Lavanty v. Nicolinni's

2015 Ohio 5435

• Court: Ohio Court of Appeals
• Decided: December 22, 2015
• Docket: 12 MA 151
• Status: Published

Opinion

[Cite as Lavanty v. Nicolinni’s, 2015-Ohio-5435.] STATE OF OHIO, MAHONING COUNTY

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

SEVENTH DISTRICT

NICHOLAS LAVANTY ) CASE NO. 12 MA 151 ) PLAINTIFF-APPELLANT ) ) VS. ) OPINION ) NICOLINNI’S RISTORANTE I & II, LLC, ) et al. ) ) DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES )

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDINGS: Civil Appeal from the Court of Common Pleas of Mahoning County, Ohio Case No. 09 CV 3029

JUDGMENT: Affirmed.

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellant: Atty. Thomas N. Michaels 839 Southwestern Run Youngstown, Ohio 44514

For Defendants-Appellees: Atty. Matthew C. Giannini 1040 South Commons Place Suite 200 Youngstown, Ohio 44514

JUDGES:

Hon. Cheryl L. Waite Hon. Mary DeGenaro Hon. Carol Ann Robb Dated: December 22, 2015 [Cite as Lavanty v. Nicolinni’s, 2015-Ohio-5435.] WAITE, J.

{¶1} This appeal arises from a decision to grant summary judgment to the

defendants in a trademark infringement case. The primary dispute was over the use

of the word “Nicolinni’s” as part of the trade name or trademark of two restaurants in

the Youngstown area. The record indicates that Appellant Nicholas Lavanty

(“Lavanty”) initially filed a trademark claim against two limited liability companies

operating the restaurants (“Nicolinni’s Ristorante I, LLC” and “Nicolinni’s Ristorante II,

LLC,” hereinafter referred to as “the LLCs”). These LLCs are Appellees in this

appeal. Appellees then filed a counterclaim for trademark and trade name

infringement. Lavanty subsequently dismissed his complaint, but the counterclaim

remained. Appellees filed a motion for summary judgment on their counterclaim

alleging both trade name and trademark rights. Lavanty failed to establish that he

had any independent or priority trade name or trademark rights in the name

“Nicolinni's.” Due to his failure to raise a genuine issue of material fact, the trial court

properly granted judgment to Appellees. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

Facts and Procedural History

{¶2} In the 1970s, Appellant Nicholas Lavanty opened and operated an

Italian restaurant called Nicolinni’s Ristorante on Belmont Avenue in Mahoning

County, Ohio. Sometime in the 1990’s, after the first restaurant closed, Lavanty

opened another “Nicolinni’s Ristorante” in Austintown, Ohio. In 2006, Lavanty, along

with his children Tammy and Patrick, began the process of opening yet another

Nicolinni’s Ristorante in Boardman, Ohio. On March 27, 2006, Tammy formed an

Ohio limited liability company to operate the Austintown location (Nicolinni’s -2-

Ristorante I, LLC), and another to operate the Boardman restaurant (Nicolinni’s

Ristorante II, LLC). Each LLC designated Tammy Lavanty Wukmir as its

incorporator. In 2007, the Boardman “Nicolinni’s” restaurant opened. In May of

2009, Lavanty was told that he was no longer permitted on either location.

{¶3} On August 10, 2009, Lavanty filed a complaint against Nicolinni’s LLCs

I and II for trademark infringement under the common law and the federal Lanham

Act, for unfair competition, and for deceptive business practices. On September 11,

2009, defendants filed a counterclaim for trademark and trade name infringement

under the common law and the federal Lanham Act, for unfair competition, and for

deceptive business practices. Appellees alleged that Lavanty transferred the

restaurants, including any trademarks and goodwill, to Tammy and Patrick in 2006,

and that they transferred the assets to the Nicolinni’s LLCs.

{¶4} In July of 2011, Lavanty’s counsel withdrew from the case. The trial

was scheduled for December 9, 2011. On December 8, Lavanty filed a Rule

41(A)(1)(a) voluntary dismissal of his complaint. This dismissal left only Appellees'

counterclaims pending with the trial court. On December 14, 2011, Appellees filed a

motion for summary judgment on their counterclaims. Appellees supported the

motion with an affidavit of Patrick Lavanty, along with copies of the LLC filings on

record with the Secretary of State’s office.

{¶5} Lavanty filed his response to the motion for summary judgment on

January 31, 2012. The evidence in rebuttal consisted of his own affidavit. -3-

{¶6} On February 1, 2012, Lavanty refiled a complaint containing all the

claims he previously dismissed against the same Defendants, now designated as

Case No. 2012 CV 305. On February 6, 2012, Lavanty filed a motion in Case No.

2009 CV 3029, the original case, to consolidate it with Case No. 2012 CV 305, the

refiled complaint. There is no indication in the record that the trial court ever ruled on

this motion, and the two cases proceeded independently.

{¶7} On July 18, 2012, the trial court granted Appellees' motion for summary

judgment on their counterclaim against Lavanty in Case No. 2009 CV 3029. This

appeal followed.

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED AS A MATTER OF LAW IN GRANTING

SUMMARY JUDGMENT TO DEFENDANTS-APPELLEES

(JUDGMENT ENTRY DATED JULY 18, 2012)

Standard of Review of Summary Judgment

{¶8} This appeal is from a trial court judgment resolving a motion for

summary judgment. An appellate court conducts a de novo review of a trial court’s

decision to grant summary judgment, using the same standards as the trial court set

forth in Civ.R. 56(C). Grafton v. Ohio Edison Co., 77 Ohio St.3d 102, 105, 671

N.E.2d 241 (1996). Before summary judgment can be granted, the trial court must

determine that: (1) no genuine issue as to any material fact remains to be litigated,

(2) the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law, (3) it appears from the

evidence that reasonable minds can come to but one conclusion, and viewing the -4-

evidence most favorably in favor of the party against whom the motion for summary

judgment is made, the conclusion is adverse to that party. Temple v. Wean United,

Inc., 50 Ohio St.2d 317, 327, 364 N.E.2d 267 (1977). Whether or not a fact is a

“material fact” depends on the substantive law of the claim being litigated. Hoyt, Inc.

v. Gordon & Assoc., Inc., 104 Ohio App.3d 598, 603, 662 N.E.2d 1088 (1995).

{¶9} “[T]he moving party bears the initial responsibility of informing the trial

court of the basis for the motion, and identifying those portions of the record which

demonstrate the absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element of the

nonmoving party’s claim.” (Emphasis deleted.) Dresher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280,

296, 662 N.E. 2d 264 (1996). If the moving party carries its burden, the nonmoving

party has a reciprocal burden of setting forth specific facts showing that there is a

genuine issue for trial. Id. at 293. In other words, when presented with a properly

supported motion for summary judgment, the nonmoving party must produce some

evidence to suggest that a reasonable factfinder could rule in that party’s favor.

Brewer v. Cleveland Bd. of Edn., 122 Ohio App.3d 378, 386, 701 N.E.2d 1023 (8th

Dist.1997).

{¶10} The evidentiary materials to support a motion for summary judgment

are listed in Civ.R. 56(C) and include the pleadings, depositions, answers to

interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, transcripts of evidence, and written

stipulations of fact that have been filed in the case. In resolving the motion, the court

views the evidence in a light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Temple, 50

Ohio St.2d at 327. -5-

Law pertaining to Trademarks and Trade Names

{¶11} This appeal involves two related but distinct concepts, trade names

versus trademarks, that need to be distinguished in order to resolve this appeal. At

times the parties allege that there is a “trademark” in the name “Nicolinni’s” or

“Nicolinni’s Ristorante.” At other times, they appear to be referring only to a “trade

name.” “A trademark is a sign, word or device affixed to a product which identifies

the goods of a particular seller or manufacturer and distinguishes them from the

goods sold or produced by another.” Younker v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 175 Ohio

St. 1, 5, 191 N.E.2d 145 (1963). Thus, a trademark is an actual mark or symbolic

representation that attaches to a seller’s products and identifies the source of the

products in the mind of the public. Trademarks primarily identify and protect the

brands of a business and keep those brands clear for the general public. Two

Pesos, Inc. v. Taco Cabana, Inc., 505 U.S. 763, 784, 112 S.Ct. 2753, 120 L. Ed. 2d

615 (1992), fn. 19.

{¶12} A “trade name,” on the other hand, is the legal name a business entity

uses to conduct its business. “A trade name, the broadest of these terms, is

descriptive of the identity of the owner of the business.” Id. “Trade name” has a

specific statutory meaning as well: “ ‘Trade name’ means a name used in business

or trade to designate the business of the user and to which the user asserts a right to

exclusive use.” R.C. 1329.01(A)(1). In other words, a trade name is the legal name

a business uses to conduct its business, rather than the name of a specific product or

brand. Registering a trade name is usually a fairly routine task and, in Ohio, may -6-

involve little more than picking a name that is not listed in the Secretary of State’s

database of business names and filing the proper paperwork.

{¶13} To complicate matters, though, a trade name may also be used as a

trademark, or may substantially overlap with a trademark, such that the two may be

nearly indistinguishable. In addition, both trade names and trademarks are typically

enforced under the same laws of unfair or deceptive trade practices, or unfair

competition. Cesare v. Work, 36 Ohio App.3d 26, 28, 520 N.E.2d 586 (9th

Dist.1987).

{¶14} Registering a trade name or trademark adds to the type of relief

available, but does not substantially change the analysis as to whether infringement,

unfair competition, or deceptive trade practices have occurred. There is no allegation

in this case that any trademark involving the name “Nicolinni’s” was ever registered at

the state or federal level, but it is undisputed that Appellees registered the trade

names “Nicolinni’s LLC I” and “Nicolinni’s LLC II” in Ohio and that the registrations

were valid at the time the pleadings were filed and when summary judgment was

granted.

{¶15} In Ohio, the default trade name of a limited liability company such as

“Nicolinni's LLC I” is the name used in the articles of organization filed with the

Secretary of State. The Secretary of State’s office reviews the name to make sure

that it is distinguishable from the currently active names of all other recorded

business names, including the names of corporations, LLCs, limited liability

partnerships, etc. See R.C. 1329.02. A trade name that is registered in Ohio is valid -7-

throughout the state but not in another state. Younker at paragraph two of the

syllabus. Nevertheless, having a registered trade name provides no particular rights

with respect to trademarks and does not guarantee that the trade name does not

infringe someone else’s trade name or trademark rights. Younker, supra, at 6.

Registration does provide some evidence that the name is being used in the course

of business, and may establish the date of first use of the name.

{¶16} Trademarks fall into four categories: (1) generic or common

descriptive; (2) merely descriptive; (3) suggestive; or (4) arbitrary or fanciful.

Yocono’s Rest., Inc. v. Yocono, 100 Ohio App.3d 11, 18, 651 N.E.2d 1347, 1351 (9th

Dist.1994). Generic terms, such as “raisin bran” or “shredded wheat,” are not entitled

to trademark protection under any circumstances. Id. Words that are merely

descriptive, such as “Vision Center” to describe an optics store, are entitled to

trademark protection only if they have acquired a secondary meaning. Id.

Suggestive terms and arbitrary or fanciful terms are entitled to trademark protection

without the need to show that they have a secondary meaning. Id. Suggestive

terms, such as Greyhound buses, require imagination, thought, or perception to

reach a conclusion about the nature of the goods or services. In re Gyulay, 820 F.2d

1216, 1217 (Fed.Cir.2006). Fanciful marks are invented purely for purpose of

establishing a trademark such as Exxon or Pepsi. Wiley v. American Greetings

Corp., 762 F.2d 139 (1st Cir.1985). Arbitrary terms are common words that do not

suggest or describe any aspect or ingredient of the product, such as Apple -8-

computers. Bedford Auto Dealers Assn. v. Mercedes Benz of N. Olmsted, 8th Dist.

No. 97080, 2012-Ohio-927, ¶17.

{¶17} Personal names and surnames fall within the “merely descriptive”

category and, therefore, are entitled to trademark protection only if they have

acquired a secondary meaning. Id., citing 1 McCarthy on Trademarks and Unfair

Competition (3 Ed.1994), Section 13.02 [2]. Merely descriptive marks achieve

secondary meaning when “in the minds of the public, the primary significance of a

product feature or term is to identify the source of the product rather than the

product.” Inwood Labs., Inc. v. Ives Labs., Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 851, 102 S.Ct. 2182,

72 L.Ed.2d 606 (1982), fn. 11.

{¶18} Courts have recognized five factors used to determine whether a word

has acquired a secondary meaning: 1) the amount and manner of advertising; 2) the

volume of sales; 3) length and manner of use; 4) direct consumer testimony; and 5)

consumer surveys. Id.

{¶19} It is actual use that establishes trademark rights, and generally the first

to use the trademark gains priority over a junior user. Younker at 7. If secondary

meaning is required to establish the trademark, first use does not establish priority.

Cesare at 32.

{¶20} Trademark infringement is closely related to unfair competition and

deceptive trade practice. Unfair competition and deceptive trade practice may be

alleged under R.C. 4165.02, under federal statutes, or under state or federal

common law. The law regarding all of these options is essentially the same, and -9-

Ohio relies on federal and state law equally in this area. Blankenship v. CFMOTO

Powersports, Inc., 161 Misc.2d 5, 2011-Ohio-948, 944 N.E.2d 769 (Clermont Cty.),

¶21.

[I]n a suit for unfair competition to enjoin the use of a similar trademark

* * * plaintiff must prove two elements: secondary meaning and

likelihood of confusion. Secondary meaning exists where the mark

comes to identify not only the goods but the source of those goods * * *

while likelihood of confusion requires a showing that the ordinary

purchaser will be misled or deceived by the similarity. (Citations

deleted.)

George P. Ballas Buick GMC, Inc. v. Taylor Buick, Inc., 6th Dist. No. 81-292, 1982

WL 6359, at *5 (Apr. 16, 1982).

Analysis

{¶21} The trial court's judgment in this case relied on principles of both trade

name and trademark rights when it granted summary judgment to Appellees. The

threshold question here is whether the parties established that a valid and

protectable trade name existed. A trade name is, first and foremost, the name used

to identify a business in order that it may conduct its affairs. Protecting a trade name

is largely a matter of properly registering the name with the Ohio Secretary of State.

There is no dispute in this case that Appellees registered two LLCs with the name

“Nicolinni’s Ristorante” in the title, and that the registrations are current and valid.

Lavanty apparently participated in Appellees’ registration process. Since it is -10-

presumed that such registration with the Secretary of State is exclusive, Appellees

presumptively have exclusive use over the names Nicolinni’s Ristorante I, LLC, and

Nicolinni’s Ristorante II, LLC, in Ohio (since corporate registration is governed state

to state and not nationally).

{¶22} Appellees also assert trademark rights over both “Nicolinni's Ristorante”

and the name “Nicolinni's.” The parties do not dispute that “Nicolinni's” is derived

from a personal name. Appellees were well aware of the need to show secondary

meaning to establish trademark rights in a personal name during the litigation of this

case. Patrick Lavanty’s affidavit provided the elements of secondary meaning by

stating:

[T]he amounts and manner of advertising for Nicolinni’s Ristorante (I&II)

LLCs, their volume of sales, their length and manner of use and direct

consumer observations and statements to the undersigned evidence

the public’s association of the name ‘Nicolinni’s’ with the restaurants

and their food quality and not with the individual Plaintiff, Nicholas

Lavanty.

(12/13/11 Affidavit of Patrick Lavanty, ¶11.) This averment is obviously formulated to

conform to the requirement that Appellees prove secondary meaning under the law.

{¶23} Lavanty, in his defense against Appellees' trade name and trademark

infringement counterclaim, alleged that he owned a prior trademark over the name

“Nicolinni’s.” His defense is based on the theory that the first in time to use a

trademark gives priority over the trademark. He contends that he has used the term -11-

“Nicolinni's” since 1979, long before Appellees began using the name. Even if we

assume, arguendo, that Lavanty used the name first, this does not end the analysis.

First use does not, by itself, establish secondary meaning, and it is secondary

meaning that determines whether a personal name has developed into a trademark.

Again, secondary meaning is proven by the amount and manner of advertising, the

volume of sales, direct consumer testimony, consumer surveys, length of use, and

manner of use. F.A.R. Food, Inc., supra, 7th Dist. No. 06 MA 149 at ¶46. Lavanty

discusses none of these things in his affidavit except the length of use. Lavanty's

affidavit contains no proof that he created secondary meaning in the name

“Nicolinni's.” Without a showing of secondary meaning, he has no separate

trademark claim with which to create any genuine issue of material fact as to

Appellees' trademark claim. Therefore, the trial court properly granted summary

judgment to Appellees on the trademark claim as well as the trade name claim.

{¶24} Lavanty raised other arguments purportedly in defense of the

counterclaim. He claims that he granted a limited license for Appellees to use the

“Nicolinni's” name, and that he attempted control over the quality of the goods and

services provided by the restaurants. These are only relevant if Lavanty could

establish that he had a previous trademark to enforce. Since Lavanty did not provide

enough evidence to establish his own independent trademark rights, he has not

shown any error in the trial court's decision and his assignment of error is overruled.

Conclusion -12-

{¶25} The trial court appropriately granted summary judgment to Appellees in

this case. Although the case was initiated by Lavanty, the matter before the trial

court was a trade name and trademark infringement claim arising from a

counterclaim filed by Appellees. They filed a motion for summary judgment and

provided proof that they owned the trade name “Nicolinni's Ristorante I, LLC” and

“Nicolinni's Ristorante II, LLC.” They also established trademark rights in the

personal name “Nicolinni's.” Lavanty failed to create any issue of material fact in his

rebuttal to the motion for summary judgment. Lavanty has shown no error in the trial

court judgment, and therefore, his assignment of error is overruled and the judgment

of the trial court is affirmed.

DeGenaro, J., concurs.

Robb, J., concurs.