Post, J.
A former opinion in this case will be found in 39 Neb.,, 8. A re-examination of the record led to the conclusion that the order of the district court discharging the attachment rests upon a finding in favor of the validity of the mortgages mentioned in the opinion rather than the want of grounds for attachment as against the defendant, and is,, therefore, within the rule recognized in McCord v. Krause, 36 Neb., 764. Acting upon that conclusion, a rehearing was ordered and the cause again submitted on its merits. It is of the utmost importance in this connection to keep in mind the precise question presented by the motion to-discharge, viz., whether the evidence establishes sufficient ground for the attachment as against the defendant Gottlieb H. Mack, doing business in the name of G. H. Mack & Co., and not whether the rights of the several mortgagees are superior to the claims of the plaintiffs. In our consideration of the subject we are embarrased somewhat by the fact that most of the cases cited from this court have turned upon the question of the rights of third persons; and not until the case of McCord v. Krause, supra, were the rights of the defendant under like conditions directly presented for determination.
There is offered at this time no criticism of the proposition in the former opinion, that the burden is upon the plaintiff to sustain by a preponderance of evidence the statements of the affidavit for attachment, or proof of facts from which the truth of such statements will be inferred. It is also firmly established by the later decisions of this court that fraud will not be inferred as a matter of law from the preference of one or more creditors by a debtor [432]*432in failing circumstances. (Hershiser v. Higman, 31 Neb., 531; Hamilton v. Isaacs, 34 Neb., 709; Jones v. Loree, 37 Neb., 816; Phelan v. Smith, 40 Neb., 765.) Among the facts disclosed by the record we notice that the sheriff of Douglas county, Vm. Coburn, was in possession of the property in controversy as agent of the several mortgagees at the date of the order discharging the attachment. Were the case at bar one by or against Coburn for the purpose of determining his right of possession of the property, we could, without difficulty, sustain a judgment in his favor on the ground that one or more of the mortgages are bona fide, and because he could, by reason of his privity with the mortgagees, successfully interpose in his own behalf any defense existing in their favor. Inasmuch as our investigation has resulted in a conclusion adverse to the order of •the district court, it is deemed proper to refer to some of the salient facts of the case; but preliminary to such examination it should be remarked that the grounds of attachment are that defendant has sold and disposed of his property with intent to defraud his creditors and to hinder and delay them in the collection of their claims; that he is •about to sell and dispose of his property with like fraudulent intent, and is about to remove it with intent to cheat and defraud his creditors.
On the 15th day of February, 1890, Mack, the defendant, who was then hopelessly insolvent, executed six different chattel mortgages covering his entire personal estate, and amounting in the aggregate to $22,856.76. He at the same time executed two real estate mortgages for the aggregate amount of $825. Among the mortgages executed on that day were the following: One in favor of the First National Bank of Omaha, for $6,908.16; one in favor of Elizabeth Mack, wife of the mortgagor, for $5,939.16; one in favor of S. Trottner and H. Lichtenberg, brothers-in-law, for $2,912.56; and one in favor of Sebastian Trottner, also a brother-in-law, for $2,160, — making a total of $11,-[433]*433011.72 in favor of near relatives. A number of the mortgages made at or about that time were for amounts in ■excess of that claimed by the mortgagees, — for instance, one in favor of the defendant’s book-keeper, McLeod, for -$200, when the amount claimed by him was $72.50; one in favor P. J. Van Slyck, of Omaha, for $325, to secure •an indebtedness of $188.50; one in favor P. Whitlock, of Richmond, Virginia, for $250, to secure an indebtedness of $182.50; one in favor of C. Jensen, of New York, for $1,116.25, to secure an indebtedness of $736.25.
A further reference is required in this connection to the ■mortgage in favor of the defendant’s wife. It is shown by •the testimony of McLeod, the book-keeper, that a new set of books were opened by the defendant, January 1, 1890, and that all of the bills payable were transferred to the new book, except a note held by Mrs. Mack. The witness, who is certainly not unfriendly to the defendant, testified as follows:
Q. Did you have a conversation with G. H. Mack with regard to that [the credit in favor of Mrs. Mack] at the ■the time the new books were being made out?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. State what it was.
A. It was standing on the old book to the credit of bills payable forty-six hundred and some dollars.
Q,. Did it state to whom it was payable ?
A. It does on page 18 of the old book. I saw it there, and asked Mr. Mack what it was for. He said it was a note Mrs. Mack had for that amount. I asked him if I should transfer it to the other book, and he said, “No, close it up to profit and loss,” and it was done.
Q. When did that happen?
A. Between the 1st and 15th of January, when I finished opening this set of books.
Q. Was any change made in the books in that respect since February 15?
[434]*434A. Yes, sir. * * *
Q. How long after February 15 was it that you made that entry in her account of this note.
A. I cannot tell. I think it was the 15th. Everything that has been done since then has been done as of the 15th.
Q. What was that entry?
A. To Mrs. Mack, $4,826.53.
Q. Why did you not put the amount of the mortgage-note on that date, viz., $5,939.16?
A. I could not put it there. That was not her account.
The mortgages executed on the day above named were, except that in favor of Mrs. Mack, all made without the-knowledge or request of the mortgagees, and, according to the testimony of Mrs. Mack, those in favor of her brother, Sebastian Trottner, and the firm of Trottner & Lichtenlierg, were executed in accordance with her solicitation. Said mortgage was also filed by the defendant, or under his direction, in the following order: That in favor of the First National Bank of Omaha at 1:15 P. M., on the day of its execution; that in favor of Elizabeth Mack at 1:17 P. M.; that in favor of Sebastian Trottner at 1:19 P. M.; one in favor of Calixto, Lopaz & Co. at 1:20 P. M.; that in favor of Trottner & Lichtenberg at 1:21 P. M., and' the others following at like intervals, on the same day. It also appears that Coburn was put in possession by the time, if not before, the last mortgage was filed, and before notice was given to the bank above named of the mortgage in its favor. At that date the. defendant was indebted to plaintiffs for merchandise in the sum of $1,849.50.
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Post, J.
A former opinion in this case will be found in 39 Neb.,, 8. A re-examination of the record led to the conclusion that the order of the district court discharging the attachment rests upon a finding in favor of the validity of the mortgages mentioned in the opinion rather than the want of grounds for attachment as against the defendant, and is,, therefore, within the rule recognized in McCord v. Krause, 36 Neb., 764. Acting upon that conclusion, a rehearing was ordered and the cause again submitted on its merits. It is of the utmost importance in this connection to keep in mind the precise question presented by the motion to-discharge, viz., whether the evidence establishes sufficient ground for the attachment as against the defendant Gottlieb H. Mack, doing business in the name of G. H. Mack & Co., and not whether the rights of the several mortgagees are superior to the claims of the plaintiffs. In our consideration of the subject we are embarrased somewhat by the fact that most of the cases cited from this court have turned upon the question of the rights of third persons; and not until the case of McCord v. Krause, supra, were the rights of the defendant under like conditions directly presented for determination.
There is offered at this time no criticism of the proposition in the former opinion, that the burden is upon the plaintiff to sustain by a preponderance of evidence the statements of the affidavit for attachment, or proof of facts from which the truth of such statements will be inferred. It is also firmly established by the later decisions of this court that fraud will not be inferred as a matter of law from the preference of one or more creditors by a debtor [432]*432in failing circumstances. (Hershiser v. Higman, 31 Neb., 531; Hamilton v. Isaacs, 34 Neb., 709; Jones v. Loree, 37 Neb., 816; Phelan v. Smith, 40 Neb., 765.) Among the facts disclosed by the record we notice that the sheriff of Douglas county, Vm. Coburn, was in possession of the property in controversy as agent of the several mortgagees at the date of the order discharging the attachment. Were the case at bar one by or against Coburn for the purpose of determining his right of possession of the property, we could, without difficulty, sustain a judgment in his favor on the ground that one or more of the mortgages are bona fide, and because he could, by reason of his privity with the mortgagees, successfully interpose in his own behalf any defense existing in their favor. Inasmuch as our investigation has resulted in a conclusion adverse to the order of •the district court, it is deemed proper to refer to some of the salient facts of the case; but preliminary to such examination it should be remarked that the grounds of attachment are that defendant has sold and disposed of his property with intent to defraud his creditors and to hinder and delay them in the collection of their claims; that he is •about to sell and dispose of his property with like fraudulent intent, and is about to remove it with intent to cheat and defraud his creditors.
On the 15th day of February, 1890, Mack, the defendant, who was then hopelessly insolvent, executed six different chattel mortgages covering his entire personal estate, and amounting in the aggregate to $22,856.76. He at the same time executed two real estate mortgages for the aggregate amount of $825. Among the mortgages executed on that day were the following: One in favor of the First National Bank of Omaha, for $6,908.16; one in favor of Elizabeth Mack, wife of the mortgagor, for $5,939.16; one in favor of S. Trottner and H. Lichtenberg, brothers-in-law, for $2,912.56; and one in favor of Sebastian Trottner, also a brother-in-law, for $2,160, — making a total of $11,-[433]*433011.72 in favor of near relatives. A number of the mortgages made at or about that time were for amounts in ■excess of that claimed by the mortgagees, — for instance, one in favor of the defendant’s book-keeper, McLeod, for -$200, when the amount claimed by him was $72.50; one in favor P. J. Van Slyck, of Omaha, for $325, to secure •an indebtedness of $188.50; one in favor P. Whitlock, of Richmond, Virginia, for $250, to secure an indebtedness of $182.50; one in favor of C. Jensen, of New York, for $1,116.25, to secure an indebtedness of $736.25.
A further reference is required in this connection to the ■mortgage in favor of the defendant’s wife. It is shown by •the testimony of McLeod, the book-keeper, that a new set of books were opened by the defendant, January 1, 1890, and that all of the bills payable were transferred to the new book, except a note held by Mrs. Mack. The witness, who is certainly not unfriendly to the defendant, testified as follows:
Q. Did you have a conversation with G. H. Mack with regard to that [the credit in favor of Mrs. Mack] at the ■the time the new books were being made out?
A. Yes, sir.
Q. State what it was.
A. It was standing on the old book to the credit of bills payable forty-six hundred and some dollars.
Q,. Did it state to whom it was payable ?
A. It does on page 18 of the old book. I saw it there, and asked Mr. Mack what it was for. He said it was a note Mrs. Mack had for that amount. I asked him if I should transfer it to the other book, and he said, “No, close it up to profit and loss,” and it was done.
Q. When did that happen?
A. Between the 1st and 15th of January, when I finished opening this set of books.
Q. Was any change made in the books in that respect since February 15?
[434]*434A. Yes, sir. * * *
Q. How long after February 15 was it that you made that entry in her account of this note.
A. I cannot tell. I think it was the 15th. Everything that has been done since then has been done as of the 15th.
Q. What was that entry?
A. To Mrs. Mack, $4,826.53.
Q. Why did you not put the amount of the mortgage-note on that date, viz., $5,939.16?
A. I could not put it there. That was not her account.
The mortgages executed on the day above named were, except that in favor of Mrs. Mack, all made without the-knowledge or request of the mortgagees, and, according to the testimony of Mrs. Mack, those in favor of her brother, Sebastian Trottner, and the firm of Trottner & Lichtenlierg, were executed in accordance with her solicitation. Said mortgage was also filed by the defendant, or under his direction, in the following order: That in favor of the First National Bank of Omaha at 1:15 P. M., on the day of its execution; that in favor of Elizabeth Mack at 1:17 P. M.; that in favor of Sebastian Trottner at 1:19 P. M.; one in favor of Calixto, Lopaz & Co. at 1:20 P. M.; that in favor of Trottner & Lichtenberg at 1:21 P. M., and' the others following at like intervals, on the same day. It also appears that Coburn was put in possession by the time, if not before, the last mortgage was filed, and before notice was given to the bank above named of the mortgage in its favor. At that date the. defendant was indebted to plaintiffs for merchandise in the sum of $1,849.50. Of that amount the sum of $659.70 matured February 9, and the-note therefor had been protested for non-payment. On the 14th, the day preceding the execution of the aforesaid mortgages, Mr. Harris, representing the plaintiffs, called on the defendant and insisted upon payment of the amount then due and security for the unmatured notes. His demand not being productive of satisfactory results, he re[435]*435turned the following morning, when the defendant, according to the affidavit of the latter, offered to pay the balance due on the note first above mentioned, but declined to furnish the security demanded, whereupon Harris became abusive and threatened to cause his property to be attached and his business and credit to be ruined unless security was forthcoming immediately. His affidavit, so far as it relates to that subject, concludes as follows: “This affiant states that said Harris, after making many loud and profane remarks, so loud that it attracted the attention of many of affiant’s customers aud other persons who were in affiant’s store at said time, the said Harris left said store, and this affiant states that immediately afterward he made and executed the four chattel mortgages first above mentioned and described.” The mortgages to which reference is therein made are those in favor of the First National Bank, Elizabeth Mack, Sebastian Trottner, and the firm of Trottner & Lichtenberg. About 11:30 A. M. of the same day Mr. Breekenridge called at the store of' the defendant for the purpose of presenting for payment a past due bill in favor of the Mutual Union Cigar Company. . According to the affidavit of the former, he inquired if the defendent was in trouble, and in reply was assured by the latter that he was not, except as to a claim in favor of the plaintiffs. Defendant at that time mentioned, with an oath, the representative of the plaintiffs who had, as he said, caused him trouble. The affiant then said to him: “ If you are crowded so that you have to give chattel mortgages I want you to remember my client,” to which the defendant assented; but during that conversation Mr. Coburn came into the store, and to the surprise of the affiant, took possession by virtue of the mortgages above described.
The foregoing, which aré in the main undisputed, are selected from the many facts disclosed tending to characterize the transaction so far as the defendant is concerned. It is probable that to the persistence and abuse of the [436]*436plaintiff’s agent should be attributed the defendant’s attempt to defeat their claim; but whatever may have been his motive, it is reasonably certain that one purpose of the hurried execution of the several mortgages, without so much as consulting his own books to ascertain the amounts due the mortgagees, was to prevent the enforcement of the plaintiff’s claim by resort to legal process. The evidence in support of the motion is directed chiefly to the question of the good faith of the claims secured, and for the purpose of the present inquiry we assume the mortgages, and each of them, to represent the bona fide indebtedness of the defendant, although it may be doubted whether the explanation of the mortgage to the defendant’s wife is such as to overcome the presumption of fraud which results therefrom. It may be conceded, also, that they were taken by the mortgagees for the purpose of security only, without notice of any fraudulent intention on the part of the mortgagor. The defendant, however, has suggested no explanation of his devious course consistent with honesty of purpose on his own part. The fact that the preference by an insolvent is given to a bona fide claim is not of itself sufficient, even for the protection of the mortgagee, provided he was, at the time the security was accepted, aware of and participated in a purpose to fraudulently delay or defeat the claims of other creditors. Where there is an actual intent to defraud, no form in which the transaction is put can shield the property so transferred from the claims of pursuing creditors, even though a full consideration be received therefor. (Kerr, Frauds, 199; May, Fraudulent Conveyances, 233; Starin v. Kelly, 88 N. Y., 419; Billings v. Russell, 101 N. Y., 226; Blennerhassett v. Sherman, 105 U. S., 117, and cases cited.) As said in David v. Birchard, 53 Wis., 492, “It is not the honesty of the debt secured by, but the purpose of the conveyance, to which the statute has reference; that an honest debt is an important factor in the transaction, but if the mortgage was made [437]*437with the intent to hinder and delay creditors, then it is void tjiough an honest debt be secured by the instrument.” (See, also, Johnson v. Whitwell, 24 Mass., 73; Giddings v. Sears, 115 Mass., 507; Shelley v. Boothe, 73 Mo., 74.)
In order to sustain an attachment as against the defendant it is, for obvious reasons, sufficient to establish the existence of ground therefor as against him without regard to the rights of other parties. The character of the title" or interest acquired by purchase or mortgage from an insolvent debtor is wholly immaterial unless put in issue by creditors. We will add, in justice to the district judge, that if it were clear from the record that the order complained of was based upon a finding of good faith on the part of the defendant, we would in this proceeding be constrained to accept his conclusion. But we are satisfied, both from the proofs and the argument on the former submission, that the substantial foundation for the order is a finding in favor of the validity of the mortgages. It follows that the cause is within the doctrine of McCord v. Krause, supra, and must be governed by that case. The order discharging the attachment is accordingly reversed and the cause remanded to the district court for further proceedings therein in accordance with the opinions.
Reversed and remanded.