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[DO NOT PUBLISH]
IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT ________________________
No. 17-13122 ________________________
D.C. Docket No. 2:15-cv-02371-RDP
LATUNJA JOHNSON, as personal representative of the Estate of Sheneque Proctor,
Plaintiff-Appellant,
versus
BESSEMER, ALABAMA, CITY OF, KARRIE GOODWIN, OJORE TAMPER, LONNIE JONES, MONICA CARAM, et al., Defendants-Appellees,
NATHANIEL RUTLEDGE, JR.,
Defendant.
________________________
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama ________________________
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Before ED CARNES, Chief Judge, BRANCH, and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:
Sheneque Proctor was in pretrial detention at the Bessemer City jail when
she died from a drug overdose. Latunja Johnson, her mother and personal
representative, filed a lawsuit against Karrie Goodwin, a jail corrections officer
who was on duty while Proctor was in detention. Johnson alleged a single claim of
deliberate indifference to a serious medical need. The district court granted
summary judgment to Goodwin, ruling that she was entitled to qualified immunity.
This is Johnson’s appeal.
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY
A. Facts
Because Johnson appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment to
Goodwin, we view the facts in the light most favorable to Johnson and resolve all
reasonable doubts in her favor. 1 Gerling Glob. Reinsurance Corp. of Am. v.
Gallagher, 267 F.3d 1228, 1233–34 (11th Cir. 2001).
On November 1, 2014, Bessemer City police received a dispatch call about a
disturbance at an Economy Inn motel. Officers arrived at the motel around 1:40
1 Johnson argues that the district court did not take the facts in the light most favorable to her and draw all reasonable inferences in her favor. That argument is beside the point because we review de novo the court’s grant of summary judgment, CAMP Legal Def. Fund, Inc. v. City of Atlanta, 451 F.3d 1257, 1268 (11th Cir. 2006), and determine for ourselves whether the undisputed facts preclude the entry of summary judgment.
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p.m. and found Proctor, who was upset because some of her money had gone
missing. After she refused to calm down, she was arrested, handcuffed, and placed
in a squad car. She yelled and cursed on her way to the Bessemer City jail and
managed to slip out of her (oversized) handcuffs. The officers warned her that she
would be pepper-sprayed if she kept resisting, but when they arrived at the jail
shortly before 2:00 p.m. she was fighting and kicking. One of the officers gave her
a short burst of pepper spray in her face, and then they handcuffed her (with
regular cuffs) and carried her into the jail because she refused to walk. After
taking her into the jail, one of the officers returned to the squad car for her personal
effects and found a small baggie of marijuana.
The officers handcuffed Proctor to a bench inside the jail. One of the
officers, reading from a form, informed her that the spray was non-toxic and that
its effects would dissipate in a short time, but that the effects from the spray might
mask other medical conditions, including drug overdoses. The form stated that
failure to answer the questions truthfully could delay medical treatment and
jeopardize Proctor’s health. The officer asked Proctor if she was “currently under
the influence of, or [had] taken cocaine, amphetamines, barbiturates, PCP, opiates,
heroin, or alcohol within the last eight (8) hours.” Proctor refused to answer that
question. She also refused to answer whether she had “heart problems, lung
problems, diabetes, high blood pressure, or any other serious medical condition[ ].”
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And she refused to state whether she had any allergies and whether she had
answered the questions truthfully. The officer suspected that Proctor was under the
influence of some substance, but he did not see her take any drugs.
Goodwin began her shift at 2:00 p.m. on November 1. After she arrived at
the jail around 1:50 p.m., she was sitting in her car in the parking lot when she saw
the officers struggling to handcuff Proctor. By the time Goodwin entered the jail,
Proctor had already been handcuffed to the bench. As part of the intake process,
Goodwin tried to get some information from Proctor, but Proctor cursed and spat at
her. After about 20 minutes, Proctor calmed down enough so that Goodwin and
another officer could take her handcuffs off, decontaminate her,2 and dress her in a
jail uniform. Goodwin then placed Proctor in a single-person cell. Although
Proctor was steady on her feet and her speech was normal, Goodwin believed
based on her behavior that she was on some sort of drug.
A little while later another inmate told Goodwin that Proctor was ready to
talk. Goodwin took Proctor out of the cell, booked her in, and allowed her to use
the phone. As part of the booking process, Proctor had to fill out a medical
questionnaire form. The form asked Proctor if she was using any “street drugs,”
and she wrote on the form that she was using “weed.” Proctor did not indicate that
she was taking any other drugs. Proctor was cooperative during this time and, 2 The officers decontaminated Proctor by allowing her to use a sink to wash the spray off; Proctor was able to do that herself.
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according to Goodwin, did not seem “out of it.” Goodwin put Proctor back into
her cell around 3:00 p.m. A jail surveillance video of Proctor’s cell shows
Goodwin’s interactions with Proctor from that point until Goodwin’s shift ended at
10:00 p.m.
Goodwin next interacted with Proctor at 4:44 p.m., when she entered the cell
to serve Proctor dinner. Goodwin found her sitting on the edge of the bed,
hunched over with her head in her hands. Proctor did not move or otherwise
respond to Goodwin’s entry, but she was breathing. Goodwin touched Proctor on
her left shoulder, but she did not respond. When Goodwin tugged twice at
Proctor’s left shoulder, Proctor’s head and torso moved slightly from the tug but
she otherwise did not respond. Goodwin then grabbed Proctor by both shoulders,
laid her on the bed, and lifted Proctor’s left leg off the floor and placed it on the
bed so that she was laying on her right side with her right leg hanging off the bed.
Proctor continued to breathe, but otherwise did not respond to being moved into
that position. An inmate standing in the cell doorway appeared to watch this entire
interaction between Goodwin and Proctor; the inmate did not do anything. After
laying Proctor down, Goodwin left the cell and returned a few minutes later with
Proctor’s food tray. Goodwin used her right hand to shake Proctor about 10 times
before placing the tray in her cell; Proctor did not appear to respond to Goodwin’s
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attempts to rouse her. Goodwin returned a couple of minutes after that to put a cup
next to Proctor’s tray.
Sometime after Proctor appeared to be asleep, an inmate told Goodwin that
Proctor had told other inmates that she had been taking Xanax bars. Goodwin
testified that she kept a close eye on Proctor because she believed Proctor had
taken drugs, but that she was not alarmed by Proctor’s state and did not believe
that she would die. Goodwin testified that she was not worried about Proctor in
part because there was a regular inmate at the jail who was “always drunk,” and
that inmate slept in a position similar to Proctor’s and would always wake up. And
Goodwin explained that her son is a heavy sleeper and, at times, will not move
when she tries to wake him. Goodwin stated that she has never had any medical or
first aid training and does not know the side effects of Xanax.
Goodwin checked on Proctor again at 5:39 p.m. Proctor was in the same
position as before — lying on the bed with her right leg hanging over the side.
Goodwin moved to the head of the bed to check on Proctor; Goodwin appeared to
nudge Proctor briefly and then walk out. Proctor was breathing at that point.
Goodwin checked Proctor again at 8:38 p.m. and 9:27 p.m. Proctor was in the
same position and did not move during either check, but she was breathing.
During the 9:27 p.m. check, Goodwin retrieved a blanket and placed it over
Proctor before leaving the cell.
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Proctor was breathing every time Goodwin checked on her. And at some
point during Goodwin’s shift, Proctor began snoring. One inmate stated that
Proctor was asleep when Goodwin entered her cell at 4:44 p.m., that she was
asleep and snoring around 9:30 p.m. or 10:00 p.m., and that Proctor was still
snoring when the inmate went to sleep around 11:00 p.m. or 11:30 p.m. Goodwin
heard Proctor snoring loudly when her shift ended at 10:00 p.m. She believed
Proctor was asleep and was not alarmed at how Proctor was lying on the bed. Her
only concern was to ensure that Proctor was breathing. She did not feel that
Proctor needed any medical attention.
A new shift came on duty at 10:00 p.m. Two officers checked on Proctor at
regular intervals throughout the night, and one of them heard her snoring. Just
after 4:00 a.m., an officer served breakfast to Proctor and noticed that she was not
moving. An officer called the paramedics, who arrived at 4:11 a.m. and
pronounced Proctor dead at the scene. The coroner determined the cause of death
as polydrug overdose (methadone, cocaine, and alprazolam (Xanax)).
B.
Johnson filed a lawsuit against Goodwin and a number of other defendants
in December 2015. The second amended complaint alleged a single claim against
Goodwin under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 for deliberate indifference to serious medical
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need, in violation of Proctor’s Fourteenth Amendment rights as a pretrial detainee.3
After discovery, Goodwin moved for summary judgment. The district court
granted the motion, ruling that Goodwin was entitled to qualified immunity
because she was not deliberately indifferent to Proctor’s serious medical need and,
even if she was, the law was not clearly established at the time of the alleged
violation. This is Johnson’s appeal.
II.
We review de novo a grant of summary judgment. CAMP Legal Def. Fund,
451 F.3d at 1268. We must “resolve all issues of material fact in favor of the
plaintiff,” and then “answer the legal question of whether the defendant is entitled
to qualified immunity.” Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1190 (11th Cir. 2002)
(quotation marks and alterations omitted).
III.
“Qualified immunity protects government officials from liability for civil
damages unless they violate a statutory or constitutional right that was clearly
established at the time the alleged violation took place.” Gilmore v. Hodges, 738
F.3d 266, 272 (11th Cir. 2013). To receive qualified immunity, the officers must 3 Johnson also alleged deliberate indifference to serious medical need claims against four other corrections officers. And she brought deliberate indifference claims against the City of Bessemer, Police Chief Nathaniel Rutledge, and Jail Training Director Derick Hudson, claiming that those defendants promulgated customs or policies that led to the denial of medical treatment. The district court granted summary judgment in favor of the four jail corrections officers and it granted motions to dismiss filed by the City, Rutledge, and Hudson. None of those rulings are at issue on appeal — Johnson appeals only the grant of summary judgment to Goodwin.
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“first prove that [they were] acting within the scope of [their] discretionary
authority when the allegedly wrongful acts occurred.” Lee, 284 F.3d at 1194
(quotation marks omitted). There is no dispute that Goodwin was acting in her
discretionary authority when she was monitoring Proctor, so the issue is whether
she violated Proctor’s clearly established constitutional right to be free from
deliberate indifference to a serious medical need. Id.
A. Constitutional Violation
To prevail on her deliberate indifference claim, Johnson “must shoulder
three burdens.”4 Goebert v. Lee County, 510 F.3d 1312, 1326 (11th Cir. 2007).
“First, she must satisfy the objective component by showing that [Proctor] had a
serious medical need.” Id. Second, Johnson “must satisfy the subjective
component by showing that the prison official acted with deliberate indifference to
[Proctor’s] serious medical need.”5 Id. And third, Johnson “must show that the
4 Because Proctor was a pretrial detainee at the time of the alleged constitutional violation, the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause, not the Eighth Amendment, governs her claim. Gilmore, 738 F.3d at 271. But we have explained that “the minimum standard for providing medical care to a pretrial detainee is identical to the minimum standard required by the Eighth Amendment for a convicted prisoner.” Id. 5 Johnson argues that she need only satisfy the objective component because of the Supreme Court’s holding in Kingsley v. Hendrickson, 576 U.S. __, 135 S. Ct. 2466, 2473 (2015), “that the appropriate standard for a pretrial detainee’s excessive force claim is solely an objective one.” But Kingsley involved an excessive force claim, not a deliberate indifference to serious medical need claim. Id.; see also Nam Dang by & through Vina Dang v. Sheriff, Seminole Cty. Fla., 871 F.3d 1272, 1279 n.2 (11th Cir. 2017) (refusing to reach the issue of whether Kingsley requires a pretrial detainee to satisfy only the objective component in a deliberate indifference claim, but stating that because “Kingsley involved an excessive-force claim, not a claim of inadequate medical treatment due to deliberate indifference,” it is not “squarely on point with and does not actually abrogate or directly conflict with” our prior panel 9 Case: 17-13122 Date Filed: 07/10/2018 Page: 10 of 16
injury was caused by [Goodwin’s] wrongful conduct.” Id. Johnson and Goodwin
do not address causation, and we need not address it either in order to decide this
appeal.
1. Serious Medical Need
We have “defined a ‘serious medical need’ as one that is diagnosed by a
physician as requiring treatment or one that is so obvious that a lay person would
recognize the need for medical treatment.” Burnette v. Taylor, 533 F.3d 1325,
1330 (11th Cir. 2008). Because Proctor was never seen by a physician, Johnson
“must establish . . . that [Proctor’s] medical need was so obvious that a lay person
— in [Goodwin’s] place — would recognize the need for treatment.” Id. And it
must have been “one that, if left unattended, pose[d] a substantial risk of serious
harm.” Nam Dang, 871 F.3d at 1280 (quotation marks omitted). Johnson argues
that Proctor suffered from a serious medical need because a lay person would
recognize that someone who is non-responsive after consuming an unknown
quantity of drugs requires medical treatment.
That argument fails. Goodwin did suspect that Proctor had taken drugs
before coming to the jail, and at some point she learned that Proctor had told other
inmates that she had taken Xanax. But there is no evidence that Goodwin knew
that Proctor had also taken methadone and cocaine, and she testified that she has
precedent on deliberate indifference claims) (quotation marks omitted). Kingsley does not undermine our earlier Eighth Amendment deliberate indifference precedents.
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no medical training and does not know the side effects of Xanax. And the
“Constitution does not require . . . [a] jail official to seek medical attention for
every arrestee or inmate who appears to be affected by drugs or alcohol.”
Burnette, 533 F.3d at 1333. In Burnette, a jailer knew that the inmate was in
possession of a bottle of pills when he was arrested, that his speech was slurred,
that he needed help to move from one cell to another, and that his eyes were rolling
back in his head. Id. at 1332. The jailer also checked the inmate every hour
beginning at midnight; at 1:00 a.m. the inmate was snoring, and at 2:00 a.m., 3:00
a.m., and 4:00 a.m. the inmate was lying on a mattress and not snoring. Id. at
1329, 1332. At 5:00 a.m., the jailer noticed that something was wrong with the
inmate, called for help, and paramedics determined that he had died from a
polydrug overdose between 1:00 a.m. and 5:00 a.m. Id. at 1329. We held that
evidence was insufficient to show that the jailer had notice of the inmate’s serious
medical need. Id. at 1332.
The Burnette case shows that Proctor’s medical need was not sufficiently
obvious simply because she had taken drugs and was lying on her bed throughout
Goodwin’s shift. Johnson emphasizes, and there is no dispute, that Proctor did not
wake up after Goodwin prodded her several times, moved her onto the bed, and
shook her about 10 times on the shoulder during the 4:44 p.m. check. But
Goodwin did not use any harsher methods to rouse Proctor. Cf. Taylor v. Adams,
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221 F.3d 1254, 1256, 1258 n.4 (11th Cir. 2000) (stating that the parties did not
dispute that a detainee had a serious medical need where he was found unconscious
and the police “could not rouse him despite shaking his leg, rubbing his chest, and
splashing water on his chest”). And, more importantly, Proctor’s behavior was
entirely consistent with someone sleeping heavily: she did not move on the bed
and she began snoring at some point during the night. Another inmate stated that
Proctor was sleeping as of 4:44 p.m. and was snoring around 9:30 p.m. or 10:00
p.m. And, most importantly, Proctor was breathing every time Goodwin checked
on her. Cf. Bozeman v. Orum, 422 F.3d 1265, 1272 (11th Cir. 2005) (“No one
disputes that Haggard had a serious medical need once his breathing was impaired
and he became unconscious.”), abrogated on other grounds by Kingsley, 135 S. Ct.
at 2473.6
Given the difficult to detect line between sleeping and unconsciousness, and
the undisputed fact that Proctor was breathing every time Goodwin checked on her,
Proctor’s need for medical treatment was not so obvious that a lay person would
have easily recognized it. Goebert, 510 F.3d at 1326.
6 Johnson argues that this is not a case involving an inmate who was merely intoxicated and sleeping, but instead involves an unconscious inmate. But the problem for Johnson is that the facts, viewed in the light most favorable to her, do not show that it should have been obvious to any reasonable person that Proctor was unconscious instead of merely sleeping. And Johnson’s argument that Goodwin’s repeated checks on Proctor show that there was a serious medical need also fails, because the facts indicate that the jail corrections officers routinely checked on all inmates as part of their regular duties. Goodwin testified that she kept an eye on Proctor because she believed she had taken drugs, but saw nothing that alarmed her.
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2. Deliberate Indifference
Even if Johnson could satisfy the objective component, she cannot satisfy
the subjective component. To satisfy that component, Johnson must show
“(1) subjective knowledge of a risk of serious harm; (2) disregard of that risk;
(3) by conduct that is more than gross negligence.” Goebert, 510 F.3d at 1327
(quotation marks and alterations omitted). 7 Johnson cannot make that showing.
“Subjective knowledge of the risk requires that the defendant be aware of
facts from which the inference could be drawn that a substantial risk of serious
harm exists, and he must also draw the inference.” Nam Dang, 871 F.3d at 1280
(quotation marks omitted); see also Goebert, 510 F.3d at 1327 (“Whether a
particular defendant has subjective knowledge of the risk of serious harm is a
question of fact subject to demonstration in the usual ways, including inference
from circumstantial evidence . . . .”) (quotation marks omitted).
The facts do not show that Goodwin was aware that Proctor was at a
substantial risk of serious harm. As stated above, Goodwin suspected that Proctor
had consumed drugs before entering jail and learned that she had told other
inmates that she had taken Xanax, but Goodwin testified that she didn’t know the
side effects of Xanax. Goodwin also testified that she believed Proctor was
7 Johnson argues that the subjective component is a jury issue, but we have considered the subjective component at the summary judgment stage. See Nam Dang, 871 F.3d at 1280–83 (affirming grant of summary judgment to defendants where the record did not show that they were deliberately indifferent to inmate’s serious medical need).
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sleeping deeply, citing as examples of people who regularly slept deeply another
inmate who was often drunk and her own son. Her putting a blanket on Proctor at
the 9:27 p.m. check indicates that Goodwin thought Proctor was sleeping, and she
was breathing every time Goodwin checked on her. And there is no evidence that
any other inmate warned Goodwin about Proctor’s condition before her shift ended
at 10:00 p.m. See Burnette, 533 F.3d at 1332 (concluding that plaintiff failed to
show that the jailer ignored a serious medical need in part because he “checked on
the inmates at hourly intervals, and no evidence indicates that the inmates said
anything about [the inmate’s] condition during one of those checks”).8 As a result,
Johnson cannot establish that Goodwin knew that Proctor was at a substantial risk
of serious harm.
Johnson also cannot satisfy the remaining two prongs because the facts show
that Goodwin did not disregard any risk of serious harm or act with gross
negligence: Proctor was breathing and appeared to be sleeping throughout
Goodwin’s shift, and there is no evidence that she exhibited any symptoms (such
as vomiting or seizures), that indicated a deteriorating condition or that she was
8 Johnson relies on the Eighth Circuit’s decision in Thompson v. King, 730 F.3d 742, 749 (8th Cir. 2013), in which the court concluded that an officer had subjective knowledge of an inmate’s serious medical need where the officer had to “slam his hand on the counter to keep [the inmate] from passing out,” was aware that the inmate “exhibited a heightened intoxicated state,” believed that the inmate’s “intoxication stemmed from prescription seizure medication,” observed “noticeable symptoms of severe intoxication,” and was warned that the inmate needed help after his body “slid down the window of his jail cell.” Those facts are far more extreme than the facts in this case.
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suffering from a polydrug overdose. See Goebert, 510 F.3d at 1327 (stating that
disregard of the risk can be shown by circumstantial evidence, and that one factor
to consider in assessing gross negligence is whether an inmate’s medical condition
has worsened as a result of a delay in treatment).
Because the evidence taken in the light most favorable to Johnson shows
that Proctor did not have a serious medical need and that Goodwin was not
deliberately indifferent to any such need, the district court did not err in deciding
that Goodwin did not commit a constitutional violation.
B. Clearly Established Law
Even if Johnson could show that Goodwin was deliberately indifferent to
Proctor’s serious medical need, she cannot establish that any violation was clearly
established. We have explained that it is “clearly established that an official acts
with deliberate indifference when he intentionally delays providing access to
medical treatment, knowing that the [inmate] has a life-threatening condition or an
urgent medical condition that would be exacerbated by delay.” Valderrama v.
Rousseau, 780 F.3d 1108, 1121 (11th Cir. 2015) (quotation marks and alterations
omitted). But the problem for Johnson is that it was not clear that Proctor was
suffering from a polydrug overdose and that she needed medical treatment.
Johnson cites no decision that would have made it “obvious that [Goodwin’s] acts
violated [Proctor’s] rights in the specific set of circumstances at issue” in this case.
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Youmans v. Gagnon, 626 F.3d 557, 563 (11th Cir. 2010). Because of that and the
fact it was not clear that Goodwin’s failure to provide medical care to Proctor
amounted to deliberate indifference, even if Goodwin did violate Proctor’s
constitutional rights she would still be entitled to qualified immunity. See id. (“[I]f
a plaintiff relies on a general rule, it must be obvious that the general rule applies
to the specific situation in question. Minor variations between cases may prove
critical.”) (citation omitted).
IV. CONCLUSION
Goodwin did not violate Proctor’s constitutional right to be free from
deliberate indifference to a serious medical need and, even if she did violate that
right, any such violation was not clearly established.
AFFIRMED. 9
9 Although this case was originally on the oral argument calendar, it was removed under 11th Circuit Rule 34-3(f).