Cornish, J.
Replevin for certain household furniture alleged to have been delivered to the defendant by the Reliable Furniture Company of Portland, on a so-called lease, which constituted a conditional sale. The plaintiff claims as assignee from the vendors. The defendant contends that no lease was given, that the sale was absolute and that the goods were subsequently mortgaged by him to a third party.
On the question of fact whether a lease was given and whether the original sale was conditional or unconditional, the jury have found in favor of the plaintiff and we do not feel warranted in disturbing the verdict. The evidence is a mass of contradictions, most of the witnesses being related by blood or by marriage, and if the jury were satisfied upon this proposition of fact their conclusion ought to stand.
The important question is whether, assuming that a lease was given and that the sale was conditional, the plaintiff had sufficient title or right of possession to maintain replevin against the vendee.
The lease itself was not produced at the trial, the plaintiff claiming that it had been lost but the general form used by the Furniture Company was as follows :
[288] "$. Portland, Maine. 190
For value received.promise to pay Reliable Furniture Co. or order....Dollars, as follows;. .Dollars down ; balance in. payments of.Dollars with. until the full sum is paid. This note is given in payment for the following described property, this day bought by me from said Reliable Furniture Co., viz :
and it is agreed that the title to said goods shall remain in said Reliable Furniture Co. until said sum and interest are fully paid. Said goods shall not be removed from No.street without consent of said Reliable Furniture Co. in writing.
I further agree if the first and every payment is not paid at maturity.will deliver the above mentioned goods to Reliable Furniture Co. or their order, without any legal proceedings on their part, or cost to them.”
' The Reliable Furniture Co. was a firm composed of Louis Silverman and Max Levi, which firm on December 20, 1906, gave to the plaintiff, who had been their collector, an assignment, which by its terms assigned and transferred to him all "demands of every kind and description” which they had against various parties including the defendant, and constituted the plaintiff, their attorney to collect the same either in their name or his and to do and perform "all acts, matters and things touching the premises in the like manner to all intents and purposes as we would if personally present.”
The plaintiff claims that with this assignment were delivered to him all the leases which went with the various claims and that this particular lease was also to be delivered if found. The jury have sustained that contention. The defendant had paid a portion of the purchase price but the balance of $163 was unpaid and the conditions of the lease had been broken, so that the original vendors would have been entitled to maintain this action.
[289] The validity of such conditional sales as between the parties, and the continuance of the title in the vendor have been so often upheld by the courts of this and other States that the citation of authorities is unnecessary. Has such title passed to the plaintiff under the facts of this case ?
A general assignment in insolvency will pass the vendor’s title to such assignee. Pulsifer v. D' Estimauville, 86 Maine, 96. And the doctrine is well settled in many States that an assignment of the note or claim' on which the conditional sale of personal property is based carries with it a transfer of title in the property itself.
It would be admitted that at least an equitable title to the property passed to the assignee and that by proper process he could be subrogated to the rights of the assignor. But the courts have gone further and to prevent circuity of action where personal property is involved, have held that the property itself passes as incident to the claim. This question arose in the case of Esty v. Graham, 46 N. H. 167, and the court in the course of the opinion say: "In form this is neither a pledge nor mortgage, but the obvious purpose of the parties was a sale and the holding of the melodeon as security for the price and we think it must be so regarded. If it be so, then the property so held passes with the debt as a mere incident as in other cases of collateral security; otherwise the vendor, who has already received pay for his property, continues to hold it, with the chance that it may become his absolutely, if the vendee should fail to pay the price to the assignees.” This decision is affirmed in the recent case of Cutting v. Whittemore, 72 N. H. 107. The same doctrine that the assignment of the note or claim gives to the assignee all the payee’s rights and interests in the property, is held in Spoon v. Frambach, 83 Minn. 301; Myres v. Yaple, 60 Mich. 339; Kimball v. Mellon, 80 Wis. 133, and Baton v. Groseclove, 11 Idaho, 227. In the last mentioned case the court express their conclusion as follows:
"It must be conceded that when the vendor of property parts with possession and at the same time he reserves to himself the legal title to the property and thereafter sells, assigns and tranfers to a third party all of his rights and interests in and to the contract, [290] that he is thereafter left without any interest either in the title or possession of the property or the contract. While this is true, the title to the property must rest somewhere, either in the original vendee of the property or the assignee of the contract. To say that the title passed to the vendee of the property will be to deprive the owner of the legal title, to whom the purchase price has not yet been paid, of a valuable property right. It must amount to depriving him of the right of disposition of his property and cutting off the security which he had retained for the payment of the debt. The assignment of such a contract carries with it, the legal title of the property and gives to the assignee of the contract all the rights and remedies enjoyed by the assignor.”
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Cornish, J.
Replevin for certain household furniture alleged to have been delivered to the defendant by the Reliable Furniture Company of Portland, on a so-called lease, which constituted a conditional sale. The plaintiff claims as assignee from the vendors. The defendant contends that no lease was given, that the sale was absolute and that the goods were subsequently mortgaged by him to a third party.
On the question of fact whether a lease was given and whether the original sale was conditional or unconditional, the jury have found in favor of the plaintiff and we do not feel warranted in disturbing the verdict. The evidence is a mass of contradictions, most of the witnesses being related by blood or by marriage, and if the jury were satisfied upon this proposition of fact their conclusion ought to stand.
The important question is whether, assuming that a lease was given and that the sale was conditional, the plaintiff had sufficient title or right of possession to maintain replevin against the vendee.
The lease itself was not produced at the trial, the plaintiff claiming that it had been lost but the general form used by the Furniture Company was as follows :
[288] "$. Portland, Maine. 190
For value received.promise to pay Reliable Furniture Co. or order....Dollars, as follows;. .Dollars down ; balance in. payments of.Dollars with. until the full sum is paid. This note is given in payment for the following described property, this day bought by me from said Reliable Furniture Co., viz :
and it is agreed that the title to said goods shall remain in said Reliable Furniture Co. until said sum and interest are fully paid. Said goods shall not be removed from No.street without consent of said Reliable Furniture Co. in writing.
I further agree if the first and every payment is not paid at maturity.will deliver the above mentioned goods to Reliable Furniture Co. or their order, without any legal proceedings on their part, or cost to them.”
' The Reliable Furniture Co. was a firm composed of Louis Silverman and Max Levi, which firm on December 20, 1906, gave to the plaintiff, who had been their collector, an assignment, which by its terms assigned and transferred to him all "demands of every kind and description” which they had against various parties including the defendant, and constituted the plaintiff, their attorney to collect the same either in their name or his and to do and perform "all acts, matters and things touching the premises in the like manner to all intents and purposes as we would if personally present.”
The plaintiff claims that with this assignment were delivered to him all the leases which went with the various claims and that this particular lease was also to be delivered if found. The jury have sustained that contention. The defendant had paid a portion of the purchase price but the balance of $163 was unpaid and the conditions of the lease had been broken, so that the original vendors would have been entitled to maintain this action.
[289] The validity of such conditional sales as between the parties, and the continuance of the title in the vendor have been so often upheld by the courts of this and other States that the citation of authorities is unnecessary. Has such title passed to the plaintiff under the facts of this case ?
A general assignment in insolvency will pass the vendor’s title to such assignee. Pulsifer v. D' Estimauville, 86 Maine, 96. And the doctrine is well settled in many States that an assignment of the note or claim' on which the conditional sale of personal property is based carries with it a transfer of title in the property itself.
It would be admitted that at least an equitable title to the property passed to the assignee and that by proper process he could be subrogated to the rights of the assignor. But the courts have gone further and to prevent circuity of action where personal property is involved, have held that the property itself passes as incident to the claim. This question arose in the case of Esty v. Graham, 46 N. H. 167, and the court in the course of the opinion say: "In form this is neither a pledge nor mortgage, but the obvious purpose of the parties was a sale and the holding of the melodeon as security for the price and we think it must be so regarded. If it be so, then the property so held passes with the debt as a mere incident as in other cases of collateral security; otherwise the vendor, who has already received pay for his property, continues to hold it, with the chance that it may become his absolutely, if the vendee should fail to pay the price to the assignees.” This decision is affirmed in the recent case of Cutting v. Whittemore, 72 N. H. 107. The same doctrine that the assignment of the note or claim gives to the assignee all the payee’s rights and interests in the property, is held in Spoon v. Frambach, 83 Minn. 301; Myres v. Yaple, 60 Mich. 339; Kimball v. Mellon, 80 Wis. 133, and Baton v. Groseclove, 11 Idaho, 227. In the last mentioned case the court express their conclusion as follows:
"It must be conceded that when the vendor of property parts with possession and at the same time he reserves to himself the legal title to the property and thereafter sells, assigns and tranfers to a third party all of his rights and interests in and to the contract, [290] that he is thereafter left without any interest either in the title or possession of the property or the contract. While this is true, the title to the property must rest somewhere, either in the original vendee of the property or the assignee of the contract. To say that the title passed to the vendee of the property will be to deprive the owner of the legal title, to whom the purchase price has not yet been paid, of a valuable property right. It must amount to depriving him of the right of disposition of his property and cutting off the security which he had retained for the payment of the debt. The assignment of such a contract carries with it, the legal title of the property and gives to the assignee of the contract all the rights and remedies enjoyed by the assignor.”
In the case at bar the evidence shows more than a mere assignment of the claim. There was an evident intention to transfer the property itself and to convey to the assignee all the rights therein held by the vendors and without which the claims themselves were doubtless of little value. The assignment was under seal and not only were the vendors’ demands of all kinds against the defendant transferred, but as full authority was given the plaintiff "in all matters and things touching the premises” as the vendors themselves possessed. This instrument was drawn by an attorney to whom both of the parties went for the purpose. Moreover, valuable consideration was paid by the assignee to the original vendors, paid not merely for the claims but for the vendors’ interest in the property; and as the property itself was in the hands of a third party, such payment by the plaintiff to the conditional vendors was sufficient to pass title then and there as between the parties without actual delivery. While the vendors held the title to the property as security, it was not the title of a mere mortgagee or pledgee. The title of a mortgagee or pledgee becomes absolute in case the note is not paid and proper proceedings are taken. The title of a conditional vendor is already complete and is defeasible only in case the note is paid. Until that time he has the same right and authority to sell and transfer his interest in the property that any other owner of personal property has and by the same methods.
[291] The only additional act that could have been done by the vendors in this case would have been the execution and delivery of a bill of sale of all their right, title and interest in the property. We do not think that was necessary. In our opinion the plaintilf succeeded to all the rights of the vendors legal as well as equitable, and therefore was entitled to bring this action of replevin.
The first exception by the defendant is to the admission of the receipts given by the plaintiff as agent and collector of the vendors to the defendant when installments were paid. These receipts were in the nature of an admission by the defendant that he held the furniture under a lease. They were fourteen in number and were given at various times between Aug. 1, 1906 when the initial payment of one hundred dollars was made and December 17, 1906, the later receipts being for one dollar each, and all stating that they are for leased furniture. They were accepted by the defendant in that form and were admissible on the question of the existence of a lease, their weight being for the jury.
The second exception is to the exclusion of a mortgage of the property purporting to have been given by the defendant to a boarder in his house. The ruling was correct. The question at issue was whether the title was in the assignee of the vendors or in the vendee. The act of the vendee in mortgaging the property could have no probative force upon that issue. It was merely a self-serving act.
Motion and exceptions overruled.