IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA
RYAN SCOTT LAPISH, : Civil No. 1:24-CV-1346 : Plaintiff, : : v. : : (Chief Magistrate Judge Bloom) FRANK BISIGNANO, : Commissioner of Social Security,1 : : Defendant. :
MEMORANDUM OPINION
I. Introduction Pending before the court is a motion to alter or amend the judgment in this case pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 59(e). (Doc. 12). Ryan Lapish filed this action challenging the denial of his application for Social Security disability benefits. (Doc. 1). We remanded the matter to the Commissioner for further consideration, finding that the Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) in Lapish’s case failed to consider records regarding his disability rating from the Department of Veteran’s
1 Frank Bisignano became the Commissioner of the Social Security Administration on May 7, 2025. Pursuant to Rule 25(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure and 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), Frank Bisignano is substituted as the defendant in this suit. Affairs (“VA”). (Docs. 9-10). The Commissioner now requests that we alter or amend the judgment rendered in favor of the plaintiff, contending
our decision contained a clear error of law; namely, that pursuant to the controlling Social Security regulations, the ALJ was not required to consider the VA’s disability rating in the administrative decision. (Doc.
12). This motion is fully briefed and is ripe for resolution. (Docs. 12, 13,
15). After consideration, we will grant the Commissioner’s motion, as our memorandum remanding the ALJ’s decision contained a clear error of law. After reconsideration of the plaintiff’s disability appeal, we conclude
that the ALJ’s decision was supported by substantial evidence. Accordingly, we will amend our judgment and affirm the decision of the Commissioner denying Lapish’s claim.
II. Discussion
A. Motion to Alter or Amend a Judgment A motion for reconsideration, or to alter or amend the judgment, under Rule 59(e) “is a ‘device to relitigate the original issue’ decided by the district court, and used to allege legal error.”
2 , 337 F.3d 282, 288 (3d Cir. 2003) (quoting , 853 F.2d 155, 158-59 (3d Cir. 1988)). Thus, the court may alter a judgment if
the moving party shows: “(1) an intervening change in the controlling law; (2) the availability of new evidence that was not available when the court granted the motion [ ]; or (3) the need to correct a clear error of law
or fact or to prevent manifest injustice.” , 176 F.3d 669, 677 (3d Cir. 1999) (citation omitted).
Here, the Commissioner argues that our memorandum contains a clear error of law and requests that we alter the judgment and affirm the decision of the Commissioner. (Doc. 12). The Commissioner contends
that our reasoning for remanding the matter—that the ALJ failed to consider the plaintiff’s VA disability rating—is contrary to controlling Social Security regulations. Specifically, the Commissioner posits that
our decision relied on caselaw that has been superseded by the controlling regulations, and as such, the ALJ was not required to consider the VA disability rating.
Prior to March of 2017, ALJs were required to consider but were not bound by decisions made by other agencies or entities concerning a
3 claimant’s disability. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1504 (effective to March 26, 2017). Courts in this circuit reviewing Social Security disability
determinations construed this regulation as requiring, at a minimum, that an ALJ consider an outside agency’s disability determination and “provide explanation sufficient for a ‘subsequent reviewer to follow the
adjudicator’s reasoning.’” , 187 F. Supp. 3d 497, 542 (M.D. Pa. 2016) (quoting SSR 06-03p); , 469 F. Supp.
3d 311, 335 (M.D. Pa. 2020). However, as the Commissioner notes, both and both reviewed disability determinations of applications filed prior to March of 2017.
The amended regulations, effective March 27, 2017, address an ALJ’s duty to consider decisions by other governmental agencies. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1504, 416.904. These regulations provide that “in claims
filed [ ] on or after March 27, 2017, we will not provide any analysis in our determination or decision about a decision made by any other governmental agency or a nongovernmental entity about whether you are
disabled, blind, employable, or entitled to any benefits.” However, the ALJ must still “consider all of the supporting evidence underlying the
4 [agency’s] decision.” With respect to this change in the regulations, courts in this circuit have found no error with an ALJ’s decision that fails
to consider another agency’s disability rating, so long as the decision considered the records underlying the disability determination. , , 2024 WL 1328013, at *7 (D.N.J. Mar.
28, 2024); , 2023 WL 8541994, at *8 (D.N.J. Dec. 11, 2023); , 2022 WL 17978252, at *3 (D. Del. Dec. 28, 2022).
Thus, the Commissioner is correct that our memorandum remanding the ALJ’s decision for failure to consider Lapish’s VA disability rating was error. This is particularly so in this case, where, as
we will discuss, the ALJ considered the records underlying that disability determination. Accordingly, we will grant the Commissioner’s motion to alter or amend the judgment in favor of the plaintiff in this case.
B. Reconsideration of Lapish’s Disability Appeal Because we remanded the matter based on the ALJ’s failure to consider the VA disability determination, our memorandum did not
substantively address the remainder of the ALJ’s decision in Lapish’s case. Accordingly, we now consider the appeal in its entirety and
5 conclude that the ALJ’s decision in Lapish’s case was supported by substantial evidence.
1. Background2 Ryan Lapish filed for disability insurance benefits, alleging disability due to a history of traumatic brain injuries and post-traumatic
stress disorder (“PTSD”). (Tr. 102). He alleged an onset date of disability of October 2, 2019. ( ). Lapish was 32 years old at the time of his alleged
onset of disability, had at least a high school education, and had past work as a truck driver and mechanic. (Tr. 27). The medical record regarding Lapish’s impairments3 revealed that
Lapish was an active-duty service member in the United States Marine Corps from 2006 to 2012. ( , Tr. 370). During his time in the Marine Corps, Lapish suffered several traumatic brain injuries and
concussions due to blast exposures. (Tr. 553, 555). He was diagnosed with a mild cognitive disorder, PTSD, and a history of alcohol
2 The factual background of Lapish’s appeal is taken directly from our prior Memorandum Opinion, which set forth at length Lapish’s medical history and the background of his appeal. (Doc. 9 at 2-17). 3 Lapish’s appeal focuses on his mental health impairments, and as such, we limit our discussion of the medical records to those impairments. 6 abuse/dependence. (Tr. 551). In 2009, he reported persistent issues with his memory and mood, as well as daytime fatigue and irritability. (Tr.
556). Lapish received an honorable discharge from the Marines in February of 2012. (Tr. 370). According to records from the Department of Veterans Affairs (“VA”), in October of 2019, Lapish was considered
totally and permanently disabled due to his service-connected disabilities. (Tr. 370).
In February of 2020, Lapish contacted the VA in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for support after expressing concern about his newborn daughter and her health issues. (Tr. 735). Lapish began treatment in
March with psychologist Karen Loaiza for his PTSD, anxiety and adjustment disorder with depressed mood. (Tr. 734). His mood was low to fair, but this thought progression was appropriate and goal directed,
and he exhibited a cooperative attitude and behavior. ( ). He denied thoughts of suicide. ( ). However, in March following several missed appointments, Lapish voluntarily entered an inpatient treatment
program after reporting that he abused methamphetamines. (Tr. 729- 32). He admitted to abusing cocaine in the past after losing his job in
7 2018. (Tr. 716). He further reported that he had pending criminal charges for possession of a controlled substance. ( ). Lapish was
discharged from the program on March 26, 2020, with a scheduled telehealth follow up visit. (Tr. 710). Discharge treatment notes indicate that his dysphoria present on admission had largely resolved, and that
his severe anxiety and PTSD symptoms were improving. (Tr. 705). Lapish had several follow-up phone calls with the VA because his
admission to a residential facility was on hold due to COVID-19. (Tr. 708-09). Treatment notes from April indicate that Lapish was experiencing
significant stressors related to his criminal charges. (Tr. 701, 706). His mood was “not great,” and he reported passive suicidal ideation. (Tr. 707). However, later in April, Lapish expressed that he was doing well
and feeling motivated after moving in with his grandfather. (Tr. 700). Lapish continued psychotherapy treatment in May, at which time he had a low to fair mood, normal thought content, and a cooperative attitude
and behavior. (Tr. 689). In June, Lapish reported that his mood improved since ending a relationship and moving to Philadelphia, and
8 that he remained sober. (Tr. 667). In July, Lapish was evaluated for participation in an intensive outpatient program for PTSD and was
determined to be an appropriate candidate. (Tr. 659). Lapish reported that he was running daily, cooking often, and trying to garden. (Tr. 655). A mental status examination revealed a fair mood, appropriate thought
progression, normal thought content, and a cooperative attitude. ( ). Lapish began the virtual intensive outpatient treatment program
in August of 2020, which included both individual and group therapy. (Tr. 651). It was noted that his PTSD symptoms included nightmares, anxiety, intrusive thoughts, and feeling on guard. (Tr. 648). Lapish was
fully oriented and alert, and had good eye contact, appropriate speech, and logical thought processes. (Tr. 351). A group therapy note from later in August indicates that Lapish was attentive to the group and exhibited
a high degree of collaboration and euthymic mood. (Tr. 628-29). Around this time, Lapish reported that he had plans to begin online classes to pursue a bachelor’s degree in business administration. (Tr. 630).
Similar mental status findings were noted in an individual therapy note from September 1, 2020, identifying Lapish as fully oriented, alert,
9 having good eye contact, a euthymic mood, appropriate speech, and logical thought processes. (Tr. 625). Later in September, it was noted
that Lapish continued to cope with his legal stressors, but that he was focused on self-improvement, education, and improving his relationship with his significant other. (Tr. 610). Lapish successfully completed the
outpatient program and was discharged on September 18, 2020. (Tr. 598).
Lapish continued to treat with Dr. Loaiza for individual psychotherapy in September, and it was noted that Lapish began and was enjoying school. (Tr. 595). Lapish also reported reducing his alcohol
intake. ( ). Treatment notes from October indicate that Lapish was using healthy coping tools to manage his stress, including processing his experiences rather than avoiding them. (Tr. 593). In November, Lapish
reported having dreams related to his trauma and apparent trust issues. (Tr. 588). Lapish further reported in December that he ended his relationship with his significant other and was moving but was focusing
on getting his apartment together, school, and staying in contact with those who were supportive. (Tr. 587).
10 Treatment notes from January of 2021 indicate that Lapish continued to focus on school, and that he planned a road trip to visit
families of friends who died in combat. (Tr. 582, 584). In February, Lapish established care with the VA in Wilkes Barre, Pennsylvania, where he requested a mental health consultation for depression, PTSD,
and alcohol abuse. (Tr. 568). Lapish underwent a mental status evaluation with Dr. Andrew
Cole, Psy.D., in April of 2021. (Tr. 774-78). Dr. Cole noted Lapish’s hospitalization for substance abuse in 2020, as well as his outpatient treatment. (Tr. 774). Lapish reported difficulty falling asleep,
flashbacks, nightmares, avoidance, and hypervigilance, as well as past suicidal thoughts. (Tr. 775). He further reported his legal problems, including his charges for possession of a controlled substance and alleged
child abuse. (Tr. 776). On examination, Lapish was cooperative, appropriately dressed and well groomed; he exhibited restless motor behavior, fluent speech, coherent and goal directed thought processes,
and a bright and energetic affect; he reported feeling good, his attention, concentration, and memory skills were intact, and his insight and
11 judgment were adequate. (Tr. 776-77). He further reported an ability to perform personal care, cook, clean, and drive, and that he did not
socialize. (Tr. 777). Dr. Cole opined that Lapish had mild limitations in understanding, remembering, and carrying out complex instructions; moderate limitations in interacting with others; and no limitations in his
abilities to manage himself or concentrate, persist, and maintain pace. (Tr. 778-80).
Lapish continued to treat with Dr. Loaiza around this time and reported feeling like he was on a positive trajectory with his mood and relationships. (Tr. 794-95). He continued to report anxiety around large
groups of people and people he did not know. (Tr. 795). Dr. Loaiza noted Lapish’s continued distress regarding his legal issues but that he tried to “avoid dwelling on it.” (Tr. 794). However, in May of 2021, Lapish
reported increased anxiety after he abruptly stopped taking his medication. ( ). Dr. Loaiza noted in June that Lapish was experiencing sleep disturbances and intrusive thoughts related to missing his
children. (Tr. 884). Lapish reported reducing his alcohol intake and engaging with family. ( ). Treatment notes from July indicate that
12 Lapish was actively engaged in goal-directed behavior and frequently interacting with family and neighbors. (Tr. 883).
In November of 2021, Lapish underwent a psychological evaluation at the VA Medical Center in Coatesville, Pennsylvania. (Tr. 1035-42). Lapish reported that his depressive symptoms made it difficult to do
work, take care of his home, and get along with others. (Tr. 1035). He recounted his military service in Afghanistan and his legal troubles with
his daughter. (Tr. 1036-37). He further reported his history of substance abuse. (Tr. 1037). A mental status examination revealed that Lapish was fully alert and oriented; exhibited a dysphoric and anxious mood and
a constricted affect; and his cognitive functioning was within normal limits. (Tr. 1039-40). The PTSD clinical staff recommended evidence- based psychotherapy. (Tr. 1040).
Lapish was incarcerated in December of 2022 related to his criminal charges of child abuse. ( , Tr. 1130). At his initial intake screening, Lapish was alert and oriented; tearful but relaxed and
cooperative; and exhibited normal speech, a depressed and anxious mood, and normal thought content. (Tr. 1137-39). He also reported a past
13 suicide attempt in 2020 where he attempted to overdose on his medication. (Tr. 1142). Lapish underwent another mental status
examination at the prison in April of 2023, which revealed relatively unremarkable findings. (Tr. 1148-49). While he was incarcerated, Lapish received medications but in May, requested to get off his
medications. (Tr. 1292). Following his release from prison, Lapish reestablished care with
the VA in October of 2023 and requested treatment with behavioral health for his PTSD. (Tr. 1458 and 1464). In December, a mental status examination revealed normal psychomotor activity, an anxious mood and
congruent affect, logical and goal-directed speech and thought processes, and no signed of disturbances. (Tr. 1443). Additionally, his insight and judgment were good, and his concentration, memory functioning, and
intellectual functioning were considered average. ( ). He declined psychotherapy in favor of treating elsewhere. (Tr. 1444).
14 Finally, Lapish underwent an updated mental status evaluation with Dr. Kyle Culver, Psy.D., in January of 2024.4 (Tr. 1486-89). Dr.
Culver noted Lapish’s ongoing treatment with the VA, as well as his legal history and history of alcohol and substance abuse. (Tr. 1486-87). Lapish reported disrupted sleep, decreased appetite, dysphoric mood, fatigue,
irritability, and loss of interest in usual activities. (Tr. 1487). He further reported short-term memory deficits, concentration difficulties, and
decreased attention. ( ). A mental status examination revealed a cooperative demeanor, fluent speech, neutral mood, average intellectual functioning, fair insight and judgment, and intact attention,
concentration, and memory skills. (Tr. 1487-88). Dr. Culver opined that Lapish had moderate limitations in interacting with others, but no limitations in understanding, remembering, or carrying out instructions
or in his ability to manage himself, concentrate, persist, or maintain pace. (Tr. 1490-91).
4 The ALJ ordered this consultative examination, which he explained at the December 2023 hearing. (Tr. 42). 15 It was against the backdrop of this record that an ALJ held a hearing on Lapish’s disability application on December 18, 2023.5 (Tr. 38-
72). Lapish and a Vocational Expert both appeared and testified at the hearing. ( ). On February 21, 2024, the ALJ issued a decision denying Lapish’s application for benefits. (Tr. 14-37). The ALJ first concluded
that Lapish had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since October 2, 2019, his alleged onset of disability. (Tr. 20). At Step 2 of the
sequential analysis that governs disability claims, the ALJ found that Lapish suffered from the following severe impairments: traumatic brain injury (“TBI”); PTSD; mild neurocognitive disorder; depressive disorder;
polysubstance use disorder, in remission; and disorder of the spine. ( ). At Step 3, the ALJ concluded that none of these impairments met or equaled the severity of a listed impairment under the Commissioner’s
regulations. (Tr. 20-22). Specifically, the ALJ found that Lapish was only mild to moderately limited in the four areas of social functioning. ( ).
5 This was the fourth hearing scheduled in Lapish’s case, the first three having been continued or postponed for various reasons, including Lapish’s initial status and his brief period of incarceration. ( Tr. 73-100). 16 The ALJ further concluded that Lapish did not meet all the requirements for Listing 12.15. ( ).
Between Steps 3 and 4, the ALJ then concluded that Lapish: [H]a[d] had the residual functional capacity to perform medium work as defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(c) except unskilled work involving simple, routine tasks; simple decisions; occasional changes in the workplace; occasional interaction with co-workers and supervisors; and no direct public interaction.
(Tr. 22). In reaching this RFC determination, the ALJ considered the objective record detailed above, the medical opinion evidence, and Lapish’s reported symptoms. With respect to the medical opinion evidence, the ALJ considered the opinions of the state agency psychological consultants, Dr. Galdieri and Dr. Plowman, and found these opinions partially persuasive. (Tr. 27). These providers opined that Lapish had no more than mild to moderate limitations in the areas
of social functioning, and that Lapish could perform one-to-two-step tasks on a consistent basis. (Tr. 106-12, 120-23). The ALJ reasoned that these opinions were supported by and consistent with the objective record and
the providers’ explanations but ultimately found that Lapish had 17 moderate limitations in concentration due to his ongoing PTSD treatment. ( ).
The ALJ also considered the opinion of the examining consultants, Dr. Cole and Dr. Culver, and found these opinions partially persuasive. (Tr. 26). The ALJ noted these providers’ limitations were generally
supported by and consistent with their own relatively unremarkable examination findings. ( ). However, with respect to Dr. Culver’s
opinion, the ALJ found that the record supported a mild limitation in understanding, remembering, and carrying out instructions, particularly given Lapish’s ongoing treatment and complaints of memory deficits.
( ). Similarly, with respect to Dr. Cole’s opinion, the ALJ concluded that the record supported a moderate limitation in concentration and persistence limitations due to Lapish’s reports of intrusive thoughts,
flashbacks, and hypervigilance. ( ). With respect to Lapish’s symptoms, the ALJ found that Lapish’s statements concerning the intensity, persistence, and limiting effects of
his impairments were not entirely consistent with the medical evidence. (Tr. 23). Lapish testified that he was briefly incarcerated on the charges
18 related to assault of his daughter and that he was awaiting a retrial. (Tr. 44-45). He stated that he was found 100% unemployable by the VA and
received benefits. (Tr. 46). He reported he had past work as a truck driver and a mechanic. (Tr. 48). Lapish testified that he was unable to work due to his PTSD and TBIs, including issues he had with nightmares
and difficulty sleeping which caused him to lose his job. (Tr. 49-50). He explained that he would get into a “funk” thinking about his experiences
in the military, which caused episodes of anger and him to shut down. (Tr. 50-51). Lapish further reported that he began therapy after being released from prison, and that he was working to control his anxiety. (Tr.
52). He testified that he experienced flashbacks and intrusive memories, and that he avoids triggers that remind him of his military trauma, such as war movies and firearms. (Tr. 56, 58). He further testified that he
attempted suicide three times in the past, the most recent being an attempted overdose on his prescription medication. (Tr. 59). However, he did not seek any treatment for his most recent suicide attempt. (Tr.
65).
19 The ALJ found Lapish’s statements concerning the disabling level of his symptoms to be inconsistent with the objective clinical findings.
(Tr. 23). The ALJ recounted the medical evidence, including Lapish’s psychotherapy treatment through the VA and the intensive outpatient program he completed. (Tr. 23-26). The ALJ noted Lapish’s TBIs, his
history of drug abuse, his reports of nightmares, flashbacks, suicide attempts, and abnormal examination findings in the record, such as a
dysphoric mood and anxiety around others. ( ). The ALJ further recounted the unremarkable findings during the relevant period, such as good moods, goal directed thought processes, normal eye contact, bright
affect, and intact attention, concentration, and memory. ( ). The ALJ also considered Lapish’s activities of daily living, including personal care, meal preparation, household chores, home renovation projects, and
volunteering at his church. (Tr. 25). Ultimately, the ALJ concluded that Lapish was not as limited as he alleged and could perform work within the parameters of the RFC.
Having made these findings, the ALJ found at Step 4 that Lapish could not perform his past work but found at Step 5 that Lapish could
20 perform the occupations of hand packager, lab equipment cleaner, floor cleaner, assembler, and marker. (Tr. 27-29). Accordingly, the ALJ found
that Lapish had not met the stringent standard prescribed for disability benefits and denied his claim. (Tr. 29). This appeal followed. On appeal, Lapish argues that the ALJ erred
in finding that he did not meet Listing 12.15, and further erred in his consideration of Lapish’s RFC. After review, we conclude that the ALJ’s
decision is supported by substantial evidence, and the decision will be affirmed. 2. Discussion a. Substantial Evidence Review – the Role of this Court
This Court’s review of the Commissioner’s decision to deny benefits is limited to the question of whether the findings of the final decision-
maker are supported by substantial evidence in the record. 42 U.S.C. §405(g); , 529 F.3d 198, 200 (3d Cir. 2008); , 901 F. Supp. 2d 533, 536 (M.D. Pa. 2012). Substantial
evidence “does not mean a large or considerable amount of evidence, but rather such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
21 adequate to support a conclusion.” , 487 U.S. 552, 565 (1988). Substantial evidence means less than a preponderance of the
evidence but more than a mere scintilla. , 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). A single piece of evidence is not substantial evidence if the ALJ
“ignores, or fails to resolve, a conflict created by countervailing evidence.” , 994 F.2d 1058, 1064 (3d Cir. 1993) (quoting
, 710 F.2d 110, 114 (3d Cir. 1983)) (internal quotations omitted). However, where there has been an adequately developed factual record, substantial evidence may be “something less than the
weight of the evidence, and the possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the evidence does not prevent [the ALJ’s decision] from being supported by substantial evidence.”
, 383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966). The court must “scrutinize the record as a whole” to determine if the decision is supported by substantial evidence. , 304 F. Supp.2d 623, 627 (M.D. Pa. 2003).
The Supreme Court has explained the limited scope of our review, noting that “[substantial evidence] means—and means only—‘such
22 relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.’” , 139 S. Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019)
(quoting , 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938)). Under this standard, we must look to the existing administrative record to determine if there is “‘sufficient evidence’ to support the agency’s
factual determinations.” Thus, the question before us is not whether the claimant is disabled, but rather whether the Commissioner’s finding
that he or she is not disabled is supported by substantial evidence and was based upon a correct application of the law. , No. 3:12-CV-02417, 2014 WL 940205, at *1 (M.D. Pa. Mar. 11, 2014) (“[I]t has
been held that an ALJ’s errors of law denote a lack of substantial evidence”) (alterations omitted); , 512 F. Supp. 913, 914 (W.D. Pa. 1981) (“The Secretary’s determination as to the status of a
claim requires the correct application of the law to the facts”); , 900 F.2d 675, 678 (3d Cir. 1990) (noting that the scope of review on legal matters is plenary); , 901 F. Supp. 2d at 536
(“[T]he court has plenary review of all legal issues . . . .”).
23 When conducting this review, we must remain mindful that “we must not substitute our own judgment for that of the fact finder.”
, 777 F.3d 607, 611 (3d Cir. 2014) (citing , 399 F.3d 546, 552 (3d Cir. 2005)). Thus, we cannot re-weigh the evidence. Instead, we must determine whether there is substantial evidence to
support the ALJ’s findings. In doing so, we must also determine whether the ALJ’s decision meets the burden of articulation necessary to enable
judicial review; that is, the ALJ must articulate the reasons for his decision. , 220 F.3d 112, 119 (3d Cir. 2000). This does not require the ALJ to use “magic” words, but rather
the ALJ must discuss the evidence and explain the reasoning behind his or her decision with more than just conclusory statements. , 577 F.3d 500, 504 (3d Cir. 2009) (citations omitted).
Ultimately, the ALJ’s decision must be accompanied by “a clear and satisfactory explication of the basis on which it rests.” , 642 F.2d 700, 704 (3d Cir. 1981).
24 b. Initial Burdens of Proof, Persuasion, and Articulation for the ALJ To receive disability benefits under the Social Security Act, a claimant must show that he or she is unable to “engage in any substantial
gainful activity by reason of any medically determinable physical or mental impairment which can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to last for a continuous period of not less than
12 months.” 42 U.S.C. §423(d)(1)(A); 42 U.S.C. §1382c(a)(3)(A); 20 C.F.R. §§404.1505(a), 416.905(a). This requires a claimant to show a severe physical or mental impairment that precludes [him/her] from
engaging in previous work or “any other substantial gainful work which exists in the national economy.” 42 U.S.C. §423(d)(2)(A); 42 U.S.C. §1382c(a)(3)(B); 20 C.F.R. §§404.1505(a), 416.905(a). To receive benefits
under Title II of the Social Security Act, a claimant must show that he or she is under retirement age, contributed to the insurance program, and
became disabled prior to the date on which he or she was last insured. 42 U.S.C. §423(a); 20 C.F.R. §404.131(a). In making this determination, the ALJ follows a five-step
evaluation. 20 C.F.R. §§404.1520(a), 416.920(a). The ALJ must 25 sequentially determine whether the claimant: (1) is engaged in substantial gainful activity; (2) has a severe impairment; (3) has a severe
impairment that meets or equals a listed impairment; (4) is able to do his or her past relevant work; and (5) is able to do any other work, considering his or her age, education, work experience and residual
functional capacity (“RFC”). 20 C.F.R. §§404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4). Between Steps 3 and 4, the ALJ must also determine the claimant’s
residual functional capacity (RFC). RFC is defined as “that which an individual is still able to do despite the limitations caused by his or her impairment(s).” , 220 F.3d at 121 (citations omitted); 20
C.F.R. § 404.1545(a)(1). In making this assessment, the ALJ must consider all the claimant’s medically determinable impairments, including any non-severe impairments identified by the ALJ at step two
of his or her analysis. 20 C.F.R. §§404.1545(a)(2), 416.945(a)(2). Our review of the ALJ’s determination of the plaintiff’s RFC is deferential, and that determination will not be set aside if it is supported by
substantial evidence. 312 F.3d 113, 129 (3d Cir. 2002).
26 The claimant bears the burden at Steps 1 through 4 to show a medically determinable impairment that prevents him or her from
engaging in any past relevant work. , 994 F.2d at 1064. If met, the burden then shifts to the Commissioner to show at Step 5 that there are jobs in significant numbers in the national economy that the claimant
can perform consistent with the claimant’s RFC, age, education, and work experience. 20 C.F.R. §§404.1512(f), 416.912(f); , 994 F.2d at
1064. With respect to the RFC determination, courts have followed different paths when considering the impact of medical opinion evidence
on this determination. While some courts emphasize the necessity of medical opinion evidence to craft a claimant’s RFC, 962 F. Supp. 2d 761, 778–79 (W.D. Pa. 2013), other
courts have taken the approach that “[t]here is no legal requirement that a physician have made the particular findings that an ALJ adopts in the course of determining an RFC.” , 174 F. App’x 6,
11 (3d Cir. 2006). Additionally, in cases that involve no credible medical opinion evidence, courts have held that “the proposition that an ALJ
27 must always base his RFC on a medical opinion from a physician is misguided.” , 129 F. Supp. 3d 209, 214–15 (W.D. Pa.
2015). Given these differing approaches, we must evaluate the factual context underlying an ALJ’s decision. Cases that emphasize the
importance of medical opinion support for an RFC assessment typically arise in the factual setting where well-supported medical sources have
found limitations to support a disability claim, but an ALJ has rejected the medical opinion based upon an assessment of other evidence. , 962 F. Supp. 2d at 778–79. These cases simply restate the notion that
medical opinions are entitled to careful consideration when making a disability determination. On the other hand, when no medical opinion supports a disability finding or when an ALJ relies upon other evidence
to fashion an RFC, courts have routinely sustained the ALJ’s exercise of independent judgment based upon all the facts and evidence. , 174 F. App’x 6; 129 F. Supp. 3d at 214–15.
Ultimately, it is our task to determine, considering the entire record,
28 whether the RFC determination is supported by substantial evidence. 312 F.3d 113.
c. Standards Governing Step 3 of the Sequential Analysis At Step 3 of this sequential analysis, the ALJ is required to determine whether a claimant’s impairments or combination of
impairments are so severe that they are disabling, entitling the claimant to benefits. As part of this analysis, the ALJ must determine whether a claimant’s alleged impairment is equivalent to one or more
listed impairments, commonly referred to as listings, that are acknowledged to be so severe as to preclude the claimant from working. 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4)(iii); 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, App. 1; ,
220 F.3d 112, 119. Thus, if a claimant’s impairment meets or equals one of the listed
impairments, the claimant is considered disabled and is awarded benefits. 20 C.F.R. §416.920(d); , 220 F.3d at 119. The claimant bears the burden of presenting “medical findings equivalent in severity
to the criteria for the one most similar impairment.” , 493 U.S. 521, 531 (1990) (citing 20 C.F.R. §416.920(d); SSR 83-19
29 at 91). An impairment that meets or equals only some of the criteria for a listed impairment will not be sufficient.
This Step 3 determination is a medical determination. Accordingly, the claimant must present medical evidence or a medical opinion showing that his or her impairment meets or equals a listing. However, the ALJ
is not required to accept a physician’s opinion if the opinion is not supported by objective medical evidence. , 134 F.
Supp. 2d 640, 659 (E.D. Pa. 2001). The ALJ is responsible for identifying the relevant listed impairments, given that it is “the ALJ’s duty to investigate the facts and develop the arguments both for and against
granting benefits.” , 220 F.3d at 120 n.2. d. Legal Benchmarks for the ALJ’s Assessment of a Claimant’s Alleged Symptoms
When evaluating lay testimony regarding a claimant’s reported degree of pain and disability, the ALJ must make credibility determinations. 577 F.3d 500, 506 (3d Cir. 2009). Our review of those determinations is deferential. However, it is incumbent upon the ALJ to “specifically identify and explain what
evidence he found not credible and why he found it not credible.” 30 , 777 F.3d 607, 612 (3d Cir. 2014) (citations omitted). An ALJ should give great weight to a claimant’s testimony “only when it is
supported by competent medical evidence.” , 150 F. Supp. 3d 406, 415–16 (M.D. Pa. 2015) (citations omitted). As the Third Circuit has noted, while “statements of the individual concerning his or
her symptoms must be carefully considered, the ALJ is not required to credit them.” 667 F.3d 356, 363 (3d. Cir.
2011) (referencing 20 C.F.R. §404.1529(a) (“statements about your pain or other symptoms will not alone establish that you are disabled”). The Social Security Rulings and Regulations provide a framework
for evaluating the severity of a claimant’s reported symptoms. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529, 416.929; SSR 16–3p. Thus, the ALJ must follow a two-step process: first, the ALJ must determine whether a medically determinable
impairment could cause the symptoms alleged; and second, the ALJ must evaluate the alleged symptoms considering the entire administrative record. SSR 16-3p.
Symptoms such as pain or fatigue will be considered to affect a claimant’s ability to perform work activities only if medical signs or
31 laboratory findings establish the presence of a medically determinable impairment that could reasonably be expected to produce the alleged
symptoms. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(b), 416.929(b); SSR 16–3p. During the second step of this assessment, the ALJ must determine whether the claimant’s statements regarding the intensity, persistence, or limiting
effects of his or her symptoms are substantiated considering the entire case record. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c), 416.929(c); SSR 16–3p. This
includes, but is not limited to, medical signs and laboratory findings; diagnoses; medical opinions provided by treating or examining sources and other medical sources; and information regarding the claimant’s
symptoms and how they affect his or her ability to work. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1529(c), 416.929(c); SSR 16–3p. The Social Security Administration recognizes that individuals
may be limited by their symptoms to a greater or lesser extent than other individuals with the same medical impairments, signs, and laboratory findings. SSR 16–3p. Thus, to assist in the evaluation of a claimant’s
subjective symptoms, the Social Security Regulations set forth seven factors that may be relevant to the assessment of the claimant’s alleged
32 symptoms. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1529(c)(3), 416.929(c)(3). These factors include: the claimant’s daily activities; the “location, duration, frequency,
and intensity” of the claimant’s pain or symptoms; the type, dosage, and effectiveness of medications; treatment other than medications; and other factors regarding the claimant’s functional limitations. 20 C.F.R.
§§ 404.1529(c)(3), 416.929(c)(3). e. The ALJ’s Decision is Supported by Substantial Evidence. Our review of the ALJ’s decision denying an application for benefits
is significantly deferential. Our task is simply to determine whether the ALJ’s decision is supported by substantial evidence in the record; that is “only— ‘such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as
adequate to support a conclusion.’” , 139 S. Ct. at 1154. Judged against this deferential standard of review, we conclude that substantial
evidence supported the ALJ’s decision in this case. Lapish argues that the ALJ erred when she concluded that Lapish did not meet Listing 12.15. Specifically, Lapish argues that he meets this
listing because his testimony establishes a marked limitation in the ability to adapt or manage oneself. (Doc. 6 at 2). But this argument fails
33 to consider that in order to meet subsection “B” of the listing, the plaintiff must establish a marked limitation in of the areas of mental
functioning. 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 (Listing 12.15B Trauma). The plaintiff does not argue that he has a marked limitation in any of the other three areas of mental functioning, and the ALJ did
not make such a finding. Additionally, no medical opinion contained such findings. As such, this argument is unavailing.
Lapish also argues that he meets subsection “C” of the listing, which requires a showing of marginal adjustment, relying on his own testimony concerning his suicide attempts and ability to stay on task.
(Doc. 6 at 2-3). The ALJ considered whether Lapish met subsection “C” and found that the evidence did not establish that Lapish had only marginal adjustment. (Tr. 22). The ALJ considered Lapish’s testimony,
which included his history of suicidal thoughts, isolative behaviors, and symptoms caused by triggering events, such as loud noises, disturbed dirt, and certain types of movies or video games. (Tr. 23). Ultimately,
considering this testimony with the medical evidence and opinions, the ALJ found Lapish’s testimony not entirely credible or consistent with the
34 medical evidence. ( ). Accordingly, while the plaintiff would have us reweigh this evidence in order to reach a different conclusion than the
ALJ, we are simply not permitted to do so. , 667 F.3d at 359. Thus, we conclude that the ALJ’s decision that Lapish did not meet Listing 12.15 is supported by substantial evidence.
Lapish also generally takes issue with the ALJ’s RFC determination, particularly the ALJ’s findings concerning Lapish’s
ability to remain on task and operate in the presence of loud noises and other distractions, as well as the ALJ’s reliance on Lapish’s activities of daily living. (Doc. 6 at 3-4). Lapish seemingly relies on his own testimony
concerning his ability to remain on task and his distractibility. But as we have explained, the ALJ considered Lapish’s testimony and found it not entirely credible. The ALJ Lapish’s history of suicidal thoughts,
isolative behaviors, and symptoms caused by triggering events, such as loud noises, disturbed dirt, and certain types of movies or video games. (Tr. 23). She also noted that Lapish’s treatment during the relevant time
was routine in nature, and that the medical opinion evidence showed only mild to moderate limitations from his mental health impairments. (Tr.
35 25-26). The ALJ further considered Lapish’s activities of daily living, including his ability to perform personal care, prepare meals, play video
games, socialize with family and friends, volunteer at his church, and do household repairs. (Tr. 25). Thus, the ALJ found that while the record established Lapish suffered from some moderate mental health
limitations, he was not as limited as he alleged. ( ). Again, while Lapish would have us view the record in a light more
favorable to him, we are simply not permitted to reweigh the evidence and instead must only determine if the ALJ’s decision was supported by substantial evidence. Under the deferential standard of review that
applies to appeals of Social Security disability determinations, we conclude that substantial evidence supported the ALJ's evaluation of this case. Accordingly, this decision will be affirmed.
36 III. Conclusion For the foregoing reasons, we will GRANT the Commissioner’s
motion to alter or amend the judgment in this case (Doc. 12), and after consideration, the decision of the Commissioner will be AFFIRMED. An appropriate order follows.
Submitted this 2nd day of June 2025.
Daryl F. Bloom Chief United States Magistrate Judge