LIPEZ, Circuit Judge.
Defendant-appellant Audeliz Lebrón Corp. (“ALC”) appeals from a judgment in favor of plaintiff-appellee Lamex Foods, Inc. (“Lamex”), which the district court entered after consolidating a preliminary injunction hearing with a bench trial on the merits under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(a)(2). The appellant argues that the district court abrogated its right to a jury trial by failing to provide indisputably clear notice of its intent to consolidate.
See
U.S. Const, amend. VII;
see also
Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(a)(2) (permitting the consolidation of a preliminary injunction hearing with a trial on the merits, but noting that “the court must preserve any party’s right to a jury trial”).
Although we appreciate the district court’s efforts to resolve the parties’ dispute in an efficient and timely manner, we agree with ALC that the court’s inadequate notice of its intent to consolidate abrogated ALC’s right to a jury trial. Rejecting appellant’s other arguments, we vacate the judgment in part and remand for further proceedings.
I.
A. Factual Background
Lamex is a Minnesota corporation that facilitates the sale of food from manufacturers to suppliers and vendors worldwide. Around February 2007, Lamex entered into a business relationship in which it purchased frozen chicken from George’s Farms, Inc. (“George’s”) and resold the product to ALC, a Puerto Rico corporation that supplies frozen food products to supermarkets and other retailers throughout the Commonwealth.
The parties’ business relationship encountered an obstacle around January 2009, when ALC’s insurance underwriter dropped the corporation from its coverage. Lamex sought from ALC a replacement security, which ALC provided in the form of a standby letter of credit for $500,000 drawn on First Bank, a Puerto Rico financial institution. In turn, ALC requested from Lamex a matching unsecured credit for $500,000. Lamex’s corporate policy prohibited such matching, but in an effort to preserve the parties’ relationship, Steve Anderson, the president of Lamex, encumbered his personal funds to provide ALC with the matching credit.
In November 2009, however, the parties’ cordial relationship came to an end when ALC stopped paying Lamex money owed. By that time, ALC, without remunerating appellee, had received shipments of frozen poultry totaling over $1.2 million in value. After myriad informal attempts to collect the delinquent invoices from ALC failed, Lamex canceled ALC’s account, halted shipment on orders of poultry designated for ALC, and placed the unpaid-for poultry into cold storage in various facilities in Puerto Rico and on the mainland. Lamex also cashed in the $500,000 letter of credit from First Bank.
ALC responded by filing suit in the Commonwealth’s Superior Court in San Juan, naming as defendants Lamex, George’s, and First Bank, among others, and alleging violations of Puerto Rico’s Dealers’ Contract Act of 1964 (“Law 75”), P.R. Laws Ann. tit. 10, §§ 278-278e, which prohibits a principal from terminating a business relationship with a dealer without just cause,
Euromotion, Inc. v. BMW of N. Am., Inc.,
136 F.3d 866, 870 (1st Cir.
1998). After ALC’s suit had been filed, but before serviee-of-process had been completed, Lamex brought the instant action in federal district court, naming as defendants ALC and its president, Audeliz Lebrón.
In its December 22, 2009 complaint, Lamex sought to recover the remainder of the monies owed to it and asked that the corporate veil be pierced to hold Lebrón personally liable for ALC’s debt should the corporation be unable to pay in full. Furthermore, Lamex requested a declaratory judgment stating that it was not a “principal” for Law 75 purposes or that even if it were a principal, it had just cause to terminate its relationship with ALC. Finally, Lamex sought a preliminary injunction barring ALC from continuing a “smear campaign” against Lamex, in which ALC purportedly interfered with Lamex’s attempts to find other buyers for the cold-stored poultry by telling potential buyers that Lamex and George’s poultry products were entangled in a lawsuit. Lamex’s complaint contained a jury demand for all of its legal claims.
B. District Court Proceedings
1. The First Hearing and Status Conference
On January 14, 2010, the district court convened an initial hearing for the purpose of deciding Lamex’s motion to reconsider an order granting defendants extended time to answer the complaint. After inquiring into the nature of the parties’ dispute and discovering that their conflict involved the collection of outstanding debt, the court warned the litigants that “you cannot drag a case like this for a year or two, because there’s no point,” and encouraged them to settle. In the interim, the court put the case on an expedited schedule. It gave defendants one day to respond to the complaint. Additionally, the court established what it characterized as a “streamlined discovery process,” ordering the parties to exchange all pertinent documents by January 18 and to depose two key witnesses — Steve Anderson and Audeliz Lebrón — by January 20.
On January 18, Lamex filed a motion to convert its request for a preliminary injunction, which it had submitted in its complaint and in a separate motion dated January 13, into a demand for a permanent injunction. The court, in an order issued on January 20, “[gjranted [the motion] in the sense that the preliminary and permanent injunctive relief, if available, shall be considered in a consolidated hearing as requested.”
Soon after, the court received notice that the parties did not finish the depositions on January 20, as ordered. Lebrón’s deposition was cut short after he refused to answer questions relating to issues addressed in Lamex’s prayers for declaratory judgment and preliminary injunction. At a status conference six days later, the court reviewed the transcript of Lebrón’s deposition, concluded that defendants were obstructing the discovery process, and sanctioned them by ordering them to pay for any expense Lamex incurred for the thwarted deposition. At the conclusion of the status conference, the court advised the parties that the preliminary injunction hearing, which was originally set for February 1, would be advanced to January 27, the very next morning.
2. The Injunction Hearing
Decrying behavior it characterized as parties “playing hardball to avoid certain obligations,” the court began the preliminary injunction hearing by emphasizing that it was committed “to helping] the parties ... resolve this whole situation” in a professional manner:
I am here to do the right thing, and that’s the reason why I got really upset with you people yesterday, and that’s the reason I said that if you had not taken my advice to do discovery the right way, with the purpose of trying to resolve the situation, I was going to then take the law in my own hands and force it, shove it upon you, a solution---There is no way that I’m going to allow a case like this to drag for months and months when you have those amounts of money due and owing for chicken, basically, okay? And I am not going to allow this kind of argument to linger without some sort of arbiter, [j]udge or whoever, telling you what the story is.
The court then informed the parties that “if I get at some point in time during this hearing that I should convert this into a trial on the merits, then I will do it.” He advised them that “even though we are proceeding under a preliminary injunction situation, if the issues are as simple as I think they are, I’m going to take this matter and resolve it altogether, one shot.” When Lamex reminded the court of its motion to convert the preliminary injunction hearing into a permanent injunction hearing, the court replied, “You already heard what I said. If I think as we progress that that’s what I should do, I’m going to do it. I’m just giving you fair warning.” The court then proceeded to take the testimony of Anderson. At the conclusion of its president’s testimony, Lamex again moved to have the hearing be treated as a permanent injunction hearing.
In response, the court stated, “I told you that I was considering doing precisely that, the consolidation.... But I will not make that decision until I have heard all the evidence.”
When the hearing reconvened after a lunch recess, Lamex requested that the court “at least ... enter an order for [a] preliminary injunction.” The court admonished Lamex’s counsel for making this request, reminding her that it wanted to hear all the evidence before proceeding: “Counsel, if you don’t give me what I need, I’m going to just deny your motion. Simple as that.” Defendants in turn moved for a judgment on partial findings under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 52(c), on the ground that because they had already consigned money to the Superior Court, the amount in controversy was insufficient to give the federal court subject matter jurisdiction. As an alternative ground for their Rule 52(c) motion, defendants argued that Lamex failed to meet the requirements for a preliminary injunction.
See Narrgansett Indian Tribe v. Guilbert,
934 F.2d 4, 5 (1st Cir.1991) (reciting the four-part preliminary injunction inquiry, which requires consideration of the likelihood of success on the merits, the potential for irreparable injury, the balance of equities for and against an injunction, and the effect on the public interest). The district court found both grounds unpersuasive and denied the motion.
Audeliz Lebrón and two employees of George’s then testified, the latter two by phone. At the close of their testimony, defendants renewed their Rule 52(c) motion, adding a new argument that Lamex had failed to show irreparable harm “in as much as ample evidence has been presented that the money that was allegedly owed has already been consigned and given [to the Puerto Rico court].” The district court asked defendants whether they would “object to a motion filed tomorrow ... to disburse that money immediately to
Lamex,” to which defendants initially responded in the negative. But they subsequently equivocated, telling the court, “If the amounts are the same, then [Lamex] can retire the money.”
The court then had the following colloquy with counsel:
THE COURT: This is what we’re going to do. I find that this is a very simple case. I thought it was a lot more complicated. It’s an extremely simple case.
The only issues here are, number one, what kind of intervention this [fjederal [c]ourt can have in the context of the relations between these parties as it pertains to Law 75, having plaintiff being the one who initiated the case.
That’s number one. And it could be as claimed by way of injunctive relief or, more probable than not, perhaps declarative judgment, if any, that could be the alternative.
And then the other question is whether there is any issue with the payment that is due and owing supposedly. That’s all.
Does everybody agree that those are the issues? Plaintiff, are those the issues?
COUNSEL FOR LAMEX: Yes, Your Honor.
COUNSEL FOR ALC: Yes, Your Hon- or.
THE COURT: I think what I told you at the beginning, that I could consolidate this into one thing, is going to happen. I don’t think I need anything else. All I need to do is sit down with this evidence and figure out which rights each party has to this. Any objection to this?
COUNSEL FOR LAMEX: Your Hon- or, I don’t have any objection to that.
THE COURT: Do you have any objection to that?
COUNSEL FOR ALC: No, Your Hon- or.
3. After the Injunction Hearing
A week later, the court conducted an evidentiary hearing to determine the amount of cold-storage fees Lamex incurred as a result of ALC’s failure to pay its outstanding invoices.
The next day, February 5, the court issued an opinion and order disposing, on the merits, of all of the claims made in Lamex’s complaint. The court denied Lamex’s requests to pierce the corporate veil and for preliminary and permanent injunctive relief. However, it granted Lamex’s request for a declaratory judgment absolving Lamex from liability under Law 75. Furthermore, it ordered defendants to pay the total amount due to Lamex and ordered the Superior Court of San Juan to release the money ALC consigned.
After its motion for reconsideration was denied by the district court, ALC timely appealed.
Before us, it argues that the district court failed to provide unambiguous notice of the Rule 65(a) consolidation and, in so doing, violated its right to trial by jury.
As an additional matter, ALC
asks us to vacate the court’s order of sanctions for its discovery-related conduct.
II.
A. Right to a Trial by Jury
The Supreme Court has long counseled that “Maintenance of the jury as a fact-finding body is of such importance and occupies so firm a place in our history and jurisprudence that any seeming curtailment of the right to a jury trial should be scrutinized with the utmost care.”
Dimick v. Schiedt,
293 U.S. 474, 486, 55 S.Ct. 296, 79 L.Ed. 603 (1935). For this reason, once a party files a proper demand for a jury trial on its legal claims,
see
Fed.R.Civ.P. 38, that demand must be honored unless the parties expressly consent to withdraw the demand,
see id.,
or subsequently waive their jury trial right by either expressly or implicitly agreeing to a bench trial,
see Venture Tape Corp. v. McGills Glass Warehouse,
540 F.3d 56, 62-63 (1st Cir.2008);
CoxCom, Inc. v. Chaffee,
536 F.3d 101, 110-11 (1st Cir.2008).
In this instance, Lamex made a general demand for a jury trial with respect to all the legal claims pled in its complaint, and ALC was entitled to rely on that demand.
In re N-500L Cases,
691 F.2d 15, 22 (1st Cir.1982) (“Where one party has made a demand, others are entitled to rely on the demand with respect to issues covered by the demand and need not make an independent demand of their own.”). ALC says that it did so rely and, never having received clear notice from the district court of its intent to consolidate, its participation in the January 27 hearing was limited to the issue of injunctive relief. It expected that Lamex’s legal claims, including the declaratory judgment related to Law 75,
would be resolved at a later point before a jury.
Lamex counters that the district court consolidated the preliminary injunction hearing with a trial on the merits after providing adequate notice, and that ALC implicitly waived the right to a jury trial by actively participating, without objection, in that consolidated proceeding.
1. Inadequate Notice of Rule 65(a)(2) Consolidation
Rule 65(a)(2) states, in relevant part: “Before or after beginning the hearing on a motion for a preliminary injunction, the court may advance the trial on the merits and consolidate it with the [preliminary injunction] hearing.” Fed. R.Civ.P. 65(a)(2). Although the rule facilitates “the generally admirable objective of saving time and duplication of effort,” there are “hazards inherent in fully disposing of cases in such an expedited fashion— among them incomplete coverage of relevant issues and failure to present all rele
vant evidence.”
Caribbean Produce Exch, Inc. v. Sec’y of Health & Human Servs.,
893 F.2d 3, 5 (1st Cir.1989);
see also Univ. of Tex. v. Camenisch,
451 U.S. 390, 395, 101 S.Ct. 1830, 68 L.Ed.2d 175 (1981) (noting that “a preliminary injunction is customarily granted on the basis of procedures that are less formal and evidence that is less complete than in a trial on the merits,” and concluding that “[i]n light of these considerations, it is generally inappropriate for a federal court at the preliminary injunction stage to give a final judgment on the merits”). Such risks are especially acute in cases that turn on credibility determinations, as a truncated hearing will often limit the parties’ opportunity to present and thoroughly examine witnesses. For this reason, our law “demand[s that a trial court provide] ‘indisputably clear notice’ to the parties before approving ... consolidation.”
Francisco Sánchez v. Esso Standard Oil Co.,
572 F.3d 1, 15 (1st Cir.2009) (quoting
Caribbean Produce,
893 F.2d at 5);
see also Camenisch,
451 U.S. at 395, 101 S.Ct. 1830 (noting that “the parties should normally receive clear and unambiguous notice [of consolidation] either before the hearing commences or at a time which will still afford the parties a full opportunity to present their respective cases” (quoting
Pughsley v. 3750 Lake Shore Drive Coop. Bldg.,
463 F.2d 1055, 1057 (7th Cir.1972))).
Failure to provide indisputably clear notice of consolidation can constitute reversible error even if the right to a jury trial is not at issue.
See Caribbean Produce,
893 F.2d at 5-6; 11A Charles Alan Wright, Arthur R. Miller & Mary Kay Kane,
Federal Practice and Procedure
§ 2950 (2d ed. 1995) (“[Ordering consolidation during the course of a preliminary injunction hearing is reversible error when little or no notice is given of this change and the effect is to deprive a party of the right to present his case on the merits.”). The stakes are even higher where, as here, the surprise consolidation would result in the deprivation of a party’s right to prosecute or defend the remaining legal claims before a jury. In these situations, we “indulge every reasonable presumption against [construing the parties’ participation in the consolidated hearing as] waiver.”
Aetna Ins. Co. v. Kennedy,
301 U.S. 389, 393, 57 S.Ct. 809, 81 L.Ed. 1177 (1937);
see also García-Ayala v. Lederle Parenterals, Inc.,
212 F.3d 638, 645 (1st Cir.2000) (emphasizing that “the right to a jury trial is constitutionally protected and casual waivers are not to be presumed”).
In this case, the court gave the parties contradictory signals as to its intent. At the parties’ first appearance before the court, which took place on January 14, Lamex requested, and the court scheduled, a hearing on Lamex’s motion to enjoin defendants from “interfering] with [Lamex’s] course of dealing with other Puerto Rico businesses” and “performing other acts in detriment of [Lamex’s] goodwill, name, and reputation.” On January 20, the court granted Lamex’s motion to consolidate and agreed to consider “the pre
liminary and permanent injunctive relief, if available ... in a consolidated hearing.” This order, which was the only written order mentioning “consolidation,” was plainly not a Rule 65(a)(2) order. On the eve of the January 27 hearing, the court, despite its January 20 order, was still referring to the next morning’s proceedings as a preliminary injunction hearing, and the hearing was captioned as such. Up to this point, the court and the parties seemed to be in agreement that only the plea for injunctive relief was before the court.
The confusion began the next day. At the start of the preliminary injunction hearing, the court warned the parties: “[I]f I get at some point in time during this hearing that I should convert this into a trial on the merits, then I will do it.” It advised them “that even though we are proceeding under a preliminary injunction situation, if the issues are as simple as I think they are, I’m going to take this matter and resolve it altogether, one shot.” This statement might provide the requisite notice of Rule 65(a)(2) consolidation if not for the court’s subsequent comments. In the next breath, the court offered a different view of its intentions when it responded in the following way to Lamex’s reminder that it had “requested that the preliminary injunction hearing be converted to a permanent injunction hearing”: “You already heard what I said. If I think as we progress that that’s what I should do, I’m going to do it.”
This succeeding statement implied that the court’s intention was only to consolidate the hearing for preliminary injunctive relief with the hearing for permanent injunctive relief, as Lamex requested, and not to reach the merits of the remaining claims. Later, the court shored up this inference when, in response to Lamex’s reminding the court of its January 20 order, the court stated, “I told you that I was considering doing precisely that, the consolidation.”
In sum, during the hearing, the court made three references to consolidation; of those three references, only the first mentioned the merits of the other claims, and the later two implied that it expected only to consolidate the proceedings for preliminary injunctive relief with those for permanent injunctive relief.
At the very end of the preliminary injunction hearing, the court compounded the confusion by stating that “I think what I told you at the beginning, that I could consolidate this into one thing, is going to happen,” without clarifying what it meant by consolidating “this into one thing.” It then asked whether the parties objected to “this,” to which the parties answered in the negative. Not once during this colloquy did the court explicitly state that it intended to dispose of all the issues on the
merits or that it was proceeding under Rule 65(a)(2).
The court’s contradictory and vague statements do not satisfy “the overriding requirement [of] indisputably clear notice” of the court’s intention to consolidate the preliminary injunction hearing with a trial on the merits.
Caribbean Produce,
893 F.2d at 5. Indeed, statements less ambiguous than those voiced by the district court have been held to be inadequate.
See, e.g., AttorneyFirst, LLC v. Ascension Entm’t, Inc.,
144 Fed.Appx. 283, 290 (4th Cir.2005) (per curiam) (unpublished) (holding that the comment that “the preliminary injunction stage, if I do it right, will be the end of the fight,” did not “constitute[ ] the kind of clear and unambiguous notice required by Rule 65(a)(2)”);
Woe v. Cuomo,
801 F.2d 627, 629 (2d Cir.1986) (concluding that the court’s “oblique references ... to the dispositive nature of the proceedings,” including the statement that it wanted “to finally close this case ... [o]nce and for all, at least at this level,” did not provide adequate notice);
Pughsley,
463 F.2d at 1056-57 (holding that a court’s instruction for counsel to put on “your total case” did not provide adequate notice of consolidation, as “[p]laintiffs’ counsel could reasonably have understood the judge as merely requiring a presentation ... of the remainder of plaintiffs’ ‘total case’ in support of their pending motion [for a preliminary injunction]”). From the court’s statements, the parties reasonably could have understood, as ALC claims that it did, that only the issue of injunctive relief was before the court, and that by “consolidation,” the court meant that it would treat the preliminary injunction hearing as a permanent injunction hearing.
Lamex suggests that we may infer the requisite notice from the district court’s summary of the issues before it as “one, what kind of intervention this [court] can have in the context of the relations between these parties as it pertains to Law 75,” and two, “whether there is any issue with the payment that is due and owing supposedly.” These comments, however, do little to clarify the scope of the issues actually at stake. By “what kind of intervention this [court] can have in the context of the relations between these parties as it pertains to Law 75,” the court reasonably could be understood as pondering whether it could provide injunctive relief
without
addressing the Law 75 issues. Nor could the reference to “the payment that is due and owing supposedly” be construed unambiguously as notice of consolidation. That comment came on the heels of defendants’ renewal of its motion for judgment on partial findings,
see
Fed.R.Civ.P. 52(c), in which they argued that because they had already acknowledged their debt and
consigned money to the local court, Lamex could not meet the irreparable harm prong of the four-part test for a preliminary injunction.
Alone or in context, these statements do not constitute indisputably clear notice of the court’s intent to resolve all the issues on the merits.
2. No Implicit Waiver of the Jury Trial Right
Given the court’s failure to provide indisputably clear notice of consolidation, it becomes far more difficult for Lamex to argue that ALC implicitly waived its right to a jury trial. We have held that “active participation both leading up to and during [a] bench trial,” combined with a failure to “specifically object to the lack of a jury,” amounts to a waiver of the jury trial right.
CoxCom,
536 F.3d at 111. This rule of waiver-by-conduct reflects our judgment that a losing party who has been accorded an opportunity to present its full ease before a court should not be allowed to “reassert[ ] a right to trial by jury after a bench trial.”
Id.; see also Royal Am. Managers, Inc. v. IRC Holding Corp.,
885 F.2d 1011, 1018 (2d Cir.1989) (adopting the implicit waiver rule because “[i]t would be ‘patently unfair’ and, ‘in effect, [an] ambush [of the] trial judge on appeal’ if appellant were allowed ‘to lodge an early demand for a jury,’ participate in a bench trial without objection, and then assign as error the failure to honor the jury demand” (second and third alterations in original) (quoting
United States v. 1966 Beechcraft Aircraft Model King Air A90,
777 F.2d 947, 951 (4th Cir.1985)) (internal quotation marks omitted)).
ALC’s behavior during the hearing simply was not consistent with Lamex’s assertion that ALC “fully and vigorously” participated in what it understood to be a bench trial on all the remaining legal issues.
Venture Tape,
540 F.3d at 63 (quoting
1966 Beechcraft Aircraft Model King Air A90, 111
F.2d at 951). To the contrary, because it was not clearly notified of the court’s intent to adjudicate all of the issues on the merits, ALC conducted itself as though it were participating in a preliminary injunction hearing. During the January 27 proceeding, ALC acquiesced to liberal rules of evidence and procedure. It only called one witness and presented two exhibits, neither of which were in direct support of its claim that Lamex could be held liable as a principal under Law 75.
Indeed, ALC conducted minimal discovery in the barely one-month-long period between the commencement of the federal suit and the injunction hearing; prior to the hearing, ALC had not even deposed a single representative of Lamex or George’s.
In arguing its initial Rule 52(c) motion, ALC framed its argument in terms of the four-pronged test for preliminary injunc
tions.
Additionally, when arguing that Lamex lacked a probability of succeeding on the merits, ALC specifically pointed out that “there is a hearing on the state case that is scheduled for February 7.” Finally, in renewing its motion at the end of the hearing, ALC argued that “injunction is a remedy for a person to claim a right when there is no other alternative,” and that this equitable remedy was not necessary here because the parties would soon be trying their Law 75 case in state court. From these statements, it is evident that ALC understood that the Law 75 issue was not being litigated fully during the injunction hearing but instead would be resolved at a later point, either before a jury in federal court or as part of its multi-million-dollar state lawsuit.
3. Summary
Neither the status of the jury trial right nor the protections afforded it by the courts or the Federal Rules is diminished when a district court employs the consolidation mechanism provided by Rule 65(a)(2). In fact, the rule explicitly requires that even when consolidation is ordered, “the court must preserve any party’s right to a jury trial,” Fed.R.Civ.P. 65(a)(2), and appellate courts have held that a party’s agreement to a properly noticed “ ‘consolidation of trial on the merits with a hearing for a preliminary injunction by itself in no way amounts to a waiver of the right to jury trial.’ ”
New Windsor Volunteer Ambulance Corps, Inc. v. Meyers,
442 F.3d 101, 120 (2d Cir.2006) (quoting
Heyman v. Kline,
456 F.2d 123, 130 (2d Cir.1972));
see also Bowles v. Bennett,
629 F.2d 1092, 1095 (5th Cir.1980) (noting that “[e]ven assuming that plaintiffs’ counsel had agreed to consolidate ..., that, alone, would not be an express waiver of the right to jury trial”). Where, as here, the district court fails to provide indisputably clear notice of its intent to consolidate, with the effect that a party does not understand itself to be participating in a trial on the merits and conducts itself accordingly, we cannot infer a waiver of the jury trial right.
See Royal Am. Managers,
885 F.2d at 1018 (“Of course, a party should not be held, by reason of its participation in the nonjury proceedings, to have waived the jury trial right unless the party was ‘on notice that the trial court was planning to adjudicate the dispositive issues of fact.’ ” (quoting
1966 Beechcraft Aircraft Model King Air A90,
777 F.2d at 951));
see also White v. McGinnis,
903 F.2d 699, 703 (9th Cir.1990). This is not a situation in which a losing party is “attempting a second bite at the apple.”
CoxCom,
536 F.3d at 111. Rather, ALC has not even had its first full bite.
We conclude that the district court erred in failing to provide indisputably clear notice of its intent to consolidate under Rule 65(a)(2) and, in so doing, abrogated ALC’s right to a jury trial. Accordingly, we vacate the court’s judgment with respect to the claims for declaratory judgment and to pierce the corporate veil and remand for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. Because ALC conceded the amount and existence of the debt owed
to Lamex, we affirm the district court’s monetary judgment in favor of Lamex.
B. Discovery-Related Sanctions
Appellant challenges the district court’s order imposing sanctions upon it for its failure to comply with discovery obligations. District courts have “first-line authority for case-management decisions.”
Torres v. Puerto Rico,
485 F.3d 5, 10 (1st Cir.2007). We therefore “step softly” when reviewing the imposition of sanctions, intervening only when there has been an abuse of discretion.
Id.
(quoting
United States v. One 1987 BMW 325,
985 F.2d 655, 657 (1st Cir.1993)).
Pursuant to its authority under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 16(f) and 37(b)(2), the court ordered ALC to pay the costs and attorney’s fees Lamex incurred in the deposition of Audeliz Lebrón. It did so upon finding that Lebrón was non-responsive to the questions of Lamex’s counsel during his deposition, and that through his vexatious conduct he “placed obstacles to the taking of the deposition in violation of the Rules [of Civil Procedure].” Here, as below, appellant attempts to justify Lebrón’s behavior by asserting that he only refused to answer questions that he thought were beyond the scope of the deposition.
This representation is belied by the deposition transcript, which shows that Lebrón was obstructionist and hostile to Lamex’s counsel’s most benign questions.
Additionally, as the district court pointed out in its sanctions order, it did not order limited discovery and thus Lebrón and ALC had no grounds to believe that the deposition was limited in scope. Finally, even if ALC or Lebrón had justifiable concerns regarding the scope of the deposition, the Federal Rules provide a way for them to register those objections without holding up the deposition.
See
Fed. R.Civ.P. 30(c)(2). Given Lebrón’s behavior, the district court was well within its discretion in imposing sanctions.
III.
For the reasons set forth, we
affirm
the court’s imposition of sanctions against ALC;
affirm
the court’s monetary judgment in favor of Lamex;
vacate
the court’s judgment with respect to Lamex’s claims for a declaratory judgment and to pierce ALC’s corporate veil; and
remand
for proceedings consistent with this opinion. Each party shall bear its own costs on appeal.
So ordered.