Monell, C. J.
The sufficiency of the appointment of the plaintiff as a deputy of the clerk of the court of common pleas, and that his salary was fixed at $5,000 per annum, is conceded by the answer. It is also admitted that he has at all times performed the duties of the office.
The only question, therefore, is, whether the board of apportionment had authority, under the statute referred to, to reduce the plaintiff’s salary.
The act is entitled “ An act to make provision for the local government of the city and county of Mew York” (Lams 1871, p., 1268); and in the third section it is provided that certain officials shall meet as a board of apportionment, and shall have power, &c., •* * * “ to regulate all salaries of officers and employes of-the city cmd county governments.”
[220]*220It is claimed that the plaintiff is not an officer of either the city or county government, and, therefore, not affected by the resolution of the board reducing salaries by twenty per cent of such as were then receiving $5,000 or upward.
The city of Hew York, as a corporate or political body, consists of the mayor, aldermen and commonalty; and the county of Hew York, as a body politic, is represented in its board of supervisors. These governments, the former under ancient and modern charters, and the latter as one of the political divisions of the state, have recently been consolidated (Lems 1874, cA., 404), and, for all governmental purposes, have now become one body corporate and politic, by the name of The Mayor, &c.
When the act of 1871 was passed, these governments were separated, and each exercised its separate corporate functions and powers.
The general functions of government in this republic are confided to the legislative, executive and judicial departments. The legislative department for the whole state reposes in the senate and assembly; for districts and portions of the state, in boards of supervisors; and in cities and villages, in local boards of councilmen and trustees. In the political divisions of the state, the functions of these boards are confined to the interests and terrritory for which they are created. The people of another or adjacent territory have no interest in their acts, and cannot be affected or prejudiced by them. The supervisors of a county, and the aldermen or trustees of a city or village, must legislate for their own counties, cities or villages; they cannot legislate for other couuties, cities or villages. They are merely local legislatures, confined and prescribed in their powers, in whose acts the immediate constituency are interested.
So with the executive department. Tor the state at large it is vested in the governor; but in the political divisions of the state, it is to some extent delegated to certain ministerial or quasi executive officers, who, within prescribed limits or [221]*221divisions, exercise some of the executive power. Their functions are restricted and their potvers confined to parts only of the state. The people at large have no interest in, nor are they affected by, the acts of such officers.
Officers appointed or elected to administer the local division of the state, whose functions are limited to such divisions, are local officers, as distinguished from the class whose powers, for some or all purposes, extend throughout the state; and they, as agents of the people, are the local government. In counties, they are the government of the county; in cities, the government of the city; and, for the purpose of local government, their acts, subject only to the higher legislative or executive control, are of force in such divisions, but not elsewhere.
Loc,al governments have always been confided to local officers; and although public officers, whose powers extend over the state, may exercise their powers anywhere in the state, they are not a part of the local government, but only a part of the general government of the state, which includes the separate divisions of the state.
The senate and assembly may legislate for the city or the county of Hew York, may constitute the agencies for their local government, and prescribe and fix the limit of their powers.
But the senate and assembly is not the local government of the city or county. It is merely a power to create such local government, and not such government itself.
There is a clearly defined distinction between general and local government. The local may be, and doubtless is, included in the general, to the extent that the latter may create the agencies to administer the former. But to that extent only does or can the general government, which resides in the whole people, administer the local government.
Under the agencies thus created, and under them alone, does the local government administer the governments.
If, therefore, local governments are administered by local [222]*222officers, created for the purposes, and with power to administer them, then it necessarily follows, that public officers, whose functions .extend beyond local territories, are not a part of local governments.
The judicial department is a part of the general government of the state. It forms no exclusive part of any of the political divisions of the state. It administers its functions for the people at large, and, except in some cases, is unlimited in its jurisdiction.
The court of common pleas is a part of this judicial system; and although there is a territorial limitation to its jurisdiction, and a certain degree of locality in its organization, it nevertheless is not delivered from the' general judicial department of the state. It administers the law for all the people, and is not confined to the constituency of a particular district. For I do not understand that the territorial restriction in the execution of process of a certain kind, and in certain cases, has yet been held to confine its jurisdiction, where it had acquired it in other cases, extending beyond the territorial limit. The constitution recognizes -it as part of the entire judicial system, andas part of the general government;' and as it is not restricted exclusively to a local or political division of the state, it forms no other part of the local government of the city or county than does the supreme court, when, as another part of the judicial system, it exercises its powers and jurisdiction within the same territory.
The judges of this Court are among the class of judicial officers who are denominated public officers of the state (1 R. S., 95, sec. 1). If such officers, and with functions which, at least for some purposes, extend over the state, Ihen they are not necessarily county or city officers, but officers of the state, and a part of the state judiciary.
In the case of Day agt. Buffington (11 Int. Rev. Rec., 205), which was an action to recover a tax imposed by congress upon a judge’s salary, the plaintiff was a judge of probate for a county in Massachusetts, the court recognizing the vesting [223]*223the powers of government in the three departments — the legislative, executive and judicial — held the judge of prohate was a state and not a county officer. And the supreme court of the United States in reviewing that decision (11 Wallace, 113), say that the judges are one of the means and instrumentalities for administering the government of a state.
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Monell, C. J.
The sufficiency of the appointment of the plaintiff as a deputy of the clerk of the court of common pleas, and that his salary was fixed at $5,000 per annum, is conceded by the answer. It is also admitted that he has at all times performed the duties of the office.
The only question, therefore, is, whether the board of apportionment had authority, under the statute referred to, to reduce the plaintiff’s salary.
The act is entitled “ An act to make provision for the local government of the city and county of Mew York” (Lams 1871, p., 1268); and in the third section it is provided that certain officials shall meet as a board of apportionment, and shall have power, &c., •* * * “ to regulate all salaries of officers and employes of-the city cmd county governments.”
[220]*220It is claimed that the plaintiff is not an officer of either the city or county government, and, therefore, not affected by the resolution of the board reducing salaries by twenty per cent of such as were then receiving $5,000 or upward.
The city of Hew York, as a corporate or political body, consists of the mayor, aldermen and commonalty; and the county of Hew York, as a body politic, is represented in its board of supervisors. These governments, the former under ancient and modern charters, and the latter as one of the political divisions of the state, have recently been consolidated (Lems 1874, cA., 404), and, for all governmental purposes, have now become one body corporate and politic, by the name of The Mayor, &c.
When the act of 1871 was passed, these governments were separated, and each exercised its separate corporate functions and powers.
The general functions of government in this republic are confided to the legislative, executive and judicial departments. The legislative department for the whole state reposes in the senate and assembly; for districts and portions of the state, in boards of supervisors; and in cities and villages, in local boards of councilmen and trustees. In the political divisions of the state, the functions of these boards are confined to the interests and terrritory for which they are created. The people of another or adjacent territory have no interest in their acts, and cannot be affected or prejudiced by them. The supervisors of a county, and the aldermen or trustees of a city or village, must legislate for their own counties, cities or villages; they cannot legislate for other couuties, cities or villages. They are merely local legislatures, confined and prescribed in their powers, in whose acts the immediate constituency are interested.
So with the executive department. Tor the state at large it is vested in the governor; but in the political divisions of the state, it is to some extent delegated to certain ministerial or quasi executive officers, who, within prescribed limits or [221]*221divisions, exercise some of the executive power. Their functions are restricted and their potvers confined to parts only of the state. The people at large have no interest in, nor are they affected by, the acts of such officers.
Officers appointed or elected to administer the local division of the state, whose functions are limited to such divisions, are local officers, as distinguished from the class whose powers, for some or all purposes, extend throughout the state; and they, as agents of the people, are the local government. In counties, they are the government of the county; in cities, the government of the city; and, for the purpose of local government, their acts, subject only to the higher legislative or executive control, are of force in such divisions, but not elsewhere.
Loc,al governments have always been confided to local officers; and although public officers, whose powers extend over the state, may exercise their powers anywhere in the state, they are not a part of the local government, but only a part of the general government of the state, which includes the separate divisions of the state.
The senate and assembly may legislate for the city or the county of Hew York, may constitute the agencies for their local government, and prescribe and fix the limit of their powers.
But the senate and assembly is not the local government of the city or county. It is merely a power to create such local government, and not such government itself.
There is a clearly defined distinction between general and local government. The local may be, and doubtless is, included in the general, to the extent that the latter may create the agencies to administer the former. But to that extent only does or can the general government, which resides in the whole people, administer the local government.
Under the agencies thus created, and under them alone, does the local government administer the governments.
If, therefore, local governments are administered by local [222]*222officers, created for the purposes, and with power to administer them, then it necessarily follows, that public officers, whose functions .extend beyond local territories, are not a part of local governments.
The judicial department is a part of the general government of the state. It forms no exclusive part of any of the political divisions of the state. It administers its functions for the people at large, and, except in some cases, is unlimited in its jurisdiction.
The court of common pleas is a part of this judicial system; and although there is a territorial limitation to its jurisdiction, and a certain degree of locality in its organization, it nevertheless is not delivered from the' general judicial department of the state. It administers the law for all the people, and is not confined to the constituency of a particular district. For I do not understand that the territorial restriction in the execution of process of a certain kind, and in certain cases, has yet been held to confine its jurisdiction, where it had acquired it in other cases, extending beyond the territorial limit. The constitution recognizes -it as part of the entire judicial system, andas part of the general government;' and as it is not restricted exclusively to a local or political division of the state, it forms no other part of the local government of the city or county than does the supreme court, when, as another part of the judicial system, it exercises its powers and jurisdiction within the same territory.
The judges of this Court are among the class of judicial officers who are denominated public officers of the state (1 R. S., 95, sec. 1). If such officers, and with functions which, at least for some purposes, extend over the state, Ihen they are not necessarily county or city officers, but officers of the state, and a part of the state judiciary.
In the case of Day agt. Buffington (11 Int. Rev. Rec., 205), which was an action to recover a tax imposed by congress upon a judge’s salary, the plaintiff was a judge of probate for a county in Massachusetts, the court recognizing the vesting [223]*223the powers of government in the three departments — the legislative, executive and judicial — held the judge of prohate was a state and not a county officer. And the supreme court of the United States in reviewing that decision (11 Wallace, 113), say that the judges are one of the means and instrumentalities for administering the government of a state. Judge Nelson says (p. 126) the question is whether the power to lay and collect taxes enables the general government to tax the salary of a judicial officer of the state, which officer is a means or instrumentality employed to carry into execution one of its most important functions, the administration of the laws.
In Freedman agt. Sigel (10 Blatchf., 327), it .was attempted to distinguish Day agt. Buffington (supra) on the ground that the salary in the former was payable out of the city, and in the latter out of the state treasury. But judge Ship-man says: “In both cases the judge exercises the judicial authority of the state, and represents its sovereignty in that behalf. The payment of salaries out of local treasuries did not localize the courts. To assent to such a proposition would be to maintain that a sovereign power of a state depends upon the manner in which it exercises its discretion in the details of its administration and the distribution of its public burthens.”
The plaintiff in Freedman agt. Sigel, was a judge of the superior court of this city, a court no less local than the common pleas. Of that court judge Shipman says: “ It is clothed with no inconsiderable part of the general judicial power of the state, with none, or only partial limitations as to the subject-matter of litigation.”
In Quin agt. The Mayor, &c. (44 How. Pr., 266), the action was to recover the plaintiff’s salary as a judge of one of the district courts of this city. In examining the act of 1871, as authorizing the board of apportionment to regulate salaries of officers of the local governments, judge Fancher says: “ It may be questioned whether the officers [224]*224’ thus referred to include judicial officers. The term certainly does not include state officers who derive their office from the general laws of the state, and whose duties are not by law limited to the city and county of blew York.” This case was affirmed by the court of appeals upon the opinion of judge Fancher (53 N. Y., 627).
It is quite clear, I think, that the officers whose salaries were brought within the regulating power of the board of apportionment, were intended to be such as formed a part of the political government of the city and county, and who were,connected with the executive or legislative departments, and not such as were a part of the judicial system of the state; otherwise, the legislature would not have limited it to officers of the government, but would have extended it to all officers whose salaries were paid out of the city or county treasury". But the limitation to the officers of those governments indicates sufficiently that it was not intended to cover officers of the state.
The deputy of the clerk of the court of common pleas is appointed by the clerk, who receives his appointment from the court (laws 1847, chap. 255, sec. 7), and is the cutodian of its records and seal. He is a part of the incorporeal political being, which requires for its existence the presence of judges and a clerk.
Therefore, if the court itself, or the judges of the court, are not within the act, it follows that,neither the clerk nor his' deputy is, or can be affected by its provisions.
A careful examination of the subject has satisfied me that the plaintiff is not, and was not, an officer of either the city or county governments; and, therefore, that the board of apportionment had no authority to reduce his salary.
The plaintiff must have judgment upon the demurrer, with costs.
On appeal to the general term, the judgment below was affirmed June 7, 1875, upon the opinion of the chief justice, and his opinion was made that of the general term.