MEMORANDUM DECISION FILED Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), Mar 30 2016, 9:20 am this Memorandum Decision shall not be CLERK regarded as precedent or cited before any Indiana Supreme Court Court of Appeals court except for the purpose of establishing and Tax Court
the defense of res judicata, collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.
ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE Stephen T. Owens Gregory F. Zoeller Public Defender of Indiana Attorney General of Indiana Vickie Yaser Michael Gene Worden Deputy Public Defender Deputy Attorney General Indianapolis, Indiana Indianapolis, Indiana
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA
Larry G. Sloan, March 30, 2016 Appellant-Petitioner, Court of Appeals Case No. 45A05-1508-PC-1127 v. Appeal from the Lake Superior Court State of Indiana, The Honorable Appellee-Respondent. Diane Ross Boswell, Judge The Honorable Natalie Bokota, Magistrate Trial Court Cause No. 45G03-1310-PC-14
Kirsch, Judge.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 1 of 15 [1] Larry G. Sloan (“Sloan”) appeals the denial of his petition for post-conviction
relief, contending that the post-conviction court erred in denying his petition.
On appeal, he raises the following restated issues for our review:
I. Whether Sloan received ineffective assistance of his trial counsel during sentencing on the basis that his counsel failed to present evidence of his mental illness as a mitigating factor; and
II. Whether evidence concerning Sloan’s mental illness constituted newly discovered evidence and warranted a reduced sentence.
[2] We affirm.
Facts and Procedural History [3] On November 6, 1990, M.S., who was seven weeks old at the time and the
daughter of Sloan, was taken to the emergency room because of profuse
bleeding from her rectum. While examining M.S., the attending physician
observed multiple bruises in various stages of healing all over the infant’s body.
The doctor also observed a large tear between the infant’s vagina and rectum,
which was the cause of the bleeding. The tear was so severe that a portion of
the baby’s bowels was visible. Neither the doctor nor the nurse had ever seen
an injury of this extent, and the doctor immediately suspected child sexual
abuse. The doctor informed the police that the injury was caused by forcing a
large, rigid object repeatedly into the rectal area. Additionally, M.S. also
suffered from tearing and shearing injuries to her brain that left holes in parts of
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 2 of 15 her brain and were caused by tremendous acceleration and deceleration, which
is commonly the result of a shaking injury.
[4] On November 7, 1990, Sloan was questioned by the police. In his statement to
the police, Sloan admitted that he struck M.S. several times on her bottom with
his fist and slapped her on her face to get her to stop crying. Sloan also
admitted that he stuck his penis inside the infant’s rectum, although he later
attempted to recant this statement. The State charged Sloan with Class A
felony child molesting, Class C felony battery, and Class B felony neglect of a
dependent. Sloan attempted to plead guilty to the battery count; however, the
trial court declined to accept the guilty plea. A subsequent bench trial was held,
at which Sloan was represented by public defender, Kevin Relphorde
(“Relphorde”).
[5] At the conclusion of the trial, Sloan was found guilty of all counts. During his
sentencing, Sloan expressed remorse for what happened to M.S., but also
maintained his innocence of any crimes other than the battery count and
indicated that the baby’s mother shared a lot of the blame for the injuries the
baby suffered. Relphorde argued the following mitigating circumstances to the
trial court: (1) Sloan’s remorse; (2) Sloan’s young age; (3) Sloan’s lack of felony
convictions; and (4) the crime was unlikely to occur again. In sentencing Sloan,
the trial court found as mitigating factors: (1) Sloan’s lack of a prior criminal
history; and (2) Sloan’s young age. The trial court found the following as
aggravating factors: (1) the heinous nature of the crimes; (2) the very young age
of the victim; (3) the fact that Sloan was the biological father of the victim; and
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 3 of 15 (4) that a lesser sentence would depreciate the seriousness of the crimes. Sloan
was sentenced to forty-five year for the Class A felony child molesting
conviction and fifteen years for the Class B felony neglect of a dependent
conviction, to run consecutively for a total of sixty years. Due to double
jeopardy concerns, the trial court vacated the Class C felony battery conviction.
Sloan filed a direct appeal, in which he argued that his convictions violated
double jeopardy and that the imposition of consecutive sentences was
manifestly unreasonable. A panel of this court affirmed Sloan’s convictions
and sentence in an unpublished opinion. See Sloan v. State, No. 45A03-9202-
CF-208 (Ind. Ct. App. June 9, 1992).
[6] On October 3, 2013, Sloan filed a pro se petition for post-conviction relief,
which was later amended and filed by the State Public Defender on May 2,
2014. In the petition for post-conviction relief, Sloan alleged ineffective
assistance of his trial counsel for failing to present Sloan’s mental health issues
as a mitigating factor at sentencing and newly discovered evidence based on a
subsequent diagnosis of mental illness made many years after the crime. An
evidentiary hearing was held on Sloan’s petition, at which he presented the
following as exhibits: the record of proceedings from his direct appeal; the
appellate briefs from his direct appeal; the pre-sentence investigation report
(“PSI”) from his sentencing; reports from his 1991 mental health evaluation
done by the Indiana Department of Correction (“DOC”); and a recent mental
health evaluation done by Dr. Reinaldo Matias (“Dr. Matias”).
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 4 of 15 [7] Dr. Matias is a clinical psychologist and director of mental health services for
the Indiana State Prison in Michigan City, Indiana, where Sloan is
incarcerated, and has been seeing Sloan as a patient for several years. Dr.
Matias testified on Sloan’s behalf at the evidentiary hearing. He reviewed the
1991 evaluation and the reports that were part of the PSI and found his recent
evaluation of Sloan’s mental condition was similar to the previous evaluations,
with respect to Sloan’s symptoms. Dr. Matias diagnosed Sloan as suffering
from bipolar disorder and antisocial personality disorder and observed evidence
that Sloan had anger control problems and could be impulsive. Sloan presented
to Dr. Matias as being under a fair amount of stress and having difficulty
managing the stress; Sloan also displayed a neediness for other people. Dr.
Matias testified that Sloan’s bipolar disorder was treatable with medication and
that he had been stable for several years while on the medication. He also
testified that Sloan’s antisocial personality disorder was being treated with
counseling. Dr. Matias stated that, when Sloan first became his patient in 2007,
he had previously been diagnosed as having bipolar disorder.
[8] In his testimony, Dr. Matias opined that Sloan had been suffering from these
mental illnesses at the time he committed his crimes and that there was possibly
a connection between the illnesses and the crimes. Dr. Matias believed that
Sloan’s childhood contributed to his mental disorders. At the time Dr. Matias
evaluated Sloan, Sloan’s stress had increased in the recent years, which had
caused a decline in his condition. Dr. Matias also stated that, had he evaluated
Sloan at the time of trial, he would have likely given Sloan the same diagnosis
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 5 of 15 as he did when he actually evaluated him. At the evidentiary hearing, Sloan
testified that when he was thirteen or fourteen years of age he first received
mental health treatment at Tri-City and was diagnosed as borderline
schizophrenic; however, Sloan believed he had a problem with anger even
before that treatment.
[9] Trial counsel, Relphorde testified at the evidentiary hearing about his
representation of Sloan during sentencing. He had been practicing law for ten
years at the time he handled Sloan’s case and testified that, during his
representation of Sloan, there was no indication that Sloan had any severe
mental health issues. Relphorde said that, if he had known of any mental
health issues, he would have submitted evidence of these issues to the trial court
at sentencing. He further testified that his trial strategy was that Sloan was
innocent of all the crimes except for the battery and that the baby’s mother
inflicted the injuries, which was the same strategy during sentencing.
[10] At the conclusion of the evidentiary hearing, the post-conviction court issued
findings of facts and conclusions thereon, denying Sloan’s petition for relief.
The court found that trial counsel was not ineffective with respect to not
presenting Sloan’s mental health issues as mitigating at sentencing and that
Sloan failed to meet his burden as to newly discovered evidence. Sloan now
appeals.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 6 of 15 Discussion and Decision [11] Post-conviction proceedings do not afford the petitioner an opportunity for a
super appeal, but rather, provide the opportunity to raise issues that were
unknown or unavailable at the time of the original trial or the direct appeal.
Ben-Yisrayl v. State, 738 N.E.2d 253, 258 (Ind. 2000), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1164
(2002); Wieland v. State, 848 N.E.2d 679, 681 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied,
cert. denied, 549 U.S. 1038 (2006). The proceedings do not substitute for a direct
appeal and provide only a narrow remedy for subsequent collateral challenges
to convictions. Ben-Yisrayl, 738 N.E.2d at 258. The petitioner for post-
conviction relief bears the burden of proving the grounds by a preponderance of
the evidence. Ind. Post-Conviction Rule 1(5).
[12] When a petitioner appeals a denial of post-conviction relief, he appeals a
negative judgment. Fisher v. State, 878 N.E.2d 457, 463 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007),
trans. denied. The petitioner must establish that the evidence as a whole
unmistakably and unerringly leads to a conclusion contrary to that of the post-
conviction court. Id. We will disturb a post-conviction court’s decision as
being contrary to law only where the evidence is without conflict and leads to
but one conclusion, and the post-conviction court has reached the opposite
conclusion. Wright v. State, 881 N.E.2d 1018, 1022 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008), trans.
denied. The post-conviction court is the sole judge of the weight of the evidence
and the credibility of witnesses. Lindsey v. State, 888 N.E.2d 319, 322 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2008), trans. denied. We accept the post-conviction court’s findings of fact
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 7 of 15 unless they are clearly erroneous, and no deference is given to its conclusions of
law. Fisher, 878 N.E.2d at 463.
I. Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel [13] When evaluating a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel, we apply the two-
part test articulated in Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). Perry v.
State, 904 N.E.2d 302, 308 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (citing Pinkins v. State, 799
N.E.2d 1079, 1093 (Ind. Ct. App. 2003), trans. denied), trans. denied. First, the
defendant must show that counsel’s performance was deficient. Id. This
requires a showing that counsel’s representation fell below an objective
standard of reasonableness and that the errors were so serious that they resulted
in a denial of the right to counsel guaranteed to the defendant by the Sixth and
Fourteenth Amendments. Id. Second, the defendant must show that the
deficient performance resulted in prejudice. Id. To establish prejudice, a
defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that but for counsel’s
unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.
Id. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence
in the outcome. Id.
[14] Further, counsel’s performance is presumed effective, and a defendant must
offer strong and convincing evidence to overcome this presumption. Williams v.
State, 771 N.E.2d 70, 73 (Ind. 2002). We will not lightly speculate as to what
may or may not have been an advantageous trial strategy, as counsel should be
given deference in choosing a trial strategy that, at the time and under the
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 8 of 15 circumstances, seems best. Perry, 904 N.E.2d at 308 (citing Whitener v. State,
696 N.E.2d 40, 42 (Ind. 1998)). Isolated omissions or errors, poor strategy, or
bad tactics do not necessarily render representation ineffective. Shanabarger v.
State, 846 N.E.2d 702, 708 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006), trans. denied. The two prongs
of the Strickland test are separate and independent inquiries. Manzano v. State,
12 N.E.3d 321, 325 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied, cert. denied, 135 S. Ct.
2376 (2015). “Thus, ‘[i]f it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the
ground of lack of sufficient prejudice . . . that course should be followed.’” Id.
(quoting Timberlake v. State, 753 N.E.2d 591, 603 (Ind. 2001), cert. denied, 537
U.S. 839 (2002)).
[15] Sloan argues that the post-conviction court erred in denying his petition for
post-conviction relief because he received ineffective assistance of trial counsel.
He specifically contends that his trial counsel, Relphorde, was ineffective during
sentencing when he failed to investigate and present evidence concerning
Sloan’s mental status as a mitigating circumstance. Sloan asserts that, based on
his violent family history and the Tri-City evaluation contained in the PSI, of
which Relphorde was aware, Relphorde should have sought a psychological
evaluation prior to sentencing. Sloan claims that, if his trial counsel had
presented his mental illnesses to the trial court, it would have imposed a lesser
sentence.
[16] There are several factors that bear on the weight, if any, which should be given
to mental illness in sentencing. Taylor v. State, 943 N.E.2d 414, 420 (Ind. Ct.
App. 2011), trans. denied. These include: (1) the extent of the defendant’s
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 9 of 15 inability to control his or her behavior due to the disorder or impairment; (2)
overall limitations on functioning; (3) the duration of the mental illness; and (4)
the extent of any nexus between the disorder or impairment and the
commission of the crime. Id. (citing Krempetz v. State, 872 N.E.2d 605, 615
(Ind. 2007)), trans. denied. At the post-conviction hearing, Sloan did not present
any evidence that he was unable to control his behavior due to his mental
illness or any other limitations he suffered due to his mental health issues.
Sloan did present evidence at the post-conviction hearing that he had long-
standing mental health issues. However, his evidence did not establish any
nexus between his mental illness and the commission of the crime. At the
hearing, when asked whether he had an opinion as to whether there was a
connection between Sloan’s mental illnesses and his crimes, Dr. Matias testified
that it was “hard to say” and it was “quite possible at the time he may have
been manic or hypomanic, leading to bad judgment and possibly committed the
crimes that we’re addressing here.” P-C. R. Hrg. Tr. at 16-17. The testimony of
Dr. Matias, therefore, did not establish a connection between Sloan’s mental
disorders and the crimes for which he was convicted; at most, the testimony
merely showed that it was hard to say if there was a nexus between them and it
was only quite possible that Sloan was manic or hypomanic at the time he
committed the crimes. Sloan has failed to demonstrate that Relphorde had any
reason at the time of sentencing to investigate Sloan’s mental health issues for
the purpose of mitigation.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 10 of 15 [17] Even if Sloan’s trial counsel had been deficient in his performance, Sloan
cannot show any prejudice from Relphorde having not presented evidence of
mental illness as a mitigating circumstance. During sentencing, the trial court
found as aggravating factors the heinous nature of the crimes, the extremely
young age of the victim, the fact that Sloan was the biological father of the
victim, and that a lesser sentence would depreciate the seriousness of the
crimes. The aggravating factor of violation of a position of trust can itself
support the maximum enhancement of a sentence for child molesting. McCoy v.
State, 856 N.E.2d 1259, 1262 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006); see also Hamilton v. State, 955
N.E.2d 723, 727 (Ind. 2011) (“A harsher sentence is also more appropriate
when the defendant has violated a position of trust that arises from a
particularly close relationship between the defendant and the victim, such as a
parent-child or stepparent-child relationship.”). We conclude that, based on the
valid aggravating factors found by the trial court, there was no likelihood that
the presentation of Sloan’s mental illnesses, which were not shown conclusively
to have a nexus to the crime committed, as mitigating factors would have
resulted in a reduced sentence. Sloan has, therefore, failed to show he suffered
any prejudice and is unable to prove his claim of ineffective assistance of trial
counsel.
II. Newly Discovered Evidence [18] Newly discovered evidence mandates a new trial only when a defendant
demonstrates that: (1) the evidence has been discovered since trial; (2) it is
material and relevant; (3) it is not cumulative; (4) it is not merely impeaching;
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 11 of 15 (5) it is not privileged or incompetent; (6) due diligence was used to discover it
in time for trial; (7) it is worthy of credit; (8) it can be produced upon a retrial of
the case; and (9) it will probably produce a different result at trial. Whedon v.
State, 900 N.E.2d 498, 504 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (citing Taylor v. State, 840
N.E.2d 324, 329-30 (Ind. 2006)), summarily aff’d, 905 N.E.2d 408 (Ind. 2009).
“We ‘analyze[ ] these nine factors with care, as the basis for newly discovered
evidence should be received with great caution and the alleged new evidence
carefully scrutinized.’” Id. The petitioner for post-conviction relief bears the
burden of showing that all nine requirements are met. Id. (emphasis in
original).
[19] Sloan argues that the post-conviction court erred in denying his petition because
he established newly discovered evidence that required the reduction of his
sentence. He contends that his diagnosis by Dr. Matias of suffering from
bipolar disorder and antisocial personality disorder and their manageability was
newly discovered evidence that meets all nine of the requirements. Specifically,
Sloan asserts that this evidence was discovered after he was sentenced, is
relevant and material, is not cumulative or merely impeaching, is not privileged
or incompetent, that due diligence was exercised to discover it before
sentencing, that it is worthy of credit, can be reproduced, and would produce a
different result if he is resentenced.
[20] In order to establish that newly discovered evidence warrants a new sentencing,
a petitioner for post-conviction relief must show that all nine requirements are
met. Whedon, 900 N.E.2d at 504. Here, the alleged newly discovered evidence
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 12 of 15 is Sloan’s diagnosis of bipolar disorder and antisocial personality disorder by
Dr. Matias and the disorders’ manageability with treatment. The post-
conviction court found that this was not newly discovered evidence warranting
new sentencing because Sloan failed to show that his diagnosed mental illnesses
were relevant and material or that the trial court’s consideration of them would
probably produce a different result at sentencing. Appellant’s App. at 140-42.
We agree.
[21] The following factors bear on the weight, if any, which should be given to
mental illness in sentencing: (1) the extent of the defendant’s inability to
control his or her behavior due to the disorder or impairment; (2) overall
limitations on functioning; (3) the duration of the mental illness; and (4) the
extent of any nexus between the disorder or impairment and the commission of
the crime. Taylor, 943 N.E.2d at 420. As discussed in the previous section,
Sloan has not established that he was unable to control his behavior due to his
mental disorders. No evidence was presented as to what extent Sloan’s mental
illnesses affected his inability to control his actions. Additionally, there was no
evidence presented regarding any overall limitations on Sloan’s functioning that
was caused by his disorders. The evidence did show that Sloan has likely
suffered from bipolar disorder and antisocial personality disorder for a
substantial period of time. Although he was not diagnosed as suffering from
these disorders at the time of his trial, Dr. Matias testified that the findings in
the 1991 DOC evaluation were very similar to his findings and that Sloan had
been diagnosed as having bipolar disorder since sometime prior to Sloan
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 13 of 15 becoming his patient in 2007. P-C. R. Hrg. Tr. at 13-14, 20-21. Sloan also did
not show that there was any conclusive nexus between his disorders and the
commission of his crimes. Dr. Matias’s testimony at most only established that
it was “hard to say” and it was “quite possible at the time he may have been
manic or hypomanic, leading to bad judgment and possibly committed the
crimes that we’re addressing here.” Id. at 16-17. Therefore, the evidence did
not establish a connection between Sloan’s mental disorders and the crimes for
which he was convicted. At most, it merely demonstrated that it was hard to
say if there was a nexus between them and it was only quite possible that Sloan
was manic or hypomanic at the time he committed the crimes. We, therefore,
conclude that Sloan’s claimed newly discovered evidence only met one of the
four factors and was not shown to be relevant and material.
[22] Further, Sloan did not establish that his proffered newly discovered evidence
would probably produce a different result at sentencing. During Sloan’s
sentencing, the trial court found as mitigating factors his lack of a prior criminal
history and his young age. The trial court found several aggravating
circumstances, including the heinous nature of the crimes, the extremely young
age of the victim, and the fact that Sloan was the biological father of the victim
and in a position of trust. Based on these valid aggravating circumstances, we
conclude that Sloan has not shown any likelihood that the diagnosis of his
mental disorders, which were not shown to be conclusively connected to the
commission of the crimes, would have caused a difference in the sentence
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 14 of 15 imposed by the trial court. The post-conviction court did not err in denying
Sloan’s petition for post-conviction relief.
[23] Affirmed.
[24] Mathias, J., and Brown, J., concur.
Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 45A05-1508-PC-1127 | March 30, 2016 Page 15 of 15