NUMBER 13-14-00636-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
LAWRENCE MIRELES, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 319th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Garza, Perkes and Longoria Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria
Appellant Lawrence Mireles challenges his conviction by a jury for murder, a first-
degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02 (West, Westlaw through 2015 R.S.).
We affirm. I. BACKGROUND
On June 28, 2012, law enforcement officers discovered the body of Jenna
Hernandez, a sixteen year-old female from Port Aransas, Texas. Hernandez had been
reported missing by her mother on June 25, 2012. An autopsy established that she had
been shot in the head with a firearm. Hernandez was scheduled to testify against Joshua
Davis at a hearing on the State’s motion to revoke Davis’ probation. Hernandez was to
testify regarding an assault Davis allegedly committed against her a few months before
her disappearance. Appellant is a close friend of Davis and once dated Hernandez.
The State charged appellant with murdering Hernandez, alleging that he lured her
to a meeting and shot her to prevent her from testifying against Davis. Appellant pled not
guilty, and the case was tried to a jury. The jury returned a verdict of guilty and assessed
punishment at sixty years’ imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, a
$10,000 fine, and court costs. This appeal followed.
II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Appellant argues in his first issue that the evidence is legally insufficient to support
his conviction. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
When evaluating the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we examine all the evidence
in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether a reasonable trier of fact
could have found all of the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Whatley
v. State, 445 S.W.3d 159, 166 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 319 (1979)). It is the role of the factfinder to resolve conflicts in the testimony, weigh
the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Id.
2 Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence for these purposes, and
circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Hooper v. State, 214
S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). It is not necessary that every fact introduced into
evidence point “directly and independently” to the guilt of the defendant as long as the
cumulative effect of all of the incriminating facts is sufficient to support the conviction.
Thomas v. State, 444 S.W.3d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (citing Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at
13).
We review the sufficiency of the evidence by measuring it against the
hypothetically correct jury charge for the case. Id. (citing Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234,
240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). The hypothetically correct charge is authorized by the
indictment, accurately sets out the law, does not unnecessarily increase the State's
burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict its theories of liability, and adequately describes
the particular offense for which the defendant was tried. Sanchez v. State, 376 S.W.3d
767, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). As authorized by the indictment in this case, the State
was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant (1) caused the death of
Hernandez by shooting her with a firearm and (2) intended or knew that her death would
result from that act. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §19.02(b)(1); see Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d
341, 359 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
B. Discussion
The State presented testimony from Brian Downham and John Johnson, friends
of appellant, that appellant admitted to them on separate occasions that he shot
Hernandez. Detective Kyle Rhodes of the Port Aransas Police Department testified that
Keilani Lasher, appellant’s girlfriend at the time of the murder, told Rhodes that
3 “[appellant] came to her and that he broke down and that he told her that he had helped
them kill [Hernandez].” Appellant did not object to the testimony of Downham, Johnson,
or Detective Rhodes. On appeal, appellant challenges Downham and Johnson’s
credibility and emphasizes their ties to Davis and his father, who were allegedly members
of the Peckerwoods prison gang. We reject appellant’s arguments because it is the sole
province of the jury to decide the credibility of witnesses and the weight, if any, to give to
their testimony.1 See Whatley, 445 S.W.3d at 166.
The State points out, and we agree, that appellant’s extra-judicial confessions are
not sufficient alone to support his conviction. The corpus delecti rule requires that the
State produce “evidence independent of a defendant's extrajudicial confession show[ing]
that the essential nature of the charged crime was committed by someone.” Miller v.
State, 457 S.W.3d 919, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (citing Hacker v. State, 389 S.W.3d
860, 866 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)). However, we conclude that the State provided ample
evidence that the criminal act of another caused Hernandez’s death and that appellant is
the person responsible. See Fisher v. State, 851 S.W.2d 298, 303 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)
(en banc) (noting that the corpus delecti of murder is established by showing the death of
a human being by the criminal act of another). J.G.,2 a close friend of Hernandez, testified
that Hernandez was staying with her on the night she went missing until Hernandez
received a text message from appellant. According to J.G., Hernandez left at that time to
“go hang out with” appellant. Luis Ramirez, Lasher’s current boyfriend, testified that
1 Appellant also argues that we may not consider much of this testimony because it was
inadmissible. We reject this argument because a legal-sufficiency review includes all of the evidence presented to the jury, even if erroneously admitted. See Soliz v. State, 432 S.W.3d 895, 900 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
2 We refer to J.G. by her initials because she was a minor at the time of the trial.
4 appellant asked him in June of 2012, the same month that Hernandez went missing, about
how to remove gunshot residue. Jennifer Emmitt, Downham’s girlfriend, testified that
appellant and Davis discussed their dislike of Hernandez in Downham’s presence “and
that they had a hit on [Hernandez].” Allison Heard, a DNA technician at the Texas
Department of Public Safety, testified that appellant could not be excluded as the source
of a DNA sample taken from underneath one of Hernandez’s fingernails. Heard further
testified that the sample probably had not been under her fingernails for a substantial
length of time because routine handwashing would most likely have damaged the DNA
of the sample.
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NUMBER 13-14-00636-CR
COURT OF APPEALS
THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
CORPUS CHRISTI – EDINBURG
LAWRENCE MIRELES, Appellant,
v.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.
On appeal from the 319th District Court of Nueces County, Texas.
MEMORANDUM OPINION Before Justices Garza, Perkes and Longoria Memorandum Opinion by Justice Longoria
Appellant Lawrence Mireles challenges his conviction by a jury for murder, a first-
degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02 (West, Westlaw through 2015 R.S.).
We affirm. I. BACKGROUND
On June 28, 2012, law enforcement officers discovered the body of Jenna
Hernandez, a sixteen year-old female from Port Aransas, Texas. Hernandez had been
reported missing by her mother on June 25, 2012. An autopsy established that she had
been shot in the head with a firearm. Hernandez was scheduled to testify against Joshua
Davis at a hearing on the State’s motion to revoke Davis’ probation. Hernandez was to
testify regarding an assault Davis allegedly committed against her a few months before
her disappearance. Appellant is a close friend of Davis and once dated Hernandez.
The State charged appellant with murdering Hernandez, alleging that he lured her
to a meeting and shot her to prevent her from testifying against Davis. Appellant pled not
guilty, and the case was tried to a jury. The jury returned a verdict of guilty and assessed
punishment at sixty years’ imprisonment in the Texas Department of Criminal Justice, a
$10,000 fine, and court costs. This appeal followed.
II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE
Appellant argues in his first issue that the evidence is legally insufficient to support
his conviction. We disagree.
A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law
When evaluating the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we examine all the evidence
in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine whether a reasonable trier of fact
could have found all of the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Whatley
v. State, 445 S.W.3d 159, 166 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S.
307, 319 (1979)). It is the role of the factfinder to resolve conflicts in the testimony, weigh
the evidence, and draw reasonable inferences from basic facts to ultimate facts. Id.
2 Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence for these purposes, and
circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to establish guilt. Hooper v. State, 214
S.W.3d 9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007). It is not necessary that every fact introduced into
evidence point “directly and independently” to the guilt of the defendant as long as the
cumulative effect of all of the incriminating facts is sufficient to support the conviction.
Thomas v. State, 444 S.W.3d 4, 8 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014) (citing Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at
13).
We review the sufficiency of the evidence by measuring it against the
hypothetically correct jury charge for the case. Id. (citing Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234,
240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). The hypothetically correct charge is authorized by the
indictment, accurately sets out the law, does not unnecessarily increase the State's
burden of proof or unnecessarily restrict its theories of liability, and adequately describes
the particular offense for which the defendant was tried. Sanchez v. State, 376 S.W.3d
767, 772 (Tex. Crim. App. 2012). As authorized by the indictment in this case, the State
was required to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant (1) caused the death of
Hernandez by shooting her with a firearm and (2) intended or knew that her death would
result from that act. TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. §19.02(b)(1); see Temple v. State, 390 S.W.3d
341, 359 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013).
B. Discussion
The State presented testimony from Brian Downham and John Johnson, friends
of appellant, that appellant admitted to them on separate occasions that he shot
Hernandez. Detective Kyle Rhodes of the Port Aransas Police Department testified that
Keilani Lasher, appellant’s girlfriend at the time of the murder, told Rhodes that
3 “[appellant] came to her and that he broke down and that he told her that he had helped
them kill [Hernandez].” Appellant did not object to the testimony of Downham, Johnson,
or Detective Rhodes. On appeal, appellant challenges Downham and Johnson’s
credibility and emphasizes their ties to Davis and his father, who were allegedly members
of the Peckerwoods prison gang. We reject appellant’s arguments because it is the sole
province of the jury to decide the credibility of witnesses and the weight, if any, to give to
their testimony.1 See Whatley, 445 S.W.3d at 166.
The State points out, and we agree, that appellant’s extra-judicial confessions are
not sufficient alone to support his conviction. The corpus delecti rule requires that the
State produce “evidence independent of a defendant's extrajudicial confession show[ing]
that the essential nature of the charged crime was committed by someone.” Miller v.
State, 457 S.W.3d 919, 924 (Tex. Crim. App. 2015) (citing Hacker v. State, 389 S.W.3d
860, 866 (Tex. Crim. App. 2013)). However, we conclude that the State provided ample
evidence that the criminal act of another caused Hernandez’s death and that appellant is
the person responsible. See Fisher v. State, 851 S.W.2d 298, 303 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993)
(en banc) (noting that the corpus delecti of murder is established by showing the death of
a human being by the criminal act of another). J.G.,2 a close friend of Hernandez, testified
that Hernandez was staying with her on the night she went missing until Hernandez
received a text message from appellant. According to J.G., Hernandez left at that time to
“go hang out with” appellant. Luis Ramirez, Lasher’s current boyfriend, testified that
1 Appellant also argues that we may not consider much of this testimony because it was
inadmissible. We reject this argument because a legal-sufficiency review includes all of the evidence presented to the jury, even if erroneously admitted. See Soliz v. State, 432 S.W.3d 895, 900 (Tex. Crim. App. 2014).
2 We refer to J.G. by her initials because she was a minor at the time of the trial.
4 appellant asked him in June of 2012, the same month that Hernandez went missing, about
how to remove gunshot residue. Jennifer Emmitt, Downham’s girlfriend, testified that
appellant and Davis discussed their dislike of Hernandez in Downham’s presence “and
that they had a hit on [Hernandez].” Allison Heard, a DNA technician at the Texas
Department of Public Safety, testified that appellant could not be excluded as the source
of a DNA sample taken from underneath one of Hernandez’s fingernails. Heard further
testified that the sample probably had not been under her fingernails for a substantial
length of time because routine handwashing would most likely have damaged the DNA
of the sample.
Furthermore, Detective Rhodes testified that appellant evaded police by running
out the back door of his house the first time they came to his residence to discuss
Hernandez’s whereabouts. See Gonzalez v. State, No. 13-13-00427-CR, ___ S.W.3d
___, ___, 2014 WL 4049800, at *14 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi Aug. 14, 2014, pet. ref’d)
(noting that evidence of flight is admissible as circumstantial evidence of guilt). When
police successfully made contact with appellant, appellant told them that he had not
communicated with Hernandez for several months. However, appellant later admitted to
Detective Rhodes that he had recently exchanged text messages with Hernandez.
Appellant also told police that his phone had automatically deleted the messages after
two hours, but Kenneth Patterson, a computer forensic specialist, testified at trial that he
examined appellant’s phone and that there were no applications on it that would delete
text messages after a certain period of time. Patterson further testified that the phone
contained text messages from longer than two hours ago and that the only deleted
messages from the time period of the murder were sent directly between Hernandez and
5 appellant’s phone.3 Patterson testified that he recovered seventy-seven text messages
sent directly between the two phones, the last of which was sent at 12:18 a.m. on the day
of the murder. Appellant’s false statements regarding when he was in contact with
Hernandez and his attempts to delete the evidence of their communications constitute
circumstantial evidence of guilt. See Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 50 (Tex. Crim.
App. 2004) (holding that attempts to conceal incriminating evidence and making
improbable statements to police are probative of wrongful conduct and circumstantial
evidence of guilt); King v. State, 29 S.W.3d 556, 564–65 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (holding
that the act of making false statements to police is circumstantial evidence because it
shows a consciousness of guilt).
In sum, we hold that the foregoing circumstantial evidence is sufficient to show that
Hernandez was killed by the criminal act of another. See Miller, 457 S.W.3d at 924. This
evidence, combined with the evidence of appellant’s multiple extra-judicial confessions,
form a legally sufficient basis for a reasonable jury to conclude that appellant is guilty of
murdering Hernandez. See Whatley, 445 S.W.3d at 166. We overrule appellant’s first
issue.
III. CRUEL AND UNUSUAL PUNISHMENT
Appellant argues in his second issue that his sentence of sixty years’ imprisonment
and a $10,000 fine is so grossly disproportionate that it violates the Eighth Amendment’s
guarantee against cruel and unusual punishment. See U.S. CONST. amend. VIII.
This Court has never formally decided whether the type of proportionality review
appellant requests survived the United States Supreme Court’s decision in Hamelin v.
3 Hernandez’s cell phone was never recovered by police.
6 Michigan, 501 U.S. 957 (1991). See Sullivan v. State, 975 S.W.2d 755, 757 (Tex. App.—
Corpus Christi 1998, no pet.) (assuming without deciding that the defendant could assert
a proportionality claim but finding that the sentence was not grossly disproportionate).
However, Texas courts have consistently held that a defendant waives a proportionality
claim by failing to object in the trial court. See Kim v. State, 283 S.W.3d 473, 475 (Tex.
App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. ref'd) (citing Rhoades v. State, 934 S.W.3d 113, 120 (Tex.
Crim. App. 1996)); Noland v. State, 264 S.W.3d 144, 151–52 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st
Dist.] 2007, pet. ref'd); Trevino v. State, 174 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi
2005, pet. ref'd). Appellant does not dispute that he did not object in the trial court on this
ground.4 Accordingly, we hold that appellant did not preserve this issue. See Kim, 283
S.W.3d at 475; Noland, 264 S.W.3d at 151–52; Trevino, 174 S.W.3d at 928; see also
TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. We overrule appellant’s second issue.
IV. CONCLUSION
We affirm the judgment of the trial court.
Nora L. Longoria Justice
Do not publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).
Delivered and filed the 29th day of December, 2015.
4 Appellant states in his brief that he raised this issue to preserve it for review in federal court.
Appellant argues in this section of his brief that “[c]learly it was within a court’s power to review a sentence imposed by judge or jury to determine whether such sentence passed constitutional muster, even if no objections were made during trial.” To the extent that appellant intended to argue that our holding in Trevino v. State was incorrect and that this issue may be raised for the first time on appeal, we reject his argument. See 174 S.W.3d 925, 928 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2005, pet. ref'd).