Tuesday 20th
March, 2001.
Lavonnia Nicole Tate, Appellant,
against Record No. 0042-99-2 Circuit Court No. 98-1398-F
Commonwealth of Virginia, Appellee.
Upon a Rehearing En Banc
Before Chief Judge Fitzpatrick, Judges Benton, Willis, Elder, Bray Annunziata, Bumgardner, Frank, Humphreys, Clements and Agee
Gregory W. Franklin, Assistant Public Defender, for appellant.
Shelly R. James, Assistant Attorney General (Mark L. Earley, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
By unpublished opinion dated July 18, 2000, a divided
panel of this Court affirmed the judgment of the trial court.
We stayed the mandate of that decision and granted rehearing en
banc.
Upon rehearing en banc, it is ordered that the stay of
this Court's July 18, 2000 mandate is lifted, and the judgment
of the trial court is affirmed for the reasons set forth in that
portion of the majority opinion under "B. Intent."
Judges Benton and Elder dissent for the reasons set
forth in the panel opinion's dissent. Appellant further contended the injuries inflicted
upon the child did not constitute "serious injury" under Code §
18.2-371.1(A). Because appellant failed to preserve this
argument, this issue is barred on appeal. See Rule 5A:18.
While appellant, in her motion to strike at the
conclusion of the Commonwealth's evidence, challenged the
sufficiency of the evidence by arguing the Commonwealth had not
proven "serious injury," she did not renew that argument in her
motion to strike at the conclusion of all the evidence.
Under Rule 5A:18, in order to preserve the question of
the sufficiency of the evidence, the appellant must, at a
minimum, make a timely motion to strike the evidence at the
conclusion of the appellant's evidence, or, in a bench trial,
present an appropriate argument in summation, or make a motion
to set aside the verdict. See Parnell v. Commonwealth, 15 Va.
App. 342, 349, 423, S.E.2d 834, 838-39 (1992); Fortune v.
Commonwealth, 14 Va. App. 225, 228, 416 S.E.2d 25, 27 (1992);
Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 476, 479-81, 405 S.E.2d 1,
1-3 (1991) (en banc).
Moreover, the record reflects no reason to invoke the
good cause or ends of justice exceptions to Rule 5A:18.
Judge Benton would hold that at the conclusion of all
the evidence appellant's trial counsel adopted the arguments he
- 2 - made in the motion to strike the Commonwealth's evidence and,
thus, preserved this issue.
The Commonwealth shall recover of the appellant the
costs in this Court, which costs shall include an additional fee
of $200 for services rendered by the Public Defender on the
rehearing portion of this appeal, in addition to counsel's
necessary direct out-of-pocket expenses, and the costs in the
trial court. This amount shall be added to the costs due the
Commonwealth in the July 18, 2000 mandate.
This order shall be certified to the trial court.
A Copy,
Teste:
Cynthia L. McCoy, Clerk
By:
Deputy Clerk
- 3 - COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges Benton, Coleman and Lemons ∗ Argued at Richmond, Virginia
LAVONNIA NICOLE TATE MEMORANDUM OPINION ∗∗ BY v. Record No. 0042-99-2 JUDGE SAM W. COLEMAN III JULY 18, 2000 COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF RICHMOND James B. Wilkinson, Judge
Gregory W. Franklin, Assistant Public Defender (David J. Johnson, Public Defender, on brief), for appellant.
Shelly R. James, Assistant Attorney General (Mark L. Earley, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.
Lavonnia Nicole Tate was convicted in a bench trial of child
neglect, a Class 4 felony, in violation of Code § 18.2-371.1(A). 1
∗ Justice Lemons participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to his investiture as a Justice of the Supreme Court of Virginia. ∗∗ Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, recodifying Code § 17-116.010, this opinion is not designated for publication. 1 Code § 18.2-371.1 provides:
A. Any parent, guardian, or other person responsible for the care of a child under the age of eighteen who by willful act or omission or refusal to provide any necessary care for the child's health causes or permits serious injury to the
- 4 - On appeal she argues that the injuries her child sustained were
not serious injuries as defined by Code § 18.2-371.1(A) and that
the evidence is insufficient to prove that a willful act,
omission, or refusal to provide necessary care by her caused or
permitted serious injury to the child. We disagree and affirm the
conviction.
I. BACKGROUND
life or health of such child shall be guilty of a Class 4 felony. For purposes of this subsection, "serious injury" shall include but not be limited to (i) disfigurement, (ii) a fracture, (iii) a severe burn or laceration, (iv) mutilation, (v) maiming, (vi) forced ingestion of dangerous substances, or (vii) life- threatening internal injuries. B. Any parent, guardian, or other person responsible for the care of a child under the age of eighteen whose willful act or omission in the care of such child was so gross, wanton and culpable as to show a reckless disregard for human life shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony. C. Any parent, guardian or other person having care, custody, or control of a minor child who in good faith is under treatment solely by spiritual means through prayer in accordance with the tenets and practices of a recognized church or religious denomination shall not, for that reason alone, be considered in violation of this section.
- 5 - Viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the
evidence established that on August 15, 1997, Lavonnia Tate left
her eighteen-month-old daughter in the care of her boyfriend,
Jawan Brown, while she was at work. Tate testified that she
instructed Brown to take the child to the babysitter. Later that
day, when Brown returned with the child to pick Tate up from work,
she discovered that he had not taken the child to the babysitter.
Tate also observed several scratches on the child's face and a
"mark" on the child's lip. Brown told Tate that the child was
injured "when she fell running down the sidewalk."
On the following Monday, August 18, 1997, Tate again
entrusted her child to Brown while she worked, with the
understanding that Brown would take the child to the babysitter.
Later that day when Brown returned the child, Tate observed a
large bruise on the child's forehead and several bruises and
scratches on the child's body. When Tate asked Brown what had
happened, he responded that he was not going to be responsible for
someone else's child.
Tate testified that she felt that she should have sought
emergency medical treatment for the child's injuries and she felt
she could not provide the necessary care and treatment for the
child's injuries. She stated, however, that she did not seek
treatment because she was frightened that others would think she
had inflicted the injuries on the child. Tate also testified that
- 6 - she would not permit the child's father, James Brown, to see the
child on August 18 because she was fearful that he would think she
injured the child.
On August 18, James Brown went to Tate's residence to visit
his daughter. After Tate refused to permit James Brown to see the
child, he became suspicious that the child might be hurt and
called the police. A Richmond police officer arrived at Tate's
residence, and, after seeing the child, took the child to the
hospital for examination and treatment. The child appeared to be
lethargic and in need of medical care.
Dr. Thomas Young examined the child on August 19, 1997. He
testified that the child had numerous bruises of various ages to
her body. The child also had numerous "small lacerations on her
face and numerous bruises on her legs." She had a scab on her
left shoulder, which Dr. Young testified was "interesting in shape
in that it was two linear lines," and she had a bruise on her
right thigh in the shape of a thumbprint. The child also had
"reddish bruises on her forehead" and a "large flat dark brown
bruise on her forehead." Dr. Young testified that based on the
color of the bruises, he could determine the age of the bruise.
He stated that when a bruise first occurs, it is "a scarlet red,
purple color," and after a couple of days, "the bruise darkens
into a darker brown color and then with time over a couple of days
- 7 - it kind of lightens up into a yellowish/green color, and finally
to a tan color."
Dr. Robin Foster testified that a review of a CT scan of the
child's brain performed on August 19 indicated "areas of petechial
hemorrhages, which basically means tiny little spots of bleeding
throughout the brain tissue, and an area of bruising on the right
occiput of the head, which is the back of the brain on the
right-hand side." Dr. Foster further testified that a MRI
performed on August 21 indicated that the bleeding in the brain
had occurred within three or four days of the MRI test. The
injuries were indicative of brain trauma, but they were not life
threatening. The other tests that were conducted showed no
evidence of any bone fractures and the retinal examination showed
no hemorrhages, which is a common injury with acceleration and
deceleration trauma.
In finding Tate guilty of the Class 4 felony by violating
Code § 18.2-371.1(A), the trial judge made two separate findings
as the basis for the conviction. The trial judge found that Tate
violated the statute by "willful . . . omission or refusal to
provide . . . necessary care for the child's health" and by
negligently entrusting the child to Jawan Brown on the second
occasion after knowing that the child had received extensive
injuries when in Brown's care three days earlier, "permit[ing]
serious injury to the life or health of [the] child."
- 8 - II. ANALYSIS
On review of a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence,
we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the
Commonwealth, the prevailing party, and grant to it all reasonable
inferences fairly deducible therefrom. See Commonwealth v.
Jenkins, 255 Va. 516, 521, 499 S.E.2d 263, 265 (1998). The
credibility of the witnesses and the weight accorded their
testimony are matters solely within the province of the fact
finder. See Lane v. Commonwealth, 184 Va. 603, 610-11, 35 S.E.2d
749, 752 (1945). "The judgment of a trial court sitting without a
jury is entitled to the same weight as a jury verdict and will not
be set aside unless it appears from the evidence that the judgment
is plainly wrong or without evidence to support it." Martin v.
Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 438, 443, 358 S.E.2d 415, 418 (1987)
(citations omitted).
A. Serious Injury
Tate argues that the injuries to the child did not constitute
"serious injury" as contemplated by the statute. We disagree.
Code § 18.2-371.1(A) provides, that "'serious injury' shall
include but not be limited to (i) disfigurement, (ii) a
fracture, (iii) a severe burn or laceration, (iv) mutilation,
(v) maiming, (vi) forced ingestion of dangerous substances, or
(vii) life-threatening internal injuries."
- 9 - In determining whether the child's injuries fall within the
definition of "serious injury" proscribed by Code § 18.2-371.1(A),
we apply the statutory construction principles of noscitur a
sociis and ejusdem generis. The principle of noscitur a sociis
instructs that "the meaning of a word takes color and expression
from the purport of the entire phrase of which it is a part, and
it must be read in harmony with its context." Turner v.
Commonwealth, 226 Va. 456, 460, 309 S.E.2d 337, 339 (1983).
Similarly, the rule of ejusdem generis instructs that "when a
particular class of persons or things is enumerated in a statute
and general words follow, the general words are to be restricted
in their meaning to a sense analogous to the less general,
particular words." Martin v. Commonwealth, 224 Va. 298, 301-02,
295 S.E.2d 890, 892-93 (1982) (citations omitted).
"It is a basic rule of statutory construction that a word in
a statute is to be given its everyday, ordinary meaning unless the
word is a word of art." Stein v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 65,
69, 402 S.E.2d 238, 241 (1991) (citations omitted). Serious is
defined as "grave in . . . appearance," "requiring considerable
care." Webster's Third New International Dictionary 2073 (1981);
see generally Brewster v. Commonwealth, 23 Va. App. 354, 357, 477
S.E.2d 288, 289 (1996) (holding that the term "serious bodily
injury" is not unconstitutionally vague); Commonwealth v. Hill,
196 Va. 18, 23, 82 S.E.2d 473, 476 (1954) (finding that in
- 10 - defining "serious" under former Code § 46-420, the word should be
given its ordinary meaning). Code § 18.2-371.1(A) provides a
non-exhaustive list of examples of serious injuries. Although the
injuries sustained by the child in this case are not specifically
listed among the enumerated examples, from the evidence presented,
the trial court did not err in concluding that the child's
injuries were serious.
Here, the evidence proved that the eighteen-month-old child
suffered from numerous bruises of various ages on her entire body.
The child had a large bruise on her forehead that was several days
old and numerous small bruises and lacerations on her face. She
had a scab on her shoulder in the shape of two linear lines and a
bruise in the shape of a thumbprint on her thigh. Dr. Young
testified that he examined the child on August 19, 1997 and that
the child's bruises varied in age from one or two days to five
days old. A MRI showed scattered petechial hemorrhages throughout
the child's brain that were approximately three to four days old.
The child also had an area of bruising on the right occiput of the
head. When the child was taken to the hospital, she appeared to
be lethargic. The child's injuries, although not life
threatening, were indicative of multiple and repetitive trauma.
Code § 18.2-371.1(A) does not limit "serious injury" to those
injuries that are permanent or life threatening. An injury may be
serious because of the nature and extent of the injury, the effect
- 11 - the injury has upon the victim, or the extent to which the injury
may require medical treatment. We conclude that the extent of the
lacerations and bruises on the child's body and the sub-cranial
bruising inflicted on this eighteen-month-old child over the
course of several days, which apparently caused the child to be
lethargic, supports the trial court's finding that the child
sustained "serious injury." The injuries were extensive, in that
there were numerous bruises and lacerations over a large part of
her body; they were clearly visible; and they markedly affected
the child's behavior, leaving her lethargic. The evidence is
sufficient to support the trial court's finding that the child was
seriously injured.
B. Intent
Tate argues that the evidence is insufficient to prove that
she, "by willful act or omission or refusal to provide any
necessary care for the child's health," caused or permitted the
serious injury to the child. Tate argues that the evidence failed
to prove that she was aware that Jawan Brown would intentionally
injure the child when she entrusted him with the child on the
second occasion on August 18. Tate also argues that her decision
not to seek medical care for the child's injuries on August 18 did
not contribute, in any way, to the nature or seriousness of the
child's injuries and that the failure to seek medical care did not
cause or allow the injuries to worsen. She points out that other
- 12 - than to examine the child and to determine the nature and extent
of the injuries, no treatment for the injuries was prescribed or
provided.
A person's intent may, and generally must, be shown by the
circumstances, including a person's conduct and statements. See
Nobles v. Commonwealth, 218 Va. 548, 551, 238 S.E.2d 808, 810
(1977); Hancock v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 774, 782, 407
S.E.2d 301, 306 (1991). "[T]he reasonable inferences to be
drawn from proven facts are within the province of the trier of
fact." Fleming v. Commonwealth, 13 Va. App. 349, 353, 412
S.E.2d 180, 183 (1991) (citation omitted).
Although Tate conceded at trial she felt the child's injuries
required or merited medical attention and she knew she could not
provide adequate care for the child's injuries, she argues the
lack of medical attention did not contribute to the seriousness of
the child's injuries. The Commonwealth conceded at oral argument
that the child's injuries did not become worse from the lack of
medical care. Accordingly, we do not address that aspect of the
defendant's argument that she violated the statute by failing to
obtain necessary medical care. We address only whether Tate "by
willful act or omission" caused or permitted serious injury to the
child by entrusting care of the child to Jawan Brown on August 18.
We find the evidence to be sufficient to support the trial
court's finding that Tate knew her child was at risk but, by
- 13 - "omission or refusal" to act, allowed the abuse to continue by
entrusting her child to Brown on August 18. On August 15, Tate
observed extensive cuts and bruises on the child's face and body
after she had been in Brown's care. The trial court was not
plainly wrong in drawing the inference that Tate knew that the
injuries were more than a child would receive in a minor fall.
She made little or no inquiry from Brown and required little or no
explanation from him concerning the injuries or why he had not
taken the child to day care. Instead, she permitted Brown to care
for her child on August 18, when the child sustained more injury
to her entire body, including sub-cranial bruising to her head.
See Ellis v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 548, 554, 513 S.E.2d 453,
456 (1999) (noting that "willful" denotes an act that is
intentional, knowing, or voluntary).
When Dr. Young questioned Tate about the numerous bruises,
Tate stated she "did not know how that happened." Tate also
denied "noticing any other bruises and would not offer an
explanation for them" even though the bruises were readily visible
and were several days old. Although Tate testified that she
instructed Brown to take the child to day care on August 18, she
was aware that he had failed to do so on August 15 as instructed,
and she was aware that the child had suffered extensive injuries
on that day while in his care. Inaction, when action was
necessary to protect the health and well-being of her child, was
- 14 - culpable. The fact finder reasonably could have inferred from the
child's extensive visible injuries on August 15, that Tate
willfully permitted her child to be in danger of serious injury by
allowing Brown to care for the child on August 18. Accordingly,
the evidence is sufficient to support the trial court's finding
that, by allowing Jawan Brown to care for the child on the second
occasion, Tate willfully permitted serious injury to the child's
health.
Accordingly, we affirm the conviction.
Affirmed.
- 15 - Benton, J., dissenting.
Code § 18.2-371.1(A) provides as follows:
Any parent, guardian, or other person responsible for the care of a child under the age of eighteen who by willful act or omission or refusal to provide any necessary care for the child's health causes or permits serious injury to the life or health of such child shall be guilty of a Class 4 felony. For purposes of this subsection, "serious injury" shall include but not be limited to (i) disfigurement, (ii) a fracture, (iii) a severe burn or laceration, (iv) mutilation, (v) maiming, (vi) forced ingestion of dangerous substances, or (vii) life- threatening internal injuries. To sustain a conviction under Code § 18.2-371.1, the evidence must
prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Lavonnia Nicole Tate, "by
willful act or omission or refusal to provide any necessary care
for the child's health," caused or permitted serious injury to the
child. Id.
"[E]vidence is not sufficient to support a conviction if it engenders only a suspicion or even a probability of guilt. Conviction cannot rest upon conjecture. The evidence must be such that it excludes every reasonable hypothesis of innocence. The giving by the accused of an unclear or unreasonable or false explanation of his conduct or account of his doings are matters for the jury to consider, but they do not shift from the Commonwealth the ultimate burden of proving by the facts or
- 16 - the circumstances, or both, that beyond all reasonable doubt the defendant committed the crime charged against him." Hyde v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 950, 955, 234 S.E.2d 74, 78 (1977)
(citation omitted).
The Commonwealth prosecuted Tate on the theory that she
omitted to seek treatment for the child's initial injuries and
then permitted the child to be injured again. Tate contends that
her failure to promptly seek medical attention did not contribute
to the seriousness of the child's injuries. Indeed, the evidence
proved, and the Commonwealth concedes, that the child's injuries
did not become worse from the lack of medical care. Moreover, no
evidence in the record tended to prove that the child's injuries
became more serious because Tate failed to seek medical attention
for the child on August 18. The record contains no evidence that
any treatment was needed or provided. When the doctors examined
the child and determined the nature and extent of the injuries,
the doctors prescribed no treatment for the injuries. Thus, the
issue is whether the evidence supports the trial judge's ruling
that Tate "permit[ted] serious injury" to the child in violation
of Code § 18.2-371.1(A) by entrusting her to Brown on August 18,
after knowing that he had inflicted serious injury on the child
three days earlier.
The evidence fails to prove that Tate knew her child was at
risk for serious injury and, by "omission or refusal" to act,
- 17 - allowed the child to be injured further by entrusting her child to
Brown on August 18. On August 15, Tate had observed several
"scratch marks on [the child's] forehead and her cheek and the
mark on her lip." When Tate questioned Brown about the child's
injuries, Brown, who had cared for the child that day, informed
Tate that the child "fell running down the sidewalk." Tate
accepted this explanation as a plausible accounting for the
child's injuries. Tate testified that when she bathed the child,
she had no marks or bruises on her body.
Tate spent an uneventful weekend with Brown and the child.
During the weekend while she cared for the child, Tate did not
observe any other marks, bruises, or injuries. No evidence
negated the hypothesis that the child's injuries on August 15 were
consistent with injuries she might have received while she ran
down the sidewalk. See Commonwealth v. Smith, 259 Va. 780, 783,
___ S.E.2d ___, ___ (2000) (holding that where proof relied upon
is wholly circumstantial, "'to establish guilt beyond a reasonable
doubt all necessary circumstances proved must be consistent with
guilt and inconsistent with innocence'"). Accordingly, no
evidence proved that Tate was aware or should have been aware that
Brown had injured the child.
No evidence proved the child had "extensive cuts and bruises"
on her body prior to August 18. On cross-examination, the social
worker corrected her testimony when confronted with her notes.
- 18 - Although the child's injuries may have been suspicious, it was
just as likely that Tate, believing Brown's explanation that the
child injured herself while playing, unknowingly and
unintentionally entrusted the child to Brown's care on August 18.
Tate testified that when she saw the additional bruises on August
18, she was scared and did not know what to do. She told the
social worker that medical care was expensive and that she
intended to take the child to her regularly scheduled pediatric
appointment on August 20.
Dr. Foster, who examined the CT scan and MRI, testified that
the internal hemorrhages likely did not produce any observable
symptoms except possibly "a slight increase in sleepiness or the
baby might not be as active as usual." He further testified that
"they are the kind of symptoms that are hard sometimes to realize
what they are."
In short, no evidence proved that Tate acted willfully or
willfully omitted to do anything that endangered her child.
"[I]nattention and inadvertence have not been heretofore equated
with actions taken willfully, thus, making them subject to
criminal penalty." Ellis v. Commonwealth, 29 Va. App. 548, 556,
513 S.E.2d 453, 457 (1999). To prove the element of "willful,"
the evidence must establish more than bad judgment. "'Willful'
generally means an act done with a bad purpose, without
justifiable excuse, or without grounds for believing it was
- 19 - lawful." Id. at 554, 513 S.E.2d at 456. It connotes a perverse
state of mind. See Snead v. Commonwealth, 11 Va. App. 643, 647,
400 S.E.2d 806, 807 (1991).
Therefore, I would hold that the evidence is insufficient to
support the trial judge's finding that Tate, by willful act or
omission, permitted serious injury to the child.
- 20 -