Mr. Justice Westcott
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an appeal from the Circuit Court for Duval county, the trial and judgment being by a referee.
The action was assumpsit and the causes of action set up were amounts due under an alleged special contract, and amounts alleged to be due for work done and materials furnished by plaintiffs, Greeley and Blaisdell, to defendants, Lara, Ross & Co. The referee gave judgment for plaintiffs, and from this judgment this appeal is taken.
There 'are two written contracts in the ease and one alleged verbal contract. Out of the two written contracts the claim for work and labor arises, and the verbal contract is subsequent to the written contracts and is also based upon what happened under the two written contracts. It is thus apparent that the consideration of the claim for work and labor under the written contracts first will save a repetition of the statement of the nature of such contracts when we come to consider the claim .under the special contract, and will at the same time earlier disclose the material facts and merits of the controversy.
The claim is for work and material furnished under a contract not fully performed. The first position is that whether the contract be entire or severable plaintiffs were [929]*929entitled to recover the amount claimed under their quantum meruit and valebant counts.
On the 4th September, 1880, defendants, Lara, Ross & Go., entered into a contract with the United States, through its proper engineer officer, General Q. A. Gilmore, for the construction of jetties at the entrance to Cumberland Sound, between Georgia and Florida. This contract is very lengthy, embracing various specifications as to the nature of the materials out of which the jetties were to be constructed, and other mattex’s, a knowledge of which is not necessary to the understanding or determination of this controvex’sy. The provisions of the contract, so far as necessary to the determination of this ease, were as follows: .That Lara, Ross & Oo. should furnish all the materials for and construct certain jetties at the entrance to Cumberland Sound in accox’dance with the requix’ements of the specifications contained in the px-oposalsof the United States, dated August 31,1880 ; that “ payment should be made to the said Lara, Ross & Co. when the work contracted for shall have been inspected axid accepted, x’eserviixg ten per cent, from each payment until the whole work shall have been inspected and accepted that in the event Lai’a, Ross & Co., in the judgment of the engiixeer ixx charge, failed to px’osecute the wox’k faithfully aud diligently in accox’dance with the specifications and x’equix’ements of the contx’act, the party of the fii’st part, General Q. A. Gilmox’e, as the x’epresentative of the United States, with the sanctum of the Chief Engineer, should have power to annul the contract by giving notice in writing to that effect, and upon the giving of such xiotice all money or x’eserved pex-centage due, or to become due, to Lara, Ross & Co. by reason of this contract shall be and become fox’feited to the United States; that if the delay is occasioned by no fault of Lara, Ross & Co., but. by force or violence of the elements, additional [930]*930time might be allowed, and. that the government, in case of .failure, might provide for the further prosecution of the work; that monthly inspections were to be made by the engineer in charge and a payment of ninety per cent, of the contract price made if the work was satisfactory.
This contract was dated September 4, 1880. The date at which the work was to be completed is stated by appellants’ attorney to have been the 80th June, 1881. This is not denied, so far as we can ascertain, and we take it to be correct.
On February 1st, 1881, an agreement was entered into by Lara, Ross & Co. with Greeley and Blaisdell, by which Lara, Ross & Co. appointed Greeley and Blaisdell their agents and attorneys to furnish all the material, do all the. work and receive all the moneys under their (L.,R. & Go’s.) contract before stated. The parties also stipulated that the work was to be done as set forth in the contract between Lara, Ross &'Co. and the United States and the specifications thereunto attached.
This is the substance of the two written contracts, so far as we think their provisions material in the determination of this case.
Greeley and Blaisdell commenced the work. After much delay and repeated complaints by the officers in charge, Greeley and Blaisdell having failed to carry out their contract with Lara, Ross & Co., the contract between Lara, Ross & Go. was cancelled, each of the firms agreeing to the cancellation and signing the paper.
Greeley and Blaisdell received all but the reserved ten per cent, up to the time they ceased to comply with their contract.
They were paid:
September 14, 1881......................................... $5,506.24
March 2, 1882............................................ 526.30
[931]*931June 20, 1882............................................. 3,890.00
$9,922.54
Lara, Ross & Co., then, under the supervision of the officers of the government, completed their contract with the government and received the full sum due, including the ten per cent, reserved from the, work performed by Greeley and Blaisdell, as their agents, and under the agreement between them. This is what Greeley and Blaisdell claim under their quantum meruit and valebant counts. Are they entitled to it? The evidence discloses that there was no privity between Greeley and Blaisdell and the United States, the representatives of the government dealing exclusively with Lara, Ross & Co., and having no connection with Greeley and Blaisdell except as the agents of Lara, Ross &. Co. This is shown by the testimony of General Gilmore, by the method of payment, and, indeed, by the contracts themselves upon their face. The vouchers for the work done by Greeley and Blaisdell were made out in the name of Lara, Ross & Co., and payments were made to Greeley and Blaisdell by transfer or assignment of this paper. All that existed here was a knowledge upon the part of the officers of the government that Greeley and Blaisdell were acting for Lara, Ross & Co., and under contract with them. I cannot discover from this record that the United States had even any positive knowledge of the contract between Lara, Ross & Co. and Greeley and Blaisdell at the time it was entered into. The measure, the nature and the extent of the reciprocal obligations existing between Lara, Ross & Co., and Greeley and Blaisdell, were fixed by reference to the terms of the contract between the United States and Lara, Ross & Co. so far as these terms could be made applicable. This, with the knowledge by the United States that Greeley and Blaisdell were acting as sub-contractors, did not create any privity of contract be[932]*932tween the United States and Greeley and Blaisdell. The contract between the government and Lara, Ross & Co. was admissible here only as showing the nature of the contract between Greeley aud Blaisdell and Lara, Ross & Co., and not as showing the contract between the government and Lara, Ross & Co., except for that purpose and to that extent.
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Mr. Justice Westcott
delivered the opinion of the court.
This is an appeal from the Circuit Court for Duval county, the trial and judgment being by a referee.
The action was assumpsit and the causes of action set up were amounts due under an alleged special contract, and amounts alleged to be due for work done and materials furnished by plaintiffs, Greeley and Blaisdell, to defendants, Lara, Ross & Co. The referee gave judgment for plaintiffs, and from this judgment this appeal is taken.
There 'are two written contracts in the ease and one alleged verbal contract. Out of the two written contracts the claim for work and labor arises, and the verbal contract is subsequent to the written contracts and is also based upon what happened under the two written contracts. It is thus apparent that the consideration of the claim for work and labor under the written contracts first will save a repetition of the statement of the nature of such contracts when we come to consider the claim .under the special contract, and will at the same time earlier disclose the material facts and merits of the controversy.
The claim is for work and material furnished under a contract not fully performed. The first position is that whether the contract be entire or severable plaintiffs were [929]*929entitled to recover the amount claimed under their quantum meruit and valebant counts.
On the 4th September, 1880, defendants, Lara, Ross & Go., entered into a contract with the United States, through its proper engineer officer, General Q. A. Gilmore, for the construction of jetties at the entrance to Cumberland Sound, between Georgia and Florida. This contract is very lengthy, embracing various specifications as to the nature of the materials out of which the jetties were to be constructed, and other mattex’s, a knowledge of which is not necessary to the understanding or determination of this controvex’sy. The provisions of the contract, so far as necessary to the determination of this ease, were as follows: .That Lara, Ross & Oo. should furnish all the materials for and construct certain jetties at the entrance to Cumberland Sound in accox’dance with the requix’ements of the specifications contained in the px-oposalsof the United States, dated August 31,1880 ; that “ payment should be made to the said Lara, Ross & Co. when the work contracted for shall have been inspected axid accepted, x’eserviixg ten per cent, from each payment until the whole work shall have been inspected and accepted that in the event Lai’a, Ross & Co., in the judgment of the engiixeer ixx charge, failed to px’osecute the wox’k faithfully aud diligently in accox’dance with the specifications and x’equix’ements of the contx’act, the party of the fii’st part, General Q. A. Gilmox’e, as the x’epresentative of the United States, with the sanctum of the Chief Engineer, should have power to annul the contract by giving notice in writing to that effect, and upon the giving of such xiotice all money or x’eserved pex-centage due, or to become due, to Lara, Ross & Co. by reason of this contract shall be and become fox’feited to the United States; that if the delay is occasioned by no fault of Lara, Ross & Co., but. by force or violence of the elements, additional [930]*930time might be allowed, and. that the government, in case of .failure, might provide for the further prosecution of the work; that monthly inspections were to be made by the engineer in charge and a payment of ninety per cent, of the contract price made if the work was satisfactory.
This contract was dated September 4, 1880. The date at which the work was to be completed is stated by appellants’ attorney to have been the 80th June, 1881. This is not denied, so far as we can ascertain, and we take it to be correct.
On February 1st, 1881, an agreement was entered into by Lara, Ross & Co. with Greeley and Blaisdell, by which Lara, Ross & Co. appointed Greeley and Blaisdell their agents and attorneys to furnish all the material, do all the. work and receive all the moneys under their (L.,R. & Go’s.) contract before stated. The parties also stipulated that the work was to be done as set forth in the contract between Lara, Ross &'Co. and the United States and the specifications thereunto attached.
This is the substance of the two written contracts, so far as we think their provisions material in the determination of this case.
Greeley and Blaisdell commenced the work. After much delay and repeated complaints by the officers in charge, Greeley and Blaisdell having failed to carry out their contract with Lara, Ross & Co., the contract between Lara, Ross & Go. was cancelled, each of the firms agreeing to the cancellation and signing the paper.
Greeley and Blaisdell received all but the reserved ten per cent, up to the time they ceased to comply with their contract.
They were paid:
September 14, 1881......................................... $5,506.24
March 2, 1882............................................ 526.30
[931]*931June 20, 1882............................................. 3,890.00
$9,922.54
Lara, Ross & Co., then, under the supervision of the officers of the government, completed their contract with the government and received the full sum due, including the ten per cent, reserved from the, work performed by Greeley and Blaisdell, as their agents, and under the agreement between them. This is what Greeley and Blaisdell claim under their quantum meruit and valebant counts. Are they entitled to it? The evidence discloses that there was no privity between Greeley and Blaisdell and the United States, the representatives of the government dealing exclusively with Lara, Ross & Co., and having no connection with Greeley and Blaisdell except as the agents of Lara, Ross &. Co. This is shown by the testimony of General Gilmore, by the method of payment, and, indeed, by the contracts themselves upon their face. The vouchers for the work done by Greeley and Blaisdell were made out in the name of Lara, Ross & Co., and payments were made to Greeley and Blaisdell by transfer or assignment of this paper. All that existed here was a knowledge upon the part of the officers of the government that Greeley and Blaisdell were acting for Lara, Ross & Co., and under contract with them. I cannot discover from this record that the United States had even any positive knowledge of the contract between Lara, Ross & Co. and Greeley and Blaisdell at the time it was entered into. The measure, the nature and the extent of the reciprocal obligations existing between Lara, Ross & Co., and Greeley and Blaisdell, were fixed by reference to the terms of the contract between the United States and Lara, Ross & Co. so far as these terms could be made applicable. This, with the knowledge by the United States that Greeley and Blaisdell were acting as sub-contractors, did not create any privity of contract be[932]*932tween the United States and Greeley and Blaisdell. The contract between the government and Lara, Ross & Co. was admissible here only as showing the nature of the contract between Greeley aud Blaisdell and Lara, Ross & Co., and not as showing the contract between the government and Lara, Ross & Co., except for that purpose and to that extent.
Much has been said in this case in argument and upon brief as to this question of recovering for the work and value of materials furnished where the contract was entire and there was only part performance. We think those questions have no place here, for whatever may be the rule upon the subject, it does not apply where the parties themselves agree as to the result of a non-performance in the particular in which a non-performance has occurred. The whole theory upon which these recoveries are permitted is that the parties not having agreed as to the result of non-performance to the extent it exists, the party accepting the service will beheld to pay to the extent he has been benefited. Says Mr. Justice Parker in Britton vs. Turner, 6 U. H., 481: “ The party who contracts for labor merely, for a certain period, does so with full knowledge that he must, from the nature of the case, be accepting part performance from day to day, if the other party commences the performance, and with the knowledge also tfiat the other may eventually fail of completing the entire term. If, under such circumstances, he actually receives a benefit from the labor performed, over and. above the damage occasioned by the failure to complete, there is as much reason why he should pay the reasonable worth of what has thus been done for his benefit, as there is wdien he enters and occupies the house which has been built for him, but not according to the stipulation of the contract.” But, says the court: “ If parties choose to provide by express agreement that nothing shall [933]*933be earned if the laborer leaves his employer without having performed the whole service contemplated, then there can be no pretence for a recovery if he voluntarily deserts the service.” This case goes as far as any case in the United States to sustain recoveries under quantum meruit and valebant counts in ease of part performance of entire contracts and the application of the rule it announces cannot be objected to by Greeley and Blaisdell here. In this case the contract is express that this ten per cent, sought to be recovered was to be retained and not to be paid to Greeley and Blaisdell unless they completed the work which they contracted to do. They abandoned the work, Lara, Ross & Co., carried out their contract with the United States, and being paid the ten per cent, from the government it is theirs. This is not the case of non-performance of an entire contract where the result of non-performance is not provided for or stipulated in which the party may recover for what- he did or furnished. It is the case of non-performance where the result of non-performance to the extent it existed is agreed upon by the parties.
There only remains to be considered the claim of Greeley and Blaisdell to recover under the alleged special contract.
The burden of proof here is upon Greeley and Blaisdell to establish this alleged special contract. They here fail to do so. Every person present at the time the alleged contract was made swear that they heard no such transactions as the interested parties testify occurred here. Where the testimony of a plaintiff is tp the effect that the contract upon which he sues was made at a certain place and in the presence of named disinterested parties, and these parties unanimously, deny the making of such contract in their presence it is going too far to accept the testimony of the [934]*934plaintiff* instead of such disinterested parties. Plaintiffs testimony is here overwhelmingly overthrown.
Judgment reversed and there will be final judgment for appellants, including costs in the Circuit Court appearing by the record to have been paid in that court by them as well as for the costs in this court.
The appellee filed a petition for a rehearing.