Ostrander, C. J.
(after stating the facts). More or less persuasive reasons have been before now advanced in support of the proposition that if a wife recovers a judgment for personal injuries, the determination in her suit that the defendant was negligent, and the plaintiff free from negligence, is conclusive upon defendant in a suit brought by the husband [190]*190against the same defendant, for damages arising out of the same circumstances. In Anderson v. Railroad Co., 9 Daly (N. Y.), 487, it appeared that plaintiff’s infant son had received injuries, and his guardian brought an action for his damages, in which action it was determined, upon the merits, that the injuries arose from the negligence of the defendant. The father, in an action brought to recover for the loss of his son’s services on account of the injury, in his complaint set up the facts and circumstances of the injury, and, also, pleaded the action and recovery in behalf of the son. On motion to strike out the allegations as to the former recovery, the court, in denying the motion, said:
“If, in an action brought against the defendants for the son, by his guardian, it has been judicially determined, that the accident which caused the injury was not owing to any negligence oh the part of the son, but was due solely to the negligence of the defendants, there is no reason why that question should be tried over again in the action brought for the loss of the son’s services, as it would involve an inquiry which has been already made and settled, between the party to whom the accident happened and the defendants. In this action, the plaintiff is limited to the recovery only of such damages as. he may have sustained by the loss of his son’s services; and I can see no reason why, to establish his cause of action, he should be required to prove that the accident, which deprived him of his son’s services, was caused by the defendant’s negligence, when that fact has been judicially determined against the defendants in» the action brought for the benefit of the son.”
In Brown v. Railway Co., 96 Mo. App. 164 (70 S. W. 527), the action was brought by the husband for damages for- his injuries growing out of personal injuries to his wife. It appeared that the husband and wife, in a joint action, had recovered a final judgment’ against the defendant for personal injuries to the wife. [191]*191Citing and approving Anderson v. Railroad Co., supra, and Lindsey v. Town of Danville, 46 Vt. 144, it was said:
“According to the principles to which we have alluded, the judgment in the joint action by the husband and wife against defendant, must be held to be conclusive in this action on every issue determined in that. It sufficiently appears from the record in that case, admitted in evidence, that the issues of negligence and contributory negligence were determined in favor of the plaintiffs. The injury to the wife, for which damages were claimed, was the same in both cases. The issues upon which the right to recover depended were exactly the same in both cases. The plaintiff was a party in that case, as well as this. The defendant was the same in both. Every question of fact that could arise in the present case was determined in that, except as to the kind and quantum of damages to which plaintiff was entitled, and the evidence given was ample to support the verdict for such damages. It follows that with the action of the trial court in permitting the plaintiff to introduce in evidence the record of the pleadings and judgment in the case of the plaintiff and his wife against defendant, and in refusing to permit the defendant to introduce any evidence tending to disprove the negligence alleged in the plaintiff’s petition and to prove that of plaintiff as alleged in its answer, we can find no fault.”
In Lindsey v. Town of Danville, supra, Judge Redfield delivered the opinion and it was said, among other things:
“The husband and wife, having received final judgment in a joint action against the defendant for personal injuries to the wife occasioned by the negligence of the defendant, the latter is estopped in an action by the husband to recover damages for the loss of the wife’s service, etc._, to deny the facts put in issue and found against it in the former action.”
There are decisions of equity courts, of which Harmon v. Auditor of Public Accounts, 123 Ill. 122 (13 [192]*192N. E. 161, 5 Am. St. Rep. 502); Gallaher v. City of Moundsville, 34 W. Va. 730 (12 S. E. 859, 26 Am. St. Rep. 942), are examples, to the effect that where a number of taxpayers, in behalf of themselves and all other taxpayers, seek to prevent the issue of municipal bonds, the decree sustaining the validity of the issue is binding and a bar to any further litigation, the Illinois supreme court holding that a judgment or decree against a municipal corporation, or its legal representatives, as to the validity of an issue of bonds is binding upon all its citizens though not parties to the suit, citing Freeman on Judgments (3d Ed.), § 178, to the effect:
“A judgment against a county, or its legal representatives, is a matter of general interest to all its citizens, is binding upon the latter, though they are not parties to the suit. A judgment for a sum of money rendered against a county imposes an obligation against the citizens which they are compelled to discharge. Every taxpayer is a real, though not a nominal, party to such judgment. If, for the purpose of providing for its payment, the officers of the county levied and endeavored to collect the tax, none of the citizens can, by instituting proceedings to prevent the levy or enforcement of the tax, dispute the validity of the judgment nor re-litigate any of the questions which were or which could have been litigated in the original action against the county.”
Counsel for appellee cites these cases, as well as Western Mining & Manfg. Co. v. Virginia Cannel Coal Co., 10 W. Va. 250, and Jones v. Silver, 97 Mo. App. 231 (70 S. W. 1109). Only Anderson v. Railroad Co. is precisely in point, since in the Missouri and Vermont cases the husband, necessarily or otherwise, was in fact a party plaintiff in the suit first begun, and however much respect ought to be paid to the early decisions of the court of common pleas of the city and county of New York, we are referred to no decision of the court of last resort of New York sustain[193]*193ing this decision. Opposed to it are Neeson v. City of Troy, 29 Hun (N. Y.), 173, and Groth v. Washburn, 39 Hun (N. Y.), 324, while in Maisky v. Schumacher, 27 N. Y. Supp. 332, and Berg v. Railroad, 89 N. Y. Supp. 433, the case of Anderson v. Railroad Co. is substantially overruled. So, in Fearn v. Ferry Co., 143 Pa. 122 (22 Atl. 708, 13 L. R. A. 366), Walker v. City of Philadelphia, 195 Pa. 168 (45 Atl. 657, 78 Am. St. Rep. 801), Brierly v. Railroad Co., 26 R. I. 119 (58 Atl. 451), Duffee v. Railway Co., 191 Mass. 563 (77 N. E.
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Ostrander, C. J.
(after stating the facts). More or less persuasive reasons have been before now advanced in support of the proposition that if a wife recovers a judgment for personal injuries, the determination in her suit that the defendant was negligent, and the plaintiff free from negligence, is conclusive upon defendant in a suit brought by the husband [190]*190against the same defendant, for damages arising out of the same circumstances. In Anderson v. Railroad Co., 9 Daly (N. Y.), 487, it appeared that plaintiff’s infant son had received injuries, and his guardian brought an action for his damages, in which action it was determined, upon the merits, that the injuries arose from the negligence of the defendant. The father, in an action brought to recover for the loss of his son’s services on account of the injury, in his complaint set up the facts and circumstances of the injury, and, also, pleaded the action and recovery in behalf of the son. On motion to strike out the allegations as to the former recovery, the court, in denying the motion, said:
“If, in an action brought against the defendants for the son, by his guardian, it has been judicially determined, that the accident which caused the injury was not owing to any negligence oh the part of the son, but was due solely to the negligence of the defendants, there is no reason why that question should be tried over again in the action brought for the loss of the son’s services, as it would involve an inquiry which has been already made and settled, between the party to whom the accident happened and the defendants. In this action, the plaintiff is limited to the recovery only of such damages as. he may have sustained by the loss of his son’s services; and I can see no reason why, to establish his cause of action, he should be required to prove that the accident, which deprived him of his son’s services, was caused by the defendant’s negligence, when that fact has been judicially determined against the defendants in» the action brought for the benefit of the son.”
In Brown v. Railway Co., 96 Mo. App. 164 (70 S. W. 527), the action was brought by the husband for damages for- his injuries growing out of personal injuries to his wife. It appeared that the husband and wife, in a joint action, had recovered a final judgment’ against the defendant for personal injuries to the wife. [191]*191Citing and approving Anderson v. Railroad Co., supra, and Lindsey v. Town of Danville, 46 Vt. 144, it was said:
“According to the principles to which we have alluded, the judgment in the joint action by the husband and wife against defendant, must be held to be conclusive in this action on every issue determined in that. It sufficiently appears from the record in that case, admitted in evidence, that the issues of negligence and contributory negligence were determined in favor of the plaintiffs. The injury to the wife, for which damages were claimed, was the same in both cases. The issues upon which the right to recover depended were exactly the same in both cases. The plaintiff was a party in that case, as well as this. The defendant was the same in both. Every question of fact that could arise in the present case was determined in that, except as to the kind and quantum of damages to which plaintiff was entitled, and the evidence given was ample to support the verdict for such damages. It follows that with the action of the trial court in permitting the plaintiff to introduce in evidence the record of the pleadings and judgment in the case of the plaintiff and his wife against defendant, and in refusing to permit the defendant to introduce any evidence tending to disprove the negligence alleged in the plaintiff’s petition and to prove that of plaintiff as alleged in its answer, we can find no fault.”
In Lindsey v. Town of Danville, supra, Judge Redfield delivered the opinion and it was said, among other things:
“The husband and wife, having received final judgment in a joint action against the defendant for personal injuries to the wife occasioned by the negligence of the defendant, the latter is estopped in an action by the husband to recover damages for the loss of the wife’s service, etc._, to deny the facts put in issue and found against it in the former action.”
There are decisions of equity courts, of which Harmon v. Auditor of Public Accounts, 123 Ill. 122 (13 [192]*192N. E. 161, 5 Am. St. Rep. 502); Gallaher v. City of Moundsville, 34 W. Va. 730 (12 S. E. 859, 26 Am. St. Rep. 942), are examples, to the effect that where a number of taxpayers, in behalf of themselves and all other taxpayers, seek to prevent the issue of municipal bonds, the decree sustaining the validity of the issue is binding and a bar to any further litigation, the Illinois supreme court holding that a judgment or decree against a municipal corporation, or its legal representatives, as to the validity of an issue of bonds is binding upon all its citizens though not parties to the suit, citing Freeman on Judgments (3d Ed.), § 178, to the effect:
“A judgment against a county, or its legal representatives, is a matter of general interest to all its citizens, is binding upon the latter, though they are not parties to the suit. A judgment for a sum of money rendered against a county imposes an obligation against the citizens which they are compelled to discharge. Every taxpayer is a real, though not a nominal, party to such judgment. If, for the purpose of providing for its payment, the officers of the county levied and endeavored to collect the tax, none of the citizens can, by instituting proceedings to prevent the levy or enforcement of the tax, dispute the validity of the judgment nor re-litigate any of the questions which were or which could have been litigated in the original action against the county.”
Counsel for appellee cites these cases, as well as Western Mining & Manfg. Co. v. Virginia Cannel Coal Co., 10 W. Va. 250, and Jones v. Silver, 97 Mo. App. 231 (70 S. W. 1109). Only Anderson v. Railroad Co. is precisely in point, since in the Missouri and Vermont cases the husband, necessarily or otherwise, was in fact a party plaintiff in the suit first begun, and however much respect ought to be paid to the early decisions of the court of common pleas of the city and county of New York, we are referred to no decision of the court of last resort of New York sustain[193]*193ing this decision. Opposed to it are Neeson v. City of Troy, 29 Hun (N. Y.), 173, and Groth v. Washburn, 39 Hun (N. Y.), 324, while in Maisky v. Schumacher, 27 N. Y. Supp. 332, and Berg v. Railroad, 89 N. Y. Supp. 433, the case of Anderson v. Railroad Co. is substantially overruled. So, in Fearn v. Ferry Co., 143 Pa. 122 (22 Atl. 708, 13 L. R. A. 366), Walker v. City of Philadelphia, 195 Pa. 168 (45 Atl. 657, 78 Am. St. Rep. 801), Brierly v. Railroad Co., 26 R. I. 119 (58 Atl. 451), Duffee v. Railway Co., 191 Mass. 563 (77 N. E. 1036), the rule is laid down that in cases like the one at bar the husband is enforcing an independent right, there is no privity between the husband and wife in that respect, and that the judgment in an action brought by one cannot be put in evidence on the trial of an action brought by the other. In Missouri, in Womach v. City of St. Joseph, 201 Mo. 467 (100 S. W. 443, 10 L. R. A. [N. S.] 140), the question was:
“If a wife sue to recover damages for injuries done by negligence to her body and for the pain of body and anguish of mind flowing therefrom, and if she be east on trial, does the judgment in her suit, as a matter of law, bar the husband’s recovery in his suit against the same defendant for the damages personal to himself and arising out of the same event?”
The opinion of the court is a valuable one, and answers the question in the negative.
Upon principle, the rule laid down by the learned trial judge is plainly wrong. The action of the wife, like the action of this plaintiff, is in personam. The right of the wife to bring and control her own action was subject, legally, to no interference on the part of the husband. He was not a necessary or a proper party to her suit. He could neither institute nor control the action in her behalf. The judgment is her [194]*194sole property. Berger v. Jacobs, 21 Mich. 215; Michigan Cent. R. Co. v. Coleman, 28 Mich. 440; McCauley v. Railway, 167 Mich. 297. The husband is not privy to the wife, in blood, representation, estate or law. He derived no title to his present demand from or through her. She could not have released it, and had she failed to recover in her action that would not have barred him. It is the general rule that judgments and decrees are conclusive evidence of facts only as between parties and privies to the litigation. Besancon v. Brownson, 39 Mich. 388, 392; Phillips v. Jamieson, 51 Mich. 153, 154.
As the case must go down for a new trial, some of the other assignments of error will be considered. It •appears that considerable expense was involved in the treatment of plaintiff’s wife for the injuries she received and was paid for out of her money recovered in her suit against this defendant. There was testimony tending to prove that the husband, the plaintiff in this action, agreed with his wife that if she would pay it he would reimburse her. It does, not appear that medical and other assistance was rendered upon the credit of the wife so that she might have included the cost in her own claim for damages in her suit. If the husband had authorized any other person to pay these charges on his account, it would not have been a bar to his recovery for them in this action, and no good reason is perceived for saying that if his wife, upon his request and promise to repay her, paid them he may not now recover them from defendant.
As to services gratuitously rendered to plaintiff and his wife, of course defendant is not liable, nor for those performed by a minor daughter, out of employment and living at home, at least in the absence of a ■contract to pay her.
The charge of the court upon the subject of future [195]*195damages is criticised. The rule stated in Brininstool v. Railways Co., 157 Mich. 172, 180, and restated in Kethledge v. City of Petoskey, 179 Mich. 301, 311, should have been given to the jury.
It is not likely that other questions presented upon the record will arise upon a new trial, and they are not considered.
The judgment is reversed, with costs to appellant, and a new trial granted.
Bird, Moore, Steere, Brooke, Fellows, Stone, and Kuhn, JJ., concurred.