Adams, J.
Both plaintiff' and defendant claim under one Bernard Connelly, who was, at the time of his death, the owner of an undivided half of a tract of four hundred acres, which tract embraced the eighty acres in question. Bernard Connelly died intestate, and the plaintiff claims by purchase from his heirs. The defendant claims by purchase from one of the heirs. He also claims by adverse possession. Whether the plaintiff has proved any title in himself is one of the questions presented'in argument, but we have not felt called upon to determine it, because it appears to us that, whatever title, if any, the pláintiíf acquired, the defendant must be sustained upon his plea of adverse possession.
[409]*4091. Conveyance: by tenant in common: of whole interest in part of land. [408]*408The title which the defendant acquired, if any, he acquired by deed from Edward S. Connelly, heir of Bernard Connelly. Now, while he claims that he supposed that Edward S. was the sole owner of the eighty, and that Edward S. undertook [409]*409to sell him the entire eighty, and took his pay therefor, yet the deed to the defendant purports to convey only an undivided interest in the eighty, and the eighty is a part of the larger tract in which Edward S.’s undivided interest was held. In Farr v. Reilly, 58 Iowa, 399, it was said: “."While a tenant in common may make a valid sale of any undivided fraction of his undivided interest which he sees fit, he cannot be allowed to sell his interest, or any portion thereof, in a part of the premises by metes and bounds, because this would interfere with his co-tenant’s right of partitionciting Peabody v. Minot, 24 Pick., 329, and other cases. It may well be doubted, then, whether the deed conveyed anything as against the grantor’s co-tenants. But no point of this kind is raised by counsel, nor is it material, so far as the question of adverse possession is concerned. Even though we should conclude that the deed is invalid, it would constitute evidence that the defendant took and held possession as a supposed purchaser. The difficult question to be determined is as to whether he took and held possession under the supposition that he was a mere tenant in common. Looking at the deed alone, and the mere fact that he took and held possession under it, we could not say that the possession was adverse.
2. Title by Adverse Possession: evidence establishing. The inference would be that the defendant held for himself and his co-tenants, and not adversly to them. But we are not bound to look at the deed alone, and the fact that lie .took and held possession under it. The true point ox inquiry is, did lie iiolcl possession with a claim of sole ownership, and with knowledge of his claim on the part of his co-tenants?
We come, then, to inquire more definitely into the special facts of the case, as they are shown by the evidence. First, Ave find it necessary to set out a copy of the description of the property as contained in the defendant’s deed, lie testified, in substance, that he bought and paid for the entire eighty, and supposed that he acquired it by his [410]*410deed. While there is nothing in the deed that should lead an intelligent person to a conclusion that it conveyed the entire eighty, it is by no means certain that an ignorant person might not be led to such conclusion. The grantor describes the interest conveyed as “ all the right, interest and claim in and to my undivided interest to a lot of prairie land situated in Cedar county, and belonging to and a part of the following described tract situated in Cedar and Muscatine counties, Iowa: The south half of the northeast quarter, the northeast and northwest subdivisions of the northeast quarter, and the northwest quarter, of section four, in township seventy-eight north, and the east half of the southeast quarter of section thirty-three, in township seventy-nine, all of range four west of the fifth principal meridian. To have and to hold the said undivided interest of the said prairie land unto the said John Larue, his heirs and assigns forever.” It will be seen that it is not impossible that the defendant might have understood that his grantor’s interest in the whole tract of four hundred acres had been regarded and agreed upon as equivalent to the entire eighty in Cedar county, though no legal partition had been made, and that the grantor, while intending to convey the entire eighty, described the interest conveyed as an undivided interest, because no legal partition had been made.
When we look further into the evidence, we discover that it is not only jmssible, but highly probable, and almost certain, that the defendant understood that he was acquiring the entire eighty. lie not only so testified, but he is strongly corroborated by undisputed facts. The deed was made in March, 1854, more than twenty years prior to the commencement of this action. The land was wild prairie. The defendant took possession at once, paid the back taxes, broke and fenced the land, and built a good common farm house, 16 by 24, and also barns, stables and cribs. He rented it for six years and collected the rents. Afterwards he moved upon it, and occupied it continuously as a homestead, and kept the [411]*411taxes paid. The land came to be worth from forty to fifty dollars an acre. No one of the heirs claimed an interest in the land during this twenty years, nor claimed any rents or profits, though two of them lived near the. land. No claim was made by any one until the plaintiff, who obtained quitclaim deeds frqm some of the heirs, made it. Not a word of testimony from any one.of the heirs- is introduced, and the defendant’s testimony stands undisputed, that he bought and paid for the entire eighty. We cannot think for a moment that the defendant supposed that he was a mere tenant in common, and held with half a dozen others, as the plaintiff’ contends that he did. The case differs materially from Burns v. Byrne, 45 Iowa, 285; Hume v. Long, 53 Id., 299; and Moore v. Antill, Id., 612, cited and relied upon by the plaintiff. It differs also from Flock v. Wyatt, 49 Id., 466. The defendant in that case owned indisputably six sevenths of the' property, and those who owned the other seventh were persons related to him, and wore minor children. His improvements did not have the same significance, as evincing a claim of sole ownership, as did the defendant’s in the case at bar. The circumstances were different. The defendant entered as a juirchaser and stranger. His interest, if the jfiaintiff’s theory is correct, was only one-twelfth. With such interest, if that was all he claimed, it is inexplicable that he should have jiroceeded to convert the eighty acres of wild prairie into a farm, breaking and fencing it, and making a dwelling house and other farm buildings.
Did the alleged co-tenants have knowledge of the defendant’s claim? We think that they did. A jiortion of them lived near. But, without regard to where they lived, the defendant’s acts in making the imjmovements, and renting and collecting rents for six years, were of such a notorious character that the alleged co-tenants must be presumed to have had knowledge of the claim.
The plaintiff, however, relies in part upon certain proceedings in j>artition, commenced after the defendant’s purchase, [412]*412and to which proceedings the defendant was made a jtarty.
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Adams, J.
Both plaintiff' and defendant claim under one Bernard Connelly, who was, at the time of his death, the owner of an undivided half of a tract of four hundred acres, which tract embraced the eighty acres in question. Bernard Connelly died intestate, and the plaintiff claims by purchase from his heirs. The defendant claims by purchase from one of the heirs. He also claims by adverse possession. Whether the plaintiff has proved any title in himself is one of the questions presented'in argument, but we have not felt called upon to determine it, because it appears to us that, whatever title, if any, the pláintiíf acquired, the defendant must be sustained upon his plea of adverse possession.
[409]*4091. Conveyance: by tenant in common: of whole interest in part of land. [408]*408The title which the defendant acquired, if any, he acquired by deed from Edward S. Connelly, heir of Bernard Connelly. Now, while he claims that he supposed that Edward S. was the sole owner of the eighty, and that Edward S. undertook [409]*409to sell him the entire eighty, and took his pay therefor, yet the deed to the defendant purports to convey only an undivided interest in the eighty, and the eighty is a part of the larger tract in which Edward S.’s undivided interest was held. In Farr v. Reilly, 58 Iowa, 399, it was said: “."While a tenant in common may make a valid sale of any undivided fraction of his undivided interest which he sees fit, he cannot be allowed to sell his interest, or any portion thereof, in a part of the premises by metes and bounds, because this would interfere with his co-tenant’s right of partitionciting Peabody v. Minot, 24 Pick., 329, and other cases. It may well be doubted, then, whether the deed conveyed anything as against the grantor’s co-tenants. But no point of this kind is raised by counsel, nor is it material, so far as the question of adverse possession is concerned. Even though we should conclude that the deed is invalid, it would constitute evidence that the defendant took and held possession as a supposed purchaser. The difficult question to be determined is as to whether he took and held possession under the supposition that he was a mere tenant in common. Looking at the deed alone, and the mere fact that he took and held possession under it, we could not say that the possession was adverse.
2. Title by Adverse Possession: evidence establishing. The inference would be that the defendant held for himself and his co-tenants, and not adversly to them. But we are not bound to look at the deed alone, and the fact that lie .took and held possession under it. The true point ox inquiry is, did lie iiolcl possession with a claim of sole ownership, and with knowledge of his claim on the part of his co-tenants?
We come, then, to inquire more definitely into the special facts of the case, as they are shown by the evidence. First, Ave find it necessary to set out a copy of the description of the property as contained in the defendant’s deed, lie testified, in substance, that he bought and paid for the entire eighty, and supposed that he acquired it by his [410]*410deed. While there is nothing in the deed that should lead an intelligent person to a conclusion that it conveyed the entire eighty, it is by no means certain that an ignorant person might not be led to such conclusion. The grantor describes the interest conveyed as “ all the right, interest and claim in and to my undivided interest to a lot of prairie land situated in Cedar county, and belonging to and a part of the following described tract situated in Cedar and Muscatine counties, Iowa: The south half of the northeast quarter, the northeast and northwest subdivisions of the northeast quarter, and the northwest quarter, of section four, in township seventy-eight north, and the east half of the southeast quarter of section thirty-three, in township seventy-nine, all of range four west of the fifth principal meridian. To have and to hold the said undivided interest of the said prairie land unto the said John Larue, his heirs and assigns forever.” It will be seen that it is not impossible that the defendant might have understood that his grantor’s interest in the whole tract of four hundred acres had been regarded and agreed upon as equivalent to the entire eighty in Cedar county, though no legal partition had been made, and that the grantor, while intending to convey the entire eighty, described the interest conveyed as an undivided interest, because no legal partition had been made.
When we look further into the evidence, we discover that it is not only jmssible, but highly probable, and almost certain, that the defendant understood that he was acquiring the entire eighty. lie not only so testified, but he is strongly corroborated by undisputed facts. The deed was made in March, 1854, more than twenty years prior to the commencement of this action. The land was wild prairie. The defendant took possession at once, paid the back taxes, broke and fenced the land, and built a good common farm house, 16 by 24, and also barns, stables and cribs. He rented it for six years and collected the rents. Afterwards he moved upon it, and occupied it continuously as a homestead, and kept the [411]*411taxes paid. The land came to be worth from forty to fifty dollars an acre. No one of the heirs claimed an interest in the land during this twenty years, nor claimed any rents or profits, though two of them lived near the. land. No claim was made by any one until the plaintiff, who obtained quitclaim deeds frqm some of the heirs, made it. Not a word of testimony from any one.of the heirs- is introduced, and the defendant’s testimony stands undisputed, that he bought and paid for the entire eighty. We cannot think for a moment that the defendant supposed that he was a mere tenant in common, and held with half a dozen others, as the plaintiff’ contends that he did. The case differs materially from Burns v. Byrne, 45 Iowa, 285; Hume v. Long, 53 Id., 299; and Moore v. Antill, Id., 612, cited and relied upon by the plaintiff. It differs also from Flock v. Wyatt, 49 Id., 466. The defendant in that case owned indisputably six sevenths of the' property, and those who owned the other seventh were persons related to him, and wore minor children. His improvements did not have the same significance, as evincing a claim of sole ownership, as did the defendant’s in the case at bar. The circumstances were different. The defendant entered as a juirchaser and stranger. His interest, if the jfiaintiff’s theory is correct, was only one-twelfth. With such interest, if that was all he claimed, it is inexplicable that he should have jiroceeded to convert the eighty acres of wild prairie into a farm, breaking and fencing it, and making a dwelling house and other farm buildings.
Did the alleged co-tenants have knowledge of the defendant’s claim? We think that they did. A jiortion of them lived near. But, without regard to where they lived, the defendant’s acts in making the imjmovements, and renting and collecting rents for six years, were of such a notorious character that the alleged co-tenants must be presumed to have had knowledge of the claim.
The plaintiff, however, relies in part upon certain proceedings in j>artition, commenced after the defendant’s purchase, [412]*412and to which proceedings the defendant was made a jtarty. As to these proceedings the evidence shows that the defendant was told that he would not be affected by the decree, and he made no appearence. The evidence also shows that he understood that he was not affected by it. He continued to occupy, as before, and apparantly under the saijie claim. Besides, the partition was not complete. No decree was entered defining Larue’s interest. Certain land was set apart specifically to others, but none specifically to him, and no attempt was made at a partition of the eighty acres in question. The decree, such as it was, was entered in 1860, and more than fourteen years from that time elapsed before this action was brought. We see nothing in the proceedings which should lead us to the conclusion that Larue’s possession was not adverse.
3. Title to Real Estate; ihkocekt pub chaser: who is not. The plaintiff insists, however, that he was an innocent purchaser for value. He does not deny that the defendant was in possession, but he insists that his possession was to be referred to his deed as explanatory of , , . ,, , , . . ,, it, and, being so referred, his possession would appear to be that of a tenant in common, under the doctrine of Rogers v. Hussey, 36 Iowa, 664, and Bonnell v. Allerton, 51 Id., 166. To this we have to say that the plaintiff was not an innocent purchaser, if he had actual knowledge of the facts and circumstances which rendered the defendant’s possession adverse, and the evidence shows that he occupied an adjoining farm. But a conclusive answer is that he held under quit-claim deeds from the heirs, the alleged co-tenants, and he occupied no better position than they did. Kitteridge v. Chapman, 36 Iowa, 348; Smith v. Dunton, 42 Id., 48; May v. LeClaire, 11 Wal., 217; Oliver v. Piatt, 3 How., 333; Bragg v. Paulk, 42 Me., 502; Boone v. Chiles, 10 Pet., 177. In our opinion the decree of the district court cannot 'be sustained.
Reversed.