student assault, as occurred here, included enforcing a system of hall passes,
maintaining supervision of students in class and elsewhere, and preventing free
entry into the school building. The expert also noted that the surveillance
system he observed in 2016 covered the hallway where L.E. entered the boys'
bathroom; yet, there is no evidence that a staff-person monitored the area,
spotted L.E. or attempted to intervene. 4
4 We conclude the court mistakenly rejected the qualifications of plaintiffs' expert to opine about "what is appropriate supervision for 15-year-olds in a high school." Our courts "take a liberal approach when assessing a person's qualifications." State v. Jenewicz, 193 N.J. 440, 454 (2008) (reversing exclusion of expert). Although the decision to qualify an expert under N.J.R.E. 702 is vested in the trial court's discretion, State v. Torres, 183 N.J. 554, 572 (2005), "[a]n appellate court can . . . discern an abuse of discretion when the trial court fails to take into consideration all relevant factors . . . ." State v. S.N., 231 N.J. 497, 515 (2018) (quoting State v. C.W., 449 N.J. Super. 231, 255 (App. Div. 2017)). The trial court did not address the expert's (continued)
A-3638-16T1 17 We also decline to follow the trial court's view of proximate causation.
"Ordinarily these questions of proximate and intervening cause are left to the
jury for its factual determination." Titus, 49 N.J. at 76 (quoting Rappaport v.
Nichols, 31 N.J. 188, 203 (1959)); see also Perez v. Wyeth Labs, Inc., 161 N.J.
1, 27 (1999). This is not a case where "no reasonable jury could find that the
plaintiff's injuries were proximately caused" by defendants' alleged negligence.
See Vega by Muniz v. Piedilato, 154 N.J. 496, 509 (1998). In Titus, the Court
rejected the school principal's argument that, even assuming "a lack of due
supervision," the assailant's intentional conduct was the sole cause of the
victim's injury, breaking the causative chain. 49 N.J. at 76. "The fact that
there were also intervening causes which were foreseeable or were normal
incidents of the risk created would not relieve the tortfeasor of liability." Ibid.
A jury could reasonably find that the risk of sexual misbehavior among high
school teenagers was foreseeable.
The trial court considered it speculative that enforcement of a hall -pass
system could have prevented the assault. Yet, a jury may reasonably conclude
that the presence of teachers would have had a deterrent effect. Id. at 75
("'The mere presence of the hand of authority and discipline normally is
(continued) significant employment and academic experience, after his policing career, in the area of school security and safety.
A-3638-16T1 18 effective'" to deter misbehavior) (quoting Ohman v. Bd. of Educ., 90 N.E.2d
474, 478 (N.Y. 1949)). A jury could find that a teacher exercising reasonable
care would not have permitted L.E. and both boys to take a bathroom break at
the same time, in the middle of a class period, and enter the apparently empty
building together. Also, if the students had been engaged in regular class
activities, as opposed to enjoying a "free day" on the playground during clas s
time, their initial interaction on the playground may have been prevented. Had
school staff monitored the hallway – personally or through the CCTV system if
operational – they may have prevented or quickly responded to L.E.'s entry
into the boys' bathroom. Although a finding of proximate causation is far from
certain, a jury could reasonably find that defendants' negligent supervision was
a proximate cause of the injury.
Although we reverse the trial court's dismissal of plaintiffs' negligent
supervision claim, we agree with the trial court's assessment of their claim that
defendants inadequately responded to L.E.'s report of the assault. Plaintiffs
failed to present sufficient evidence on the standard of care or in establishing
that any shortcoming in defendants' response caused or exacerbated L.E.'s
injury. Any further discussion on that point is not warranted. See R. 2:11-
3(e)(1)(E).
A-3638-16T1 19 Finally, we need not address in any detail the issue of the trial judge's
reference to facts of which she became aware in a separate Family Part
proceeding but which were not of record on the summary judgment motion.
The facts had no discernible impact on the court's decision, nor do they affect
the disposition we reach here.
Reversed in part; affirmed in part; and remanded. We do not retain
jurisdiction.
A-3638-16T1 20