Cavanagh, J.
The issue in this case is whether the trial court abused its discretion when it concluded that defendants were personally notified of the default judgment against them and denied defendants’ motion to set aside the judgment. We hold that the trial court abused its discretion and that defendants are entitled to relief from the judgment under MCR 2.612(B) because (1) personal jurisdiction over defendants was necessary and apparently acquired,1 (2) defendants had no knowledge of the action pending against them, (3) defendants entered an appearance within one year after the final judgment, (4) defendants have presented facts and arguments showing meritorious defenses to plaintiffs breach of contract and fraud claims, and (5) granting defendants relief from the judgment will not prejudice any innocent third persons. Accordingly, we reverse and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
I. FACTS AND PROCEEDINGS
The lawsuit at issue in this case arose out of a contractual relationship between plaintiff and defen[269] dant Richco Construction, Inc. In 2003 and 2004, plaintiff was working on a residential subdivision construction project in Monroe County. In the summer of 2003, plaintiff hired Richco as a subcontractor to work on the sewer system for the project. There was no written contract.
It is undisputed that Richco’s corporate filings with the state of Michigan’s Department of Labor and Economic Growth (DLEG) (now the Department of Licensing and Regulatory Affairs) indicated that defendant Ronald Richards, Jr., was the corporation’s president and treasurer and that Thomas Richards2 was the corporation’s secretary and vice president. Further, the corporate filings identified Ronald as Richco’s resident agent and the corporation’s registered office address as 27734 Ecorse Road in Romulus, Michigan. Finally, the address shown for Ronald and Thomas as corporate officers was also 27734 Ecorse Road in Romulus.
Richco’s work on the sewer system did not satisfy the governing municipality, and after Richco’s efforts to repair the work were not satisfactory, plaintiff contracted with another party to finish the work, delaying the project according to plaintiff. Defendants claim that Richco was never fully paid and, at some point, Richco recorded a construction lien, which plaintiff claims caused further problems.
Plaintiff filed a breach of contract and fraud complaint on July 19, 2006, in the Monroe Circuit Court, but plaintiff was not able to serve any of the defendants. Plaintiffs process server attempted to serve the com[270] plaint at Richco’s business address on file with DLEG, but no one was at that address. The process server discovered that Richco had vacated the listed address and had not left a forwarding address. A motor home was parked in the parking lot at the Ecorse Road address, and another tenant in the area told the process server that it might belong to one of the individual defendants. Plaintiffs counsel used the license plate on the motor home to obtain a phone number, but the person who answered denied that the motor home was connected to either individual defendant. In October 2006, the process server investigated a lead about a Ronald Richards in Waterford, Michigan, but that person was not the defendant in this case. Plaintiffs complaint was dismissed without prejudice on October 30, 2006, because plaintiff could not effect service.
After the complaint was dismissed, plaintiff continued its efforts to locate defendants by contacting the Secretary of State and again searching DLEG’s files. These efforts were unsuccessful, however, and plaintiff refiled the same complaint on January 7, 2007, along with a motion to allow alternative service. Plaintiff explained its previous efforts to locate defendants and noted that service was attempted at Richco’s registered office without success. The trial court allowed alternative service by (1) posting the documents at Richco’s registered address, (2) mailing the documents to the registered address for Thomas, (3) mailing the documents to the registered address for Ronald, and (4) pubhshing a copy of the order in a Monroe County newspaper pursuant to MCR 2.106. After there was no response to the notice, the court clerk entered a default against all three defendants on April 5, 2007. Notice of the default was sent by regular and certified mail to Richco, Thomas, and Ronald at the Ecorse Road address and was published in a Monroe County newspaper.
[271] On September 28, 2007, plaintiff moved for entry of a default judgment, claiming approximately $244,000 in damages, plus the cost of a bond, “contractual interest,” $8,000 in attorney fees, and more than $15,000 in prejudgment interest. After a hearing on October 10, 2007, the trial court granted plaintiffs motion and signed a default judgment ordering that Richco, Ronald, and Thomas were jointly liable for a total of $371,598.37.
Plaintiff located defendants after the default judgment was entered and, on April 12, 2008, Ronald’s and Thomas’s personal vehicles were seized from their homes in Wayne County. According to defendants, this was how they first became aware of plaintiffs complaint and the default judgment.
Four days later, on April 16,2008, defendants filed an emergency motion to set aside the default judgment, and defense counsel made a special appearance. The motion was not accompanied by an affidavit, but defense counsel attempted to provide signed affidavits from Thomas and Ronald at the hearing on the motion held on April 22, 2008. The trial court refused to consider the affidavits and denied defendants’ motion to set aside the default judgment, noting that defendants had not filed an affidavit of factual and meritorious defense as required by MCR 2.603(D)(1). Defendants moved for reconsideration and included more detailed supporting affidavits from Thomas and Ronald, but the trial court denied reconsideration without a hearing.
The Court of Appeals denied defendants’ application for leave to appeal, but this Court remanded for consideration as on leave granted. Lawrence M Clarke, Inc v Richco Constr, Inc, 481 Mich 939 (2008). On remand, the Court of Appeals affirmed the trial court’s decision [272] to deny the motion to set aside the default judgment. Lawrence M Clarke, Inc v Richco Constr, Inc, unpublished opinion per curiam of the Court of Appeals, issued November 17, 2009 (Docket No. 285567). The Court of Appeals reasoned that defendants’ motion to set aside the default judgment was properly denied because defendants had failed to file a timely affidavit in support of their motion. Defendants sought leave to appeal in this Court, and this Court ordered oral argument on whether to grant the application or take other peremptory action. Lawrence M Clarke, Inc v Richco Constr, Inc, 486 Mich 1071 (2010).
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
A trial court’s decision regarding a motion to set aside a default judgment is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Alken-Ziegler, Inc v Waterbury Headers Corp, 461 Mich 219, 227; 600 NW2d 638 (1999). When construing a court rule, this Court employs the legal principles governing the application and construction of statutes. Grievance Administrator v Underwood, 462 Mich 188, 193-194; 612 NW2d 116 (2000).
III. ANALYSIS
A trial court may grant relief from a judgment if the defendant was not personally notified of an action pending against the defendant and several additional requirements are satisfied. Specifically, MCR 2.612(B) states:
A defendant over whom personal jurisdiction was necessary and acquired, but who did not in fact have knowledge of the pendency of the action, may enter an appearance within 1 year after final judgment, and if the defendant shows reason justifying relief from the judgment and innocent third persons will not be prejudiced, the court [273] may relieve the defendant from the judgment, order, or proceedings for which personal jurisdiction was necessary, on payment of costs or on conditions the court deems just.
Thus, defendants may be entitled to relief from the default judgment if (1) personal jurisdiction over defendants was necessary and acquired, (2) defendants in fact had no knowledge of the action pending against them, (3) defendants entered an appearance within one year after the final judgment, (4) defendants show a reason justifying relief from the judgment, and (5) granting defendants relief from the judgment will not prejudice innocent third persons.
As a preliminary matter, we acknowledge that defendants did not offer their affidavits of meritorious defense simultaneously with their motion to set aside the default judgment and that this arguable misstep was the foundation of the lower courts’ decisions. The lower courts, however, applied MCR 2.603(D)(1) in reaching their decisions. That rule permits a court to grant relief from a default judgment when, along with the fulfillment of other requirements, “an affidavit of facts showing a meritorious defense is filed.” We conclude that the lower courts’ reasoning is inapplicable to our analysis of MCR 2.612(B) because, unlike MCR 2.603(D)(1), MCR 2.612(B) does not expressly state that a defendant must provide an affidavit of meritorious defense. Therefore, we conclude that defendants may seek relief under MCR 2.612(B), and we do not opine about whether MCR 2.603(D)(1) requires that an affidavit of meritorious defense be filed simultaneously with a motion to set aside a default judgment.3
[274] A. PERSONAL JURISDICTION
A court “cannot adjudicate [an in personam] controversy without first having obtained jurisdiction [over the] defendant by service of process . . .Eisner v Williams, 298 Mich 215, 220; 298 NW 507 (1941). A court must obtain personal jurisdiction over a defendant in order to “satisfy the due process requirement that a defendant be informed of an action by the best means available under the circumstances.” MCR 2.105(J)(1). “The fundamental requisite of due process of law is the opportunity to be heard.... This right to be heard has little reality or worth unless one is informed that the matter is pending. . . .” Mullane v Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co, 339 US 306, 314; 70 S Ct 652; 94 L Ed 865 (1950) (quotation marks and citation omitted). Personal notice, however, is not necessary to satisfy due process requirements in all cases. Jacob v Roberts, 223 US 261, 265; 32 S Ct 303; 56 L Ed 429 (1912). Rather, under MCR 2.105(I)(1), “[o]n a showing that service of process cannot reasonably be made as provided by [MCR 2.105], the court may by order permit service of process to be made in any other manner reasonably calculated to give the defendant actual notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard.” As MCR 2.105(J)(1) explains, the provisions of the court rules related to service of process are “intended to satisfy the due process requirement that a defendant be informed of an action by the best means available under the circumstances.” See, also, Krueger v Williams, 410 Mich 144, 156; 300 NW2d 910 (1981) (explaining that “[s]ervice may be made personally on a defendant or, if this is not possible, constructive service [275] is permitted”), and Mullane, 339 US at 314 (explaining that notice that is “reasonably calculated, under all the circumstances, to apprise interested parties of the pendency of the action and afford them an opportunity to present their objections” is sufficient to satisfy due process). But while personal service is not always required, “[t]he requirement of notice so as to afford an opportunity to be heard is clearly the heart” of Michigan’s substituted-service court rule. Krueger, 410 Mich at 158.4
Because defendants were parties to the action in this case, personal jurisdiction over them was required to satisfy due process. Defendants argue that the trial court failed to acquire personal jurisdiction over them because plaintiffs efforts to provide them with notice were so lacking that they were deprived of notice and an opportunity to be heard. Nevertheless, for the purpose of this appeal, we assume arguendo that the trial court acquired personal jurisdiction over defendants because we conclude that defendants are entitled to relief under MCR 2.612(B) and this Court does not decide cases on constitutional grounds when doing so can be avoided. People v Quider, 172 Mich 280, 288-289; 137 NW 546 (1912).
B. DEFENDANTS’ KNOWLEDGE OF THE ACTION
As previously stated, defendants must also show that they did not “in fact have knowledge of the pendency of the action” in order to be entitled to relief under MCR 2.612(B). This Court has not considered what is required for a party to have knowledge in fact under MCR 2.612(B), but this Court has generally taken care to [276] acknowledge that a difference in specificity exists between the phrase “actual knowledge” and mere “knowledge.” See, e.g., Travis v Dreis & Krump Mfg Co, 453 Mich 149, 173; 551 NW2d 132 (1996) (opinion by BOYLE, J.) (explaining that when “the Legislature [is] careful to use the term ‘actual knowledge,’ and not the less specific word ‘knowledge,’ we determine that the Legislature meant that constructive, implied, or imputed knowledge is not enough”).
But MCR 2.612(B) does not simply use the word “knowledge”; rather, it states that a defendant may be relieved of a judgment if the defendant “did not in fact have knowledge of the pendency of the action. . . .” (Emphasis added.) “In fact” is defined as “[a]ctual or real; resulting from the acts of parties rather than by operation of law.” Black’s Law Dictionary (9th ed). This definition further distinguishes actual knowledge from constructive or implied knowledge of the pending action. Thus, we conclude that the plain language of MCR 2.612(B) permits a defendant to seek relief from a default judgment as long as the defendant did not have actual knowledge of the pending action.
Our conclusion is supported by the available caselaw and supplemental authority. In Nat’l Car Rental v S & D Leasing, Inc, 89 Mich App 364, 368; 280 NW2d 529 (1979), the Court of Appeals concluded that lack of actual notice was sufficient to satisfy the knowledge-in-fact requirement.5 In support of its conclusion that [277] knowledge in fact is synonymous with actual knowledge, the Court of Appeals in Nat’l Car cited 3 Honigman & Hawkins, Michigan Court Rules Annotated (2d ed), p 180, which explained that “[t]he intent of [GCR 1963, 528.2] is that failure to receive actual notice is itself sufficient ground for relief from default judgment . . ..” (Emphasis added.) Notably, more recent supplemental authority also explains that failure to receive actual notice is sufficient to satisfy the knowledge-in-fact requirement of MCR 2.612(B). See 3 Longhofer, Michigan Court Rules Practice (5th ed), § 2612.8, p 505.
In this case, defendants did not have actual knowledge, or knowledge in fact, of the action pending against them because defendants were never personally served with a summons and complaint and stated in their affidavits6 that they only became aware of the action [278] against them when personal property was seized from Thomas’s and Ronald’s homes on April 12, 2008. Also, during oral argument before this Court, plaintiffs counsel impliedly conceded that defendants did not have actual notice of plaintiffs action against defendants when he argued that constructive notice is sufficient to bar relief under MCR 2.612(B).
Finally, plaintiffs attempts to serve defendants were unlikely to provide defendants with actual knowledge of the action against them, even under the court rules permitting substituted service. Under MCR 2.105(I)(2), a motion requesting substituted service
must set forth sufficient facts to show that process cannot be served under this rule and must state the defendant’s address or last known address, or that no address of the defendant is known. If the name or present address of the defendant is unknown, the moving party must set forth facts showing diligent inquiry to ascertain it.
“A truly diligent search for an absentee defendant is absolutely necessary to supply a fair foundation for and legitimacy to the ordering of substituted service,” Krueger, 410 Mich at 168, and substituted service “is not an automatic right,” id. at 159. Further, even if a motion for substituted service is granted, MCR 2.105(I)(1) requires that the substituted service be “reasonably calculated to give the defendant actual notice of the proceedings and an opportunity to be heard.” Thus, substituted service must be “ ‘reasonably certain to inform those affected,’ ” and “the means employed to notify interested parties must be more than a mere gesture; they must be means that one who actually desires to inform the interested parties might reasonably employ to accomplish actual notice.” Sidun v [279] Wayne Co Treasurer, 481 Mich 503, 509-510; 751 NW2d 453 (2008), quoting Mullane, 339 US at 315.
In this case, even assuming that plaintiffs attempt to personally serve defendants satisfied the diligent-inquiry requirement for seeking substituted service, the method of substituted service used was inadequate to provide defendants with actual knowledge of the action against them. Three of the trial court’s four requirements involved mailing service to the address that the trial court and plaintiff already knew was no longer a current address for defendants. And the trial court’s fourth requirement, publishing a copy of the order in a Monroe County newspaper, was also unlikely to succeed given the significant limitations of publication alone as a successful form of providing any notice, let alone actual notice. See Dow v Michigan, 396 Mich 192, 207, 210; 240 NW2d 450 (1976) (stating that publication is unlikely to provide notice), and Mullane, 339 US at 315-317 (stating that publication alone is not a reliable means of providing notice). On the other hand, we have previously concluded that when “the specific whereabouts of a person is unknown, service of process by publication may be the most practicable and adequate method of service available.” Krueger, 410 Mich at 166; see, also, Sidun, 481 Mich at 510-512 (discussing Mullane, 339 US 306, and Jones v Flowers, 547 US 220; 126 S Ct 1708; 164 L Ed 2d 415 [2006], and noting that, depending on any “unique information” about the intended recipient and the specific circumstances and conditions of the case, service by publication may be constitutionally sufficient with regard to parties whose addresses are unknown). Thus, it cannot be said with certainty that plaintiffs efforts were insufficient to provide constructive knowledge that passed constitutional muster. But in this case, publication in a Monroe County newspaper was particularly unlikely to provide [280] defendants with actual knowledge of the action against them, given that defendants resided in Wayne County and performed the work in Monroe County in 2004 at the latest and that the advertised notice was not published in the newspaper until 2007.7
Thus, although plaintiffs efforts may have been adequate to satisfy the requirements for granting a motion for substituted service and the subsequent substituted service may have been enough to provide defendants with sufficient constructive knowledge of the action against them to satisfy MCR 2.105(I)(1), we conclude that plaintiffs efforts were inadequate to provide defendants with actual knowledge as required by MCR 2.612(B). Thus, we conclude that defendants satisfied this requirement for relief from the default judgment under MCR 2.612(B).
C. APPEARANCE WITHIN ONE YEAR AFTER FINAL JUDGMENT
Next, under MCR 2.612(B), defendants must have entered an appearance within one year after the final judgment. A default judgment is a final judgment. Allied Electric Supply Co, Inc v Tenaglia, 461 Mich 285, 288; 602 NW2d 572 (1999).8 In this case, the default judgment against the defendants was entered on Octo[281] ber 10, 2007, when the trial court granted plaintiffs motion and signed the default judgment. On April 16, 2008, defense counsel made a special appearance and filed an emergency motion to set aside the default judgment. On April 22, 2008, the trial court held a hearing on defendants’ motion. Thus, defendants made an appearance well within one year after the default judgment.
D. REASON JUSTIFYING RELIEF FROM THE JUDGMENT
Defendants also must show “reason justifying relief from the judgment....” MCR 2.612(B). This Court has not previously considered what is required to justify relief in the context of this court rule. However, it is clear that a defendant seeking relief under MCR 2.612(B) need not show mistake, inadvertence, surprise, excusable neglect, newly discovered evidence, fraud, misrepresentation, or other misconduct of an adverse party because MCR 2.612(C) provides for relief from a judgment on those grounds. Indeed, MCR 2.612(C)(3) expressly states that subrule (C) “does not limit the power of a court to entertain an independent action to reheve a party from a judgment, order, or proceeding; [or] to grant relief to a defendant not actually personally notified as provided in subrule (B)----”
In one of the few published opinions applying either MCR 2.612(B) or its predecessor, GCR 1963, 528.2, the Court of Appeals in Nat’l Car, 89 Mich App at 368-369, relied on Honigman & Hawkins, p 180, to provide further clarification of the requirement of a “reason justifying relief” and concluded that a defendant must only show that it did not have actual notice of the action and that a meritorious defense to the action exists. [282] Nat’l Car’s conclusion is further supported by Longhofer, § 2612.8, p 505, which explains that
[t]he requirement of showing “reason justifying relief” was intended substantially to restate the requirement of “showing a meritorious defense” applied in connection with setting aside default judgments.... [FJailure to receive actual notice is itself sufficient ground for relief of default judgment, if the defendant can show that he or she has a meritorious defense ....
This interpretation of what is required to satisfy MCR 2.612(B) is consistent with the other court rules addressing relief from a default judgment. Under MCR 2.603(D)(1), a party seeking to set aside a default judgment must satisfy two separate and distinct requirements: (1) good cause for the failure to respond to the complaint and (2) a meritorious defense. Alken-Ziegler, 461 Mich at 229. However, MCR 2.603(D) states twice that MCR 2.612 provides an exception to its requirements for setting aside a default judgment. MCR 2.603(D)(2) (“Except as provided in MCR 2.612 . . . .”); MCR 2.603(D)(3) (“In addition, the court may set aside a default and a default judgment in accordance with MCR 2.612.”). Thus, we conclude that a defendant may satisfy the requirement of a “reason justifying relief from the judgment” by showing that he or she (1) did not have actual notice of the action and (2) has a meritorious defense.
In this case, as previously explained, defendants did not have actual notice of the action. See part III(B). Defendants have also presented facts and arguments showing meritorious defenses to plaintiffs breach of contract and fraud claims sufficient to justify relief from the default judgment.
By forcefully contesting the damages awarded to plaintiff, defendants have presented facts showing a [283] meritorious defense to plaintiffs contract claim sufficient to justify relief from the judgment under MCR 2.612(B). “In actions for breach of contract, ... in order to recover substantial damages the plaintiff must offer evidence from which the loss can be computed with reasonable certainty.” Vandenberg v Slagh, 150 Mich 225, 229; 114 NW 72 (1907). In this case, the only support for the contract damages award of more than $370,000 was the testimony of a single witness who was employed by plaintiff. According to the record, that hearing was conducted over the course of six minutes, and no documentary evidence supporting the witness’s testimony regarding the contract damages was introduced. Furthermore, the witness provided no support for the award of contractual interest, prejudgment interest, attorney fees, or costs. Rather, the only support for those damages was the statements of plaintiffs counsel on the record. Indeed, plaintiffs counsel conceded at oral argument before this Court that “[t]here was no documentary evidence presented to the trial court. . . .” In fact, the only explanation plaintiffs counsel offered to support plaintiffs claim for contractal interest in this oral contract case was that it was his “understanding. . . that the contract interest was basically agreed upon by the parties . ...” The documentary evidence in the record supporting the damages award is insufficient to allow calculation of the damages with reasonable certainty and, thus, the individual and corporate defendants in this case have a meritorious defense to plaintiffs breach of contract claim. .
Defendants have also noted several fundamental deficiencies in plaintiffs fraud claim that constitute a meritorious defense to those claims. Generally, in order to establish an actionable fraud claim, a plaintiff must show
[284] (1) [t]hat defendant made a material representation; (2) that it was false; (3) that when he made it he knew it was false, or made it recklessly, without any knowledge of its truth and as a positive assertion; (4) that he made it with the intention that it should be acted upon by plaintiff; (5) that plaintiff acted in reliance upon it; and (6) that he thereby suffered injury [Scott v Harper Recreation, Inc, 444 Mich 441, 446 n 3; 506 NW2d 857 (1993) (quotation marks and citations omitted).]
Furthermore, fraud requires a misrepresentation about the past or present. Hi-Way Motor Co v Int’l Harvester, 398 Mich 330, 336, 339; 247 NW2d 813 (1976). Finally, MCR 2.112(B)(1) requires that fraud allegations be stated with particularity.
We conclude that defendants have presented sufficient facts showing a meritorious defense against plaintiffs fraud allegations given that plaintiff may not have stated its fraud claim with particularity under MCR 2.112(B)(1) because plaintiff did not allege in its complaint that defendants made a misrepresentation about the past or the present. Instead, the support for plaintiffs fraud allegation addressed only what defendants “would” do in the future. Furthermore, plaintiffs complaint only referred to Thomas’s and Ronald’s conduct; therefore, it appears that there may be no basis for a fraud claim against defendant Richco. In addition, defendants’ argument that plaintiffs fraud allegations are merely mislabeled contract claims also represents a meritorious defense to the fraud claim because a plaintiff generally cannot maintain an action in tort for nonperformance of a contract. Ferrett v Gen Motors Corp, 438 Mich 235, 242; 475 NW2d 243 (1991). Finally, defendants have presented an argument representing a meritorious defense to plaintiff’s claim that defendants fraudulently filed a construction lien on plain[285] tiffs property. Defendants argue that they filed the hen in accordance with the applicable laws only after plaintiff refused to pay them for the work that defendants had performed. Therefore, we conclude that defendants have presented facts and arguments representing meritorious defenses sufficient to satisfy the requirement of MCR 2.612(B) that the defendant show a reason justifying relief from the judgment.
E. PREJUDICE TO THIRD PARTIES
Finally, defendants must show that “innocent third persons will not be prejudiced” if the default judgment is set aside. MCR 2.612(B). Because this case involves a contract dispute and all the parties to the contract were also parties to this action, it appears that no third parties would be prejudiced if the default judgment were to be set aside. Also, there is no evidence in the record that any third parties have an interest in this case. Thus, we conclude that this requirement is met.
IV CONCLUSION
We hold that the trial court abused its discretion when it concluded that defendants were personally notified of the default judgment against them. We also hold that defendants are entitled to relief from the default judgment under MCR 2.612(B) because defendants satisfied each of the five elements within that court rule. Thus, we reverse and remand the case to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Young, C.J., and Marilyn Kelly, Markman, Mary Beth Kelly, and Zahra, JJ., concurred with Cavanagh, J.