[Cite as Lanham v. Fox, 2014-Ohio-1092.]
COURT OF APPEALS RICHLAND COUNTY, OHIO FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT
JUDGES: JIM LANHAM, ADMINISTRATOR, : Hon. W. Scott Gwin, P.J. ESTATE OF KIM HUNTER : Hon. John W. Wise, J. TUNNICLIFF : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J. : Plaintiff-Appellant : : Case No. 13CA94 -vs- : : STEPHEN J. FOX, ET AL : OPINION
Defendant-Appellee
CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Civil appeal from the Richland County Court of Common Pleas, Case No. 2012CV0044
JUDGMENT: Affirmed
DATE OF JUDGMENT ENTRY: March 19, 2014
APPEARANCES:
For Plaintiff-Appellant For Defendant-Appellee Apple American Group, LLC
DALE PERDUE BEAU HOLLOWELL GLEN PRITCHARD ANDREW WARGO 471 E. Broad Street, Ste. 1550 127 Public Square, Suite 3510 Columbus, OH 43215 Cleveland, OH 44114-2191 [Cite as Lanham v. Fox, 2014-Ohio-1092.]
Gwin, P.J.
{¶1} Appellant appeals the August 20, 2013 judgment entry of the Richland
County Court of Common Pleas granting appellee’s motion for summary judgment.
Facts & Procedural History
{¶2} On June 15, 2011, Stephen Fox (“Fox”) went to Outback Steakhouse
(“Outback”) where he had dinner and consumed the four following alcoholic drinks: a
martini, two “friendly pour” margaritas, and one mixed drink with Coke. After Fox
assisted the employees at Outback in closing the restaurant, he went to Applebee’s
restaurant with his friend Sara Cobb (“Cobb”) at approximately 11:15 p.m. The
individuals who saw Fox at Outback on the night of June 15, 2011, including trained
servers, stated Fox did not appear to be intoxicated. Heidi Henderson (“Henderson”), a
bartender at Outback who interacted with Fox that night, stated she saw no signs of
impairment in Fox when she talked with him while cleaning up the restaurant.
Henderson said Fox’s eyes were clear and he had no trouble helping her put the chairs
up on the tables at the restaurant while they were cleaning up. Tesla Baich, a server at
Outback, stated she had previously worked with Fox, that she talked with him on the
night of June 15, 2011, and that he was acting normally. Sarah Kirschmann, the
hostess and cocktail server at Outback, testified Fox was acting like himself and was
not slurring his speech that night.
{¶3} After Fox and Cobb arrived at Applebee’s, Fox got a double crown royal
and coke at 11:22 p.m. Fox and Cobb sat at the bar portion of the restaurant and Cobb
remembered there being a few other people at the bar that night. Fox and Cobb
ordered an appetizer at 11:40 p.m. to share and Fox simultaneously ordered a second Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 3
double crown royal and coke. Each of the drinks Fox consumed contained two ounces
of eighty (80) proof alcohol. Cobb testified she is an experienced server and knows the
signs and symptoms of intoxication. Cobb stated she did not observe any signs or
symptoms of intoxication in Fox at Applebee’s. She specifically stated his eyes looked
normal and he was acting in accordance with his normal, outgoing personality. Cobb
asked Fox to drive her from Applebee’s to her car she left at Outback and texted him
after she got home safely. Fox told Cobb he was going to drive to Columbus. Cobb
advised him against the trip to Columbus and left in her car.
{¶4} Regina Stitzlein (“Stitzlein”) is the bartender at Applebee’s who served
Cobb and Fox on June 15, 2011. Stitzlein has worked at Applebee’s since 2002 and as
a bartender at Applebee’s since 2005. As a bartender at the restaurant, Stitzlein gets
out drinks to the bar patrons and the servers and maintains the carside pickup duties at
the restaurant. By the time appellee was notified of the claim against Applebee’s
approximately ten months after the accident, Stitzlein did not have any particular
recollection of the evening in question or Fox and Cobb. Stitzlein confirmed she had
been trained to avoid serving intoxicated guests and had worked at Applebee’s since
2002. Stitzlein stated it is restaurant policy to notify a manger after a customer orders
three (3) drinks. Stitzlein does not remember anyone behaving unusually on the night
of June 15, 2011 and did not notify a manager because Fox did not order more than
three (3) drinks while at Applebee’s. Stitzlein does not remember serving Fox that night
and does not remember that there were any intoxicated customers on that night.
{¶5} On June 16, 2011, Fox drove westbound on divided highway State Route
30 between 12:23 a.m. and 12:33 a.m. Fox crossed the median strip and ran head-on Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 4
into a car driven by decedent Kim Tunnicliff, causing fatal injuries to Tunnicliff. At 1:57
a.m., a Highway Patrol blood draw showed Fox’s blood alcohol concentration (“BAC”) to
be 0.179g/DL.
{¶6} On January 11, 2012, appellant Jim Lanham, the Administrator of the
Estate of Kim Hunter Tunnicliff, deceased, filed a wrongful death complaint against
Stephen Fox for the negligent operation of a motor vehicle while under the influence of
alcohol, Mary Fox, Stephen’s stepmother, for negligent entrustment, and Outback Steak
House of Florida, LLC for dram shop liability for serving Fox alcohol knowing he was
intoxicated. Appellant filed an amended complaint on April 6, 2012, adding Applebee’s
Services, Inc. and Apple Ohio, LLC as defendants. The amended complaint asserted
Applebee’s Services, Inc. and Apple Ohio, LLC were also liable under the dram shop
laws because the staff served Fox alcohol knowing he was intoxicated. On May 31,
2012, the parties filed a stipulated substitution, substituting appellee Apple American
Group, LLC for Applebee’s Services, Inc. and Apple Ohio, LLC. The claims against
Mary Fox were settled and dismissed on May 30, 2013.
{¶7} Appellee filed a motion for summary judgment on July 3, 2013. In the
response to appellee’s motion for summary judgment, appellant attached two affidavits
of Dr. Alfred Staubus (“Staubus”), a toxicologist. The first affidavit authenticated his
report which found, at the time he was served drinks at Applebee’s, Fox would have
been within the excitement stage (0.09 to 0.25 g/DL) of alcoholic influence. According
to Staubus, a person in the excitement stage of alcoholic influence would be expected
to exhibit some emotional instability, loss of critical judgment, impairment of memory
and comprehension, increased reaction times, and some muscular incoordination. Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 5
Staubus concludes, “these should have been observable signs of alcohol intoxication
during Ms. Cobb’s interactions with Mr. Fox while at Applebee’s and to the Applebee’s
bartender.” In his second affidavit, Staubus assumed when Fox arrived at Applebee’s,
his blood-alcohol concentration was no greater than 0.079 g/DL. Staubus again
concluded that when Fox was served drinks at Applebee’s, his blood-alcohol
concentration would have been within the excitement stage and “these should have
been observable signs of alcohol intoxication during Ms. Cobb’s interactions with Mr.
Fox while at Applebee’s and to the Applebee’s bartender.”
{¶8} The trial court granted appellee’s motion for summary judgment on August
20, 2013. The trial court found to submit the dram shop cause of action to the jury
based on Dr. Staubus’ opinions would invite speculation. Both appellee and Outback
dismissed their counterclaims on September 6, 2013. Appellant dismissed the claims
against Outback on September 12, 2013 and dismissed the claims against Fox on
October 3, 2013.
{¶9} Appellant appeals the August 20, 2013 judgment entry of the Richland
County Court of Common Pleas and assigns the following as error:
{¶10} “I. THE TRIAL COURT ERRED IN HOLDING THAT APPELLANT FAILED
TO PRESENT AN ISSUE OF FACT SUFFICIENT TO ENABLE A JURY TO INFER
THAT AN EMPLOYEE OF THE APPELLEE KNOWINGLY SOLD INTOXICATING
BEVERAGES TO STEPHEN FOX WHILE HE WAS NOTICEABLY INTOXICATED.”
I.
Summary Judgment
{¶11} Civ.R. 56 states, in pertinent part: Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 6
“Summary judgment shall be rendered forthwith if the pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits,
transcripts of evidence, and written stipulations of fact, if any, timely filed
in the action, show that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that
the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. No evidence or
stipulation may be considered except as stated in this rule. A summary
judgment shall not be rendered unless it appears from the evidence or
stipulation, and only from the evidence or stipulation, that reasonable
minds can come to but one conclusion and that conclusion is adverse to
the party against whom the motion for summary judgment is made, that
party being entitled to have the evidence or stipulation construed mostly
strongly in the party’s favor. A summary judgment, interlocutory in
character, may be rendered on the issue of liability alone although there is
a genuine issue as to the amount of damages.”
{¶12} A trial court should not enter a summary judgment if it appears a material
fact is genuinely disputed, nor if, construing the allegations most favorably towards the
non-moving party, reasonable minds could draw different conclusions from the
undisputed facts. Hounshell v. Am. States Ins. Co., 67 Ohio St.2d 427, 424 N.E.2d 311
(1981). The court may not resolve any ambiguities in the evidence presented. Inland
Refuse Transfer Co. v. Browning-Ferris Inds. of Ohio, Inc., 15 Ohio St.3d 321, 474
N.E.2d 271 (1984). A fact is material if it affects the outcome of the case under the
applicable substantive law. Russell v. Interim Personnel, Inc., 135 Ohio App.3d 301,
733 N.E.2d 1186 (6th Dist. 1999). Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 7
{¶13} When reviewing a trial court’s decision to grant summary judgment, an
appellate court applies the same standard used by the trial court. Smiddy v. The
Wedding Party, Inc., 30 Ohio St.3d 35, 506 N.E.2d 212 (1987). This means we review
the matter de novo. Doe v. Shaffer, 90 Ohio St.3d 388, 2000-Ohio-186, 738 N.E.2d
1243.
{¶14} The party moving for summary judgment bears the initial burden of
informing the trial court of the basis of the motion and identifying the portions of the
record which demonstrates absence of a genuine issue of fact on a material element of
the non-moving party’s claim. Drescher v. Burt, 75 Ohio St.3d 280, 662 N.E.2d 264
(1996). Once the moving party meets its initial burden, the burden shifts to the non-
moving party to set forth specific facts demonstrating a genuine issue of material fact
does exist. Id. The non-moving party may not rest upon the allegations and denials in
the pleadings, but instead must submit some evidentiary materials showing a genuine
dispute over material facts. Henkle v. Henkle, 75 Ohio App.3d 732, 600 N.E.2d 791
(12th Dist. 1991).
{¶15} The facts relied upon in a motion for summary judgment must be
presented by the type of evidence listed in Civil Rule 56(C), which includes “pleadings,
depositions, answers to interrogatories, written admissions, affidavits, transcripts of
evidence, and written stipulations of fact.” Civ.R. 56(C). “Supporting and opposing
affidavits shall be made on personal knowledge, shall set forth such facts as would be
admissible in evidence, and shall show affirmatively that the affiant is competent to
testify to the matters stated in the affidavit.” Civ.R. 56(E).
Trial Court’s Granting of Summary Judgment pursuant to Ohio’s Dram Shop Act Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 8
{¶16} R.C. 4301.22(B) provides that, “no permit holder and no agent or
employee of a permit holder shall sell or furnish beer or intoxicating liquor to an
intoxicated person.” Further, pursuant to Ohio’s Dram Shop Act in R.C. 4399.18,
a person has a cause of action against a permit holder or an
employee of a permit holder for personal injury, death, or
property damage caused by the negligent actions of an
intoxicated person occurring off the premises or away from a
parking lot under the permit holder’s control only when both
of the following can be shown by a preponderance of the
evidence:
(A) the permit holder or an employee of the permit
holder knowingly sold an intoxicating beverage to * * *
(1) a noticeably intoxicated person in violation
of division (B) of section 4301.22 of the
Revised Code * * * [and]
(B) the person’s intoxication proximately caused the
personal injury, death, or property damage.
R.C. 4399.18.
{¶17} In Gressman v. McClain, the Ohio Supreme Court held that “to recover
damages in a civil action based upon a violation of R.C. 4301.22(B), a plaintiff must
prove that the permit holder or his employee knowingly sold an intoxicating beverage to
a noticeably intoxicated person whose intoxication proximately caused the damages
sought.” 40 Ohio St.3d 359, syllabus, 533 N.E.2d 732 (1988). In Gressman, the Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 9
appellant argued a permit holder should be liable if he knew or should have known that
a patron was intoxicated when intoxicating beverages were sold to him. Id. at 362-363.
The Ohio Supreme Court declined to “accept appellant’s invitation to announce a
different standard” and instead held that “actual knowledge of intoxication is a
necessary component in fashioning a justiciable claim for relief under R.C. 4301.22(B).
Constructive knowledge will not suffice. It has been observed that to hold otherwise
would subject vendors of intoxicating beverages to ruinous liability every time they serve
an alcoholic beverage.” Id. at 363. The court also stated that knowledge of a patron’s
intoxication “may be obtained from many sources and in many ways, and is furnished or
obtained by a variety of facts and circumstances.” Id. A person has knowledge of an
existing condition “when his relation to it, his association with it, his control over it, or his
direction of it are such as to give him actual personal information concerning it.” Id.
{¶18} The Ohio Supreme Court again confirmed the “actual knowledge”
standard found in Gressman and rejected the lesser standard of “constructive
knowledge” in Lesnau v. Andate Enterprises, Inc., 93 Ohio St.3d 467, 756 N.E.2d 97
(2001). The court reasoned that a commercial proprietor, in the business of selling
intoxicating beverages, is in a position to know and recognize when its customers are
intoxicated. Id. However, because the state of intoxication is a subjective
determination, the court required actual knowledge of a patron’s intoxication in order to
impose liability on the commercial proprietor. Id. Actual knowledge of intoxication can
be inferred from either direct or circumstantial evidence. Sullivan v. Heritage Lounge,
10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-1261, 2005-Ohio-4675. Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 10
{¶19} In order to have a cause of action against appellee, appellant must show
evidence from which a reasonable trier of fact could conclude appellee knowingly sold
an intoxicating beverage to Fox when he was noticeably intoxicated. Though appellant
encourages this Court to adopt the standard that if the evidence establishes a patron
“probably” exhibited observable signs of intoxication that the bartender observed when
serving, we find that, pursuant to Gressman and Lesnau, appellant must show actual
notice of intoxication and constructive notice of intoxication will not suffice. In its
summary judgment motion, appellee informed the court of the basis for summary
judgment and identified the depositions of Cobb, Henderson, Baich, Kirschmann,
Stitzlein, and an affidavit of toxicologist Dr. Forney as demonstrating that appellee did
not knowingly serve a noticeably intoxicated person. The summary judgment burden
pursuant to Civil Rule 56(E) thus shifted to appellant to set forth specific facts showing a
genuine issue for trial. Appellant did not offer any evidence indicating any employee
witnessed or had any personal information that Fox was noticeably intoxicated. Instead,
appellant challenges the credibility of the witnesses and relies on the Staubus affidavit
as circumstantial evidence to demonstrate actual knowledge of intoxication.
{¶20} Appellant cites to Morrison v. Fleck, 120 Ohio App.3d 307, 697 N.E.2d
1064 (9th Dist. 1997), and Hlusak v. Sullivan, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 74367, 2000 WL
868945 (June 29, 2000), for the proposition that an expert’s affidavit can create a
genuine issue of material fact even when lay witnesses deny that the patron who
caused the injury appeared intoxicated. In Morrison, the Ninth District found a genuine
issue of material fact based on the expert’s affidavit which determined that based on the
number of beers the patron consumed, an experienced bartender would know that the Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 11
patron was intoxicated enough for even a casual observer to have noticed it. 120 Ohio
App.3d 307, 697 N.E.2d 1064 (9th Dist. 1997). The Eighth District in Hlusak found a
genuine issue of material fact when a toxicologist stated the patron “would certainly
exhibit noticeable signs of intoxication which would be apparent to someone in a
position to observe him.” 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 74367, 2000 WL 868945 (June 29,
2000).
{¶21} However, we do not find these cases persuasive in this case, as the
affidavit in this case is factually unlike the ones in Morrison and Hlusak such that the
facts and opinions therein do not correspond. Unlike the experts in Morrison and
Hlusak who opined the patron “would certainly exhibit noticeable signs of intoxication
which would be apparent to someone in a position to observe him” and “an experienced
bartender would know that the patron was intoxicated enough for even a casual
observer to have noticed it,” the expert in this case opined “there should have been
observable signs of alcohol intoxication during Cobb’s interactions with Fox while at
Applebee’s and to the Applebee’s bartender.” The expert affidavit in this case does not
establish that an experienced bartender or casual observer would have noticed Fox’s
intoxication because of his conduct and there is no testimony that Fox displayed any
observable signs of intoxication at the time he was being served at Applebee’s. “The
mere fact that a person’s blood-alcohol content was in excess of the legal limit when
tested after the accident, does not lead one to conclude, without additional evidence,
that an establishment knowingly served alcohol to a visibly intoxicated person in
violation of R.C. 4399.18.” Caplinger v. Korrzan Restaurant Mgmt., 12th Dist. Butler No.
CA2011-06-099, 2011-Ohio-6020. The affidavit in this case which opines Fox “would Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 12
be expected” to exhibit certain symptoms of intoxication or that there “should have
been” observable signs of alcohol intoxication during Cobb’s and Stitzlein’s interactions
with Fox at Applebee’s raises only a suggestion of constructive knowledge (i.e.
arguments of what someone should have known) and not a genuine issue of material
fact regarding actual knowledge. There is no additional evidence of actual knowledge
of intoxication in this case. Cobb testified that, as an experienced server, she knows
the signs and symptoms of intoxication and she did not observe any of the signs and
symptoms of intoxication when she and Fox were at Applebee’s. Stitzlein confirmed
she had been trained to avoid serving intoxicated guests and does not remember
anyone behaving unusually on the night of June 15, 2011. Stitzlein did not notify a
manager because Fox did not order more than three (3) drinks while at Applebee’s.
{¶22} We instead find this case analogous to Privett v. QSL-Milford, 12th Dist.
Clermont No. CA2013-04-025, 2013-Ohio-4129. In Privett, Dr. Staubus submitted an
affidavit that the patron would likely exhibit signs of being within the excitement stage of
alcoholic influence and listed the symptoms of the excitement stage. 12th Dist.
Clermont No. CA2013-04-025, 2013-Ohio-4129. The court held that the calculations
made by Staubus offer inferences that the patron was intoxicated at the time he was
served at the restaurant, but the affidavit stating the patron “would likely exhibit
symptoms” was not evidence of actual knowledge when there was no other evidence
that any other witnesses saw the patron exhibit any of these symptoms at the time he
was served. Id. Like the affidavit in Privett, the affidavit in this case posits there “should
have been” observable signs of alcohol intoxication and Fox “would be expected” to
exhibit the signs of the excitement stage of alcohol influence. The record in this case Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 13
also does not contain any evidence that Stitzlein or Cobb saw Fox exhibit any of these
symptoms at the time he was served at Applebee’s. Thus, the affidavit of Staubus does
not establish a genuine issue of material fact as to whether appellee had actual
knowledge that Fox was intoxicated yet served him anyway, but merely offers
speculation that Fox exhibited signs of intoxication prior to being served drinks at
Applebee’s. “Such speculation is neither direct nor circumstantial evidence that the
restaurant had actual knowledge of his intoxicated state.” Clark v. McCollum, 6th Dist.
Lucas No. L-92-158, 1993 WL 380115 (May 28, 1993); see also Cox v. Powell, 5th Dist.
Richland No. CA-2705, 1990 WL 6400 (Jan. 16, 1990) (finding any actual knowledge of
the patron’s intoxication was not established, even through an expert report).
{¶23} After reviewing the record and construing all facts in a light most favorable
to appellant, we find summary judgment was appropriate because there are no genuine
issues of material fact to be litigated regarding whether appellee knowingly served a
noticeably intoxicated Fox or had actual knowledge that Fox was intoxicated at the time
he was served intoxicating beverages at Applebee’s. Richland County, Case No. 13CA94 14
{¶24} Based on the foregoing, appellant’s assignment of error is overruled. The
August 20, 2013 judgment entry of the Richland County Court of Common Pleas is
affirmed.
By Gwin, P.J.,
Wise, J., and
Baldwin, J., concur