Mr. Presiding Justice Windes,
after making the above statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
It is claimed, first, that the allegations of the bill are not sufficient to sustain the decree; second, that there was error in the admission of evidence; third, that the decree is not sustained by the proof; and, fourth (which seems to be the principal contention of counsel), that the contract in question is void, as being against public policy and in restraint of trade.
The allegations of the bill and amendment thereto must be taken together in considering their sufficiency to sustain the decree. When so considered, it appears there are allegations of fact, in substance, of the matters contained in the statement preceding this opinion. They need not be here enumerated. It is sufficient that they are ample to sustain the decree to the extent that it should be sustained. The contention of appellant, that as the bill contains no allegation that any injury has accrued to appellee, or that any injury will accrue, it is, therefore, insufficient, is not tenable. The bill, as we have seen, alleges facts showing a continuing violation by appellant of his contract with appellee, and it is not essential that appellee should allege or prove that injury had or would result to it therefrom. The relief, if any, to which appellee is entitled for appellant’s violation of the contract is predicated upon the reason that there is no adequate remedy at law. Damage to appellee is immaterial. 3 Pomeroy’s Eq. Juris., Secs. 1342 to 1344, and cases cited in notes; 2 High on Injunctions, Sec. 1135; Steward v. Winters, 4 Sandf. (N. Y.), 587; Cowen v. Fairbrother, 32 L. R. A. 836.
2d. Humerous objections as to the admission of evidence on the hearing by the master are pressed upon our attentiop. Many of them are, in our opinion, well taken. They relate, however, mainly to immaterial and unimportant items of evidence, which should have been excluded by the master, but they can not affect the findings of the master nor the decree of the court for the reason that there is sufficient competent evidence in the record to justify a decree in appellant’s favor. It will be presumed that the master and the court both based their conclusions upon the competent proof. Dunn v. Berkshire, 175 Ill. 243.
3d. We think the decree is, with the exceptions hereinafter noted, sustained by the evidence.
The contract of appellant with appellee, which binds him for a period of ten years from Februarp 3,1897, not to engage directly or indirectly, either alone or with any other person, firm, or corporation, as employe, stockholder, officer, manager or otherwise; or in an advisory capacity set up, follow or engage in the business of manufacturing, buying, selling, handling or dealing in paper receptacles, paper oyster pails, clothing boxes, folding paper boxes or paper novelties of any kind or description whatsover; nor to furnish any other person, firm or corporation with any information relating to or concerning any of said business within the. States of Indiana and Illinois, is admitted; and also the contract between appellant and the Eentz Paper Co., by which appellee undertakes to act as foreman and traveling salesman for the Eentz Co. for two years from March 1, 1898. He admits that he did work under this contract (and besides, it is abundantly proved) for the Eentz Co. The business of the Eentz Co., as testified to by the witness Eentz, and not denied, is that of dealing in all kinds of wrapping papers, paper sacks, a general line of store supplies, for bakers, grocers and butchers, wrapping paper bags, oyster pails, ice cream pails, most all description of boxes, whatever orders come into it, suit boxes, and paper novelties sold in boxes.
It is also shown by the clear preponderance of the evidence, that said Eentz and Eafty, from aboutMarch 1, 1898, up to the filing of the bill, were engaged in a like business to that of the Eentz Co., under the name of the Chicago Oyster Pail Co., and that appellant was in their employ during that time.
Both these employments of appellant constitute a direct violation of appellant’s contract with appellee. The consideration named in the contract, to wit, the purchase by appellee of appellant’s interest in the business of the Lanzit Manufacturing Company, and his employment by appellee at the salary stated, are good and valuable considerations, and sufficient to support the contract.
4th. The claim that this contract—in so far as it applies to the States of Indiana and Illinois—is void as against public policy and in restraint of trade, is not, in our opinion, tenable.
In Cobbs v. Niblo, 6 Brad. 60, relied on by appellant, Mr. Justice Wall, speaking for the court (Fourth Dist.), says:
“ The law is well settled that parties may make a valid agreement in restraint of trade where the operation of the agreement is partial and limited under reasonable conditions, and where it is supported by a valid consideration. The contract must be construed by the court, and its reasonable character determined.”
In Talcott v. Brackett, 5 Brad. 60-67, also relied upon by appellant, this court, by Mr. Justice McAllister, said : “ If the contracts are based upon a good and valuable consideration, and- the limitation is reasonable, which is a question of law for the court, they are upheld and enforced.”
In Hursen v. Gavin, 162 Ill. 377, cited by appellant, in which the court sustained a contract by which the retiring member of a firm engaged in the undertaking and livery business agreed not to engage in such business within the limits of Chicago for the period of five years, this language was used, viz.:
“ A contract in restraint of trade is thus total and general when by it a party binds himself not to carry on his trade or business at all, or not to pursue it within the limits of a particular country or State. Such a general contract in restraint of trade necessarily works an injury to the public at large and to the party himself in the respects indicated and is, therefore, against public policy.”
This statement was, we think, unnecessary to a decision of the case before the court, because the contract under consideration had reference only to a livery and undertaking business which had been and was to be carried on within the limits of the city of Chicago, and necessarily purely local.in its nature.
The court also further says, citing authorities:
“But a contract which is only in partial restraint of trade is valid, provided it is reasonable and has a consideration to support it. The restraint is reasonable when it is such only as to afford a fair protection to the interests of the party in whose favor it is imposed.”
The court also cites with approval cases holding that contracts of this nature are divisible—a part being held to be valid and a part void because- of unreasonable .restraint as to time or territory, or both. See Pelz v. Eichele, 62 Mo. 171; Grill v. Ferris, 82 Mo. 156, and Dean v. Emerson, 102 Mass. 480.
A recent and carefully considered case is Cowan v. Fairbrother, 32 L. R. A.
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Mr. Presiding Justice Windes,
after making the above statement, delivered the opinion of the court.
It is claimed, first, that the allegations of the bill are not sufficient to sustain the decree; second, that there was error in the admission of evidence; third, that the decree is not sustained by the proof; and, fourth (which seems to be the principal contention of counsel), that the contract in question is void, as being against public policy and in restraint of trade.
The allegations of the bill and amendment thereto must be taken together in considering their sufficiency to sustain the decree. When so considered, it appears there are allegations of fact, in substance, of the matters contained in the statement preceding this opinion. They need not be here enumerated. It is sufficient that they are ample to sustain the decree to the extent that it should be sustained. The contention of appellant, that as the bill contains no allegation that any injury has accrued to appellee, or that any injury will accrue, it is, therefore, insufficient, is not tenable. The bill, as we have seen, alleges facts showing a continuing violation by appellant of his contract with appellee, and it is not essential that appellee should allege or prove that injury had or would result to it therefrom. The relief, if any, to which appellee is entitled for appellant’s violation of the contract is predicated upon the reason that there is no adequate remedy at law. Damage to appellee is immaterial. 3 Pomeroy’s Eq. Juris., Secs. 1342 to 1344, and cases cited in notes; 2 High on Injunctions, Sec. 1135; Steward v. Winters, 4 Sandf. (N. Y.), 587; Cowen v. Fairbrother, 32 L. R. A. 836.
2d. Humerous objections as to the admission of evidence on the hearing by the master are pressed upon our attentiop. Many of them are, in our opinion, well taken. They relate, however, mainly to immaterial and unimportant items of evidence, which should have been excluded by the master, but they can not affect the findings of the master nor the decree of the court for the reason that there is sufficient competent evidence in the record to justify a decree in appellant’s favor. It will be presumed that the master and the court both based their conclusions upon the competent proof. Dunn v. Berkshire, 175 Ill. 243.
3d. We think the decree is, with the exceptions hereinafter noted, sustained by the evidence.
The contract of appellant with appellee, which binds him for a period of ten years from Februarp 3,1897, not to engage directly or indirectly, either alone or with any other person, firm, or corporation, as employe, stockholder, officer, manager or otherwise; or in an advisory capacity set up, follow or engage in the business of manufacturing, buying, selling, handling or dealing in paper receptacles, paper oyster pails, clothing boxes, folding paper boxes or paper novelties of any kind or description whatsover; nor to furnish any other person, firm or corporation with any information relating to or concerning any of said business within the. States of Indiana and Illinois, is admitted; and also the contract between appellant and the Eentz Paper Co., by which appellee undertakes to act as foreman and traveling salesman for the Eentz Co. for two years from March 1, 1898. He admits that he did work under this contract (and besides, it is abundantly proved) for the Eentz Co. The business of the Eentz Co., as testified to by the witness Eentz, and not denied, is that of dealing in all kinds of wrapping papers, paper sacks, a general line of store supplies, for bakers, grocers and butchers, wrapping paper bags, oyster pails, ice cream pails, most all description of boxes, whatever orders come into it, suit boxes, and paper novelties sold in boxes.
It is also shown by the clear preponderance of the evidence, that said Eentz and Eafty, from aboutMarch 1, 1898, up to the filing of the bill, were engaged in a like business to that of the Eentz Co., under the name of the Chicago Oyster Pail Co., and that appellant was in their employ during that time.
Both these employments of appellant constitute a direct violation of appellant’s contract with appellee. The consideration named in the contract, to wit, the purchase by appellee of appellant’s interest in the business of the Lanzit Manufacturing Company, and his employment by appellee at the salary stated, are good and valuable considerations, and sufficient to support the contract.
4th. The claim that this contract—in so far as it applies to the States of Indiana and Illinois—is void as against public policy and in restraint of trade, is not, in our opinion, tenable.
In Cobbs v. Niblo, 6 Brad. 60, relied on by appellant, Mr. Justice Wall, speaking for the court (Fourth Dist.), says:
“ The law is well settled that parties may make a valid agreement in restraint of trade where the operation of the agreement is partial and limited under reasonable conditions, and where it is supported by a valid consideration. The contract must be construed by the court, and its reasonable character determined.”
In Talcott v. Brackett, 5 Brad. 60-67, also relied upon by appellant, this court, by Mr. Justice McAllister, said : “ If the contracts are based upon a good and valuable consideration, and- the limitation is reasonable, which is a question of law for the court, they are upheld and enforced.”
In Hursen v. Gavin, 162 Ill. 377, cited by appellant, in which the court sustained a contract by which the retiring member of a firm engaged in the undertaking and livery business agreed not to engage in such business within the limits of Chicago for the period of five years, this language was used, viz.:
“ A contract in restraint of trade is thus total and general when by it a party binds himself not to carry on his trade or business at all, or not to pursue it within the limits of a particular country or State. Such a general contract in restraint of trade necessarily works an injury to the public at large and to the party himself in the respects indicated and is, therefore, against public policy.”
This statement was, we think, unnecessary to a decision of the case before the court, because the contract under consideration had reference only to a livery and undertaking business which had been and was to be carried on within the limits of the city of Chicago, and necessarily purely local.in its nature.
The court also further says, citing authorities:
“But a contract which is only in partial restraint of trade is valid, provided it is reasonable and has a consideration to support it. The restraint is reasonable when it is such only as to afford a fair protection to the interests of the party in whose favor it is imposed.”
The court also cites with approval cases holding that contracts of this nature are divisible—a part being held to be valid and a part void because- of unreasonable .restraint as to time or territory, or both. See Pelz v. Eichele, 62 Mo. 171; Grill v. Ferris, 82 Mo. 156, and Dean v. Emerson, 102 Mass. 480.
A recent and carefully considered case is Cowan v. Fairbrother, 32 L. R. A. 829, decided by the Supreme Court of North Carolina, in which it was held that a contract not to edit, print or conduct a newspaper, or be in any wise connected with one in that State, was valid. The court says:
“ The older cases in which the courts attempt to fix arbitrarily geographical bounds, beyond which a.contract to forbear from competition would not be enforced, have given -way to the more rational idea of making eveiy case dependent upon the surrounding circumstances; showing the extent as to time and territory of the protection needed. * * * Where the nature of the business was such that complete protection could not be otherwise afforded, the restraint upon the right to compete has been held good in one or more instances where it extended throughout the world and in other cases where it applied to a State, or to a boundary including several States, and cites, in support of its holding, a number of recent English and American cases, among which was one in which it was held that a restriction applying to the entire Kingdom of Great Britain was justifiable, and another in which it was said that in the case of periodical publications which have a wide circulation, a restriction is valid which shall be as wide as the interest of a purchaser requires, ‘ though it may cover the whole of a State or the whole country.’ ”
In a recent case the Supreme Court of Rhode Island (Oakdale Mfg. Co. v. Garst, 23 L, R. A. 641) said:
“ The test of reasonableness is the test of validity in contracts of this kind. The test is to be applied according to the circumstances of the contract, and is not to be arbitrarily limited by boundaries of time or space.” * * * “ The contract is to be determined bv its subject-matter and the conditions under which it was made, by considerations of extensiveness or localism of protection to interests sold and paid for, of mere deprivation of public rights for private gain, of proper advantage on one side, or useless oppression on the other.” * * * “No limitation of foreign countries could be made in advance, for the company was to seek its markets.”
In Gibbs v. Baltimore Gas Co., 130 U. S. 409, it was said:
“Public welfare is first considered, and if it be not involved, and the restraint upon one party is not greater than protection to the other party requires, the contract may be sustained. The question is whether, under the particular circumstances of the case, and the nature of the particular contract involved in it, the contract is or is not Unreasonable.”
In Diamond Match Co. v. Roebor, 106 N. Y. 477, a contract was upheld by which it was agreed not to directly or indirectly engage in the manufacture or sale of friction matches, except as agent or employe of .two named companies, anywhere within the United States or Territories, except in Nevada and Montana, for the period of ninety-nine years. The court say:
“ The boundaries of the States are not those of trade and commerce, and business is restrained within no such limit. The country, as a whole, is that of which we are citizens, and our duty and allegiance are due both to the State and Nation. Nor is it true, as a general rule, that a business established here can not extend beyond the State, or that it may not be successfully established outside the State. There are trades and employments which, from their nature, are localized ; but this is not true of manufacturing industries in general. We are unwilling to say that the doctrine as to what is a general restraint of trade depends upon State lines.”
Also a contract as to manufacturing and selling typewriter supplies, with a time limitation of fifteen years, and no limit of space, the defendant’s entire business not being sold, was held to be valid in Underwood v. Smith, 19 N. Y. Sup. 380, and was affirmed 135 N. Y. 661.
As we have seen, appellee’s selling business was largely carried on in both the States of Indiana and Illinois, and all its manufacturing was done in those States, its business being largely transacted from its office in Chicago, all of which was well known to appellant when he made his contract with appellee.
There is no showing of any special facts or circumstances from which it can be said that the limitation of ten years is oppressive upon appellant, nor the limitation as to the States of Indiana and Illinois. Appellant is a printer by trade, and not confined to his business to earn his living. The latter limitation is separable fr.om the broader one as to the United States. (Missouri and Massachusetts cases, supra.) No question of injury to the public is involved. The nature and extent of appellee’s business is such that a reasonable and complete protection of it from appellant’s competition could not be afforded with, less than a prohibition throughout the States of Illinois and Indiana.
All the circumstances in evidence considered, we are of opinion that both the limitations as to time and to the States of Indiana and Illinois are reasonable, and, as was held in the Hursen case, 162 Ill., supra, the contract, being only in partial restraint of trade, and having a consideration to support it, is valid, and it should be enforced.
The only remaining question is as to the extent to which it should be enforced.
The business of the Eentz company and the Chicago Oyster Pail Company is similar to that of appellee, one part of which is the manufacture and sale of paper novelties at the time when appellant’s contract was made, February 3, 1897, but the proof is that it did not make any paper novelties except certain ones specifically mentioned in the statement preceding this opinion, in which the nature and extent of appellee’s business is stated. It is contended that the decree is too broad, in that it prohibits appellant from engaging in the business of manufactuaing or dealing in paper novelties of any kind or description whatsoever. He is bound by his contract to refrain from just such business and he can not now contend that the decree should be limited in this respect to the particular items which appellee was then engaged in manufacturing and selling. The inference, from the contract, is reasonable that appellee, as well as appellant, then had in contemplation an extension of appellee’s business to other paper novelties, besides those then made and sold by it. The decree in this respect should stand. We are of opinion, however, that the decree is too broad in that it restraifis appellant from continuing in the employ of the Eentz Paper Co. for the period of ten years in the States of Indiana and Illinois. This is not justified by appellant’s contract nor the evidence, and the decree should be modified so as to restrain appellant from continuing in such employment during said period, while said company shall be engaged in said prohibited business. Should the Eentz company engage in some other than the prohibited business, it would be unjust to prohibit appellant from taking employment from it.
The decree is affirmed, except as herein indicated, and in that respect it is reversed, with directions to the Superior Court to modify the same in accordance with the views expressed. Each party will pay his costs in this court.