Lawrence Brodsky v. HumanaDental Insurance Company

CourtCourt of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit
DecidedDecember 3, 2018
Docket17-3067
StatusPublished

This text of Lawrence Brodsky v. HumanaDental Insurance Company (Lawrence Brodsky v. HumanaDental Insurance Company) is published on Counsel Stack Legal Research, covering Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit primary law. Counsel Stack provides free access to over 12 million legal documents including statutes, case law, regulations, and constitutions.

Bluebook
Lawrence Brodsky v. HumanaDental Insurance Company, (7th Cir. 2018).

Opinion

In the

United States Court of Appeals For the Seventh Circuit ____________________ No. 17‐3067 LAWRENCE S. BRODSKY, individually and on behalf of others similarly situated, Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

HUMANADENTAL INSURANCE CO. d/b/a HUMANA SPECIALTY BENEFITS, Defendant‐Appellee. ____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. No. 10 C 3233 — John Robert Blakey, Judge. ____________________

No. 17‐3506 ALPHA TECH PET, INC., et al., Plaintiffs‐Appellants,

ESSENDANT CO., ESSENDANT INC., and ESSENDANT MANAGEMENT SERVICES LLC, Defendants‐Appellees.

2 Nos. 17‐3067 & 17‐3506

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division. Nos. 16 C 513 & 16 C 4321 — Thomas M. Durkin, Judge. ____________________

ARGUED APRIL 10, 2018 — DECIDED DECEMBER 3, 2018 ____________________

Before WOOD, Chief Judge, and FLAUM and KANNE, Circuit Judges. WOOD, Chief Judge. These appeals, which we have consoli‐ dated for purposes of disposition, both concern the Federal Communication Commission’s “Solicited Fax Rule.” Despite the decline and fall of the fax machine, litigation continues be‐ tween fax advertisers and unwilling recipients of their mes‐ sages. Behind all this is the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (“TCPA”), 47 U.S.C. § 227, as amended by the Junk Fax Prevention Act of 2005, Pub. L. No. 109‐21, 119 Stat. 359, and as implemented through FCC regulations. The lead plaintiffs in our cases—Lawrence Brodsky and Alpha Tech Pet, Inc.— received faxed advertisements that did not comply (so they said) with the TCPA and the FCC’s Solicited Fax Rule. Each plaintiff wanted to pursue litigation not just individually, but as the head of a class. And in each case, the district court re‐ fused to certify the proposed class, largely on the authority of the D.C. Circuit’s decision in Bais Yaakov of Spring Valley v. FCC, 852 F.3d 1078 (D.C. Cir. 2017) (Kavanaugh, J.). Our re‐ view of decisions on class certification, pro or con, is deferen‐ tial. Puffer v. Allstate Ins. Co., 675 F.3d 709, 716 (7th Cir. 2012). We see no abuse of discretion here, and so we affirm the Nos. 17‐3067 & 17‐3506 3

orders of the district courts declining to certify the proposed classes. I A. Brodsky We can be brief with the underlying facts of both cases. Plaintiff Brodsky is an insurance wholesaler. HumanaDental Insurance Company is a Wisconsin corporation that insures a number of dental plans; another Humana affiliate markets specialty products such as dental, vision, life insurance, and disability policies. We refer to those defendants collectively as Humana unless the context requires otherwise. Brodsky has agreements with many insurance companies, and he sells their products through various agents. One such agreement was with “Humana Insurance Company, Humana Health Plan, Inc., and all of their affiliates.” In that contract, Brodsky agreed that Humana and its affiliates “may choose to com‐ municate with [Brodsky] through the use of … facsimile to [his] … facsimile numbers.” Brodsky accordingly provided Humana with a fax number ending in 0152. On May 14, 2008, Brodsky’s 0152 machine received two identical one‐page faxes (“the subject faxes”). The pages indi‐ cated that they were sent by “Humana Specialty Benefits.” These faxes were created by Humana’s marketing depart‐ ment. They did not identify the person or entity to which they were directed. And, to complicate matters, the 0152 machine was not used exclusively by Brodsky; seven other insurance agents had permission to, and did, use it during the relevant time. The parties agreed that faxes identical to the subject faxes were successfully transmitted 19,931 times. Brodsky re‐ sponded with his lawsuit against Humana. 4 Nos. 17‐3067 & 17‐3506

B. Alpha Tech Pet The facts in this case are similar. Defendant Essendant and its affiliates are national distributors of office products, janito‐ rial and sanitation supplies, breakroom supplies, technology products, industrial supplies, and automotive aftermarket tools and equipment. Alpha Tech alleged that the defendants transmitted unsolicited faxes, including eight advertisements that were sent between January 16, 2012, and April 26, 2012, to it and the other class members. The unwanted faxes adver‐ tised commercial products available from LaGasse, LLC, which at the time was a wholly owned subsidiary of United Stationers. United Stationers changed its name to Essendant Inc. in June 2015, and at the same time LaGasse LLC merged with Essendant Co.; Essendant Management Services LLC also allegedly played some role in the fax transmissions. We refer in this opinion to Essendant, the current name, for sim‐ plicity. The different roles each entity played are not material for our purposes. According to Alpha Tech, the faxes that Essendant sent to it violated the TCPA and the Solicited Fax Rule because they did not include the required opt‐out language. It sought to represent a class of all persons who received advertising faxes sent by Essendant or any of its affiliates or predecessors from May 1, 2011, to May 1, 2015. This was a huge proposed class: defendants estimate that it swept in approximately 1.5 million faxes, in 725 separate transmissions, to nearly 24,000 unique fax numbers. II The Brodsky case began in Illinois state court as a putative class action raising claims under the TCPA, but it was Nos. 17‐3067 & 17‐3506 5

removed to the federal court. After removal, Humana an‐ swered and raised the affirmative defenses of pre‐existing business relationship and consent. It pointed to the contrac‐ tual language mentioned above in support of both defenses. Its marketing department created the faxes that Brodsky and other putative class members received. At the bottom of the page of each fax, in fine print, it said “If you don’t want us to contact you by fax, please call 1‐800‐U‐CAN‐ASK.” The district court initially certified a class under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(b)(3) of recipients of faxes that ad‐ vertised insurance products sold by HumanaDental. In so do‐ ing, it rejected Humana’s suggestion that it should wait until the FCC had a chance to rule on Humana’s request for a ret‐ roactive waiver of the Solicited Fax Rule and until the D.C. Circuit handed down its decision in the then‐pending Bais Yaakov litigation. But then the ground shifted. On November 2, 2016, the FCC’s Consumer & Governmental Affairs Bureau granted Humana’s petition for a waiver, and on March 31, 2017, the D.C. Circuit handed down Bais Yaakov, in which the court found that the Solicited Fax Rule could not be applied to the transactions before it. In so ruling, the court stated that the FCC had exceeded its authority under the TCPA when it issued the Solicited Fax Rule, 47 C.F.R. § 64.1200(a)(4)(iv). Hu‐ mana promptly moved to decertify the class, and the district court did so on August 28, 2017. As we have noted, we then granted Brodsky’s petition under Rule 23(f) for immediate re‐ view of the decertification decision. The Alpha Tech case, which was handled by a different dis‐ trict court judge, is actually two cases: one that was filed in the Northern District of Illinois on January 14, 2016, and the other (Craftwood II, Inc. v. Essendant, Inc.) that was initiated in 6 Nos. 17‐3067 & 17‐3506

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Lawrence Brodsky v. HumanaDental Insurance Company, Counsel Stack Legal Research, https://law.counselstack.com/opinion/lawrence-brodsky-v-humanadental-insurance-company-ca7-2018.