2022 IL App (2d) 210499-U No. 2-21-0499 Order filed August 26, 2022
NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23(b) and is not precedent except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(l). ______________________________________________________________________________
IN THE
APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS
SECOND DISTRICT ______________________________________________________________________________
JUDITH LAMBROS, CATHLEEN ) Appeal from the Circuit Court BOURDAGE, NICHOLAS M. UMANO, ) of De Kalb County. CYNTHIA KROGH, and JO UMANO, ) ) Plaintiffs-Appellants, ) ) v. ) No. 17-CH-4 ) MICHAEL A. UMANO, Individually and as ) Trustee of the Eunice Umano Declaration of ) Trust Dated March 10, 1992, ) Honorable ) Bradley J. Waller, Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge, Presiding. ______________________________________________________________________________
PRESIDING JUSTICE BRIDGES delivered the judgment of the court. Justices Birkett and Brennan concurred in the judgment.
ORDER
¶1 Held: The trial court erred in excluding plaintiffs’ testimony regarding their observations of their mother’s physical and mental condition under the Dead Man’s Act. The trial court erred in barring documentary evidence under the Dead Man’s Act and entering a directed finding as to plaintiffs’ undue influence claim. The trial court did not err in denying admission of a Rule 1006 summary and in entering a directed finding against plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty and conversion claims. Therefore, we affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand.
¶2 At issue in this appeal are the trial court’s entry of a directed finding as to plaintiffs’ breach
of fiduciary duty, undue influence, and conversion claims; and the propriety of the trial court’s 2022 IL App (2d) 210499-U
evidentiary rulings, including the exclusion of evidence under the Dead Man's Act (735 ILCS 5/8-
201 (West 2020)). For the reasons below, we find the trial court erred in entering a directed finding
on plaintiffs’ undue influence claim and the trial court erred in excluding certain evidence under
the Dead Man's Act; but not on their fiduciary duty and conversion claims. Therefore, we reverse
in part, affirm in part, and remand.
¶3 I. BACKGROUND
¶4 Defendant, Michael A. Umano (Michael), and plaintiffs, Judith Lambros (Judy), Cathleen
Bourdage (Cathy), Nicholas M. Umano (Nick Jr.), Cynthia Krogh (Cindy), and Jo Umano (Jo),
are the adult children of Nick L. (Nick Sr.) and Eunice Umano (Eunice), whose estate is at issue.
After Nick Sr.’s death in 2003, Eunice moved into Michael’s home. Michael was named as
Eunice’s agent under two powers of attorney: a successor trustee to the Eunice Umano Declaration
of Trust (trust), and executor to her will. He was also made a joint tenant with right of survivorship
on her Fifth Third Bank checking account. The children were all equal contingent beneficiaries
under the trust. Under the terms of Eunice’s will, the children would divide her personal property
equally among themselves, and the remainder of the estate would pour over into the trust. Eunice
suffered a stroke on February 23, 2016. She passed away on August 8, 2016.
¶5 Plaintiffs filed the instant complaint on January 10, 2017, sounding in breach of fiduciary
duty, undue influence, conversion, and a petition to compel an accounting. They alleged essentially
that Michael was in possession and control of all trust and estate property but had failed to make
appropriate distributions; that on March 25, 2016, after Eunice’s stroke, Michael caused Eunice to
execute a change to her IRA beneficiary designation to give himself a 57% share of the
distribution; and that he charged Eunice excessive rents to live in his home, made her pay a portion
of the property taxes on the home, and otherwise converted her funds to his benefit.
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¶6 The matter proceeded to a two-day bench trial commencing on July 27, 2022. In their case
in chief, plaintiffs Jo, Cathy, Judy, and Cynthia were called as witnesses.
¶7 Jo testified as follows. Around March 1, 2003, shortly after Nick Sr.’s death, the siblings
met at Eunice’s home to discuss her future care. The meeting took place in the kitchen, but Eunice
did not wish to take part in the conversation and went with Cindy’s husband, Dr. Pete Krogh (Pete),
to the living room. She was separated by a door and hallway and took no part in the conversation.
After discussing the matter, the siblings came to an agreement. Jo and Michael would be added as
cosigners to some of Eunice’s accounts. Eunice’s home would be sold and afterward she would
move into Michael’s basement. Michael’s mother-in-law, Rita, was currently living with him and
his family, and had paid around $80,000 to $90,000 to add an addition onto Michael’s home, which
she used as her apartment. Eunice would pay a similar amount to renovate the basement into an
apartment for herself. The understanding was that Eunice would use the basement apartment as
her “home base” and spend time at the other sibling’s homes as she pleased. However, that did not
come to pass, as Michael made it difficult for her to visit the others by refusing to make
arrangements, reschedule doctor’s appointments, or take Eunice to the airport. There was also an
agreement that Eunice would not have any more out-of-pocket costs to live with Michael or the
other siblings.
¶8 Eunice’s house was sold in March 2004, with Jo handling the sale, and Eunice moving in
with Michael. Shortly after Eunice moved in, Jo was removed from Eunice’s accounts. On
November 26, 2009, Jo called and emailed Michael to ask that she be added back onto Eunice’s
checking account. He said that he would do so, but never did.
¶9 In December 2010, Rita passed away. During a phone conversation with Michael around
that time, Michael remarked that because of Rita’s death, Eunice would have to pay a greater
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portion of the utilities and property taxes to pick up the slack. This was the first time Jo learned
that Eunice was paying for utilities or property taxes, as that was not part of the original agreement.
From 2011 to 2015, Jo requested that Michael send her Eunice’s tax returns, which he refused to
do. In October 2012, Jo and Cindy called Eunice’s financial advisor, Mr. Cannan to try and get
information regarding Eunice’s finances. Afterward Michael called them yelling and swearing
irately about the matter. On March 10, 2016, Jo and Cindy visited Eunice at her apartment in
Michael’s home.
¶ 10 Cathy testified consistently with Jo’s testimony regarding the March 2003 meeting at
Eunice’s home. She had been balancing Eunice’s checkbook for around two years before Eunice
moved in with Michael. Afterward it became difficult because she was not getting all of the
information she needed. She asked Michael for it, but he told her not to worry about it as he was
tracking it online.
¶ 11 Judy testified that around the fall of 2010, she had a conversation with Eunice’s financial
advisor, Cannan, regarding approximately $200,000, which was no longer in her mother’s
accounts. This was around the time Michael’s family had gone on a cruise. She called Michael to
inquire about how the cruise was paid for, because Michael had previously told her that he had
paid for it, but she now believed Eunice had paid for the cruise. She also inquired regarding a
$36,000 CD that was missing. Michael replied that it was none of her business how their mother
spent her money.
¶ 12 Cindy testified consistently with Jo regarding the March 2003, meeting. She further
testified as follows. Sometime in late 2009, she became concerned regarding money that was being
taken from her mother’s accounts, and she called Cannan to discuss the matter. Later she received
a phone call from Michael telling her she was not allowed to talk to Cannan regarding Eunice’s
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finances. Around December 2010, after Rita died, Cindy met with Michael at his home, and she
asked if he was paying his wife, Joan Umano (Joan), to take care of Eunice. He said that he was
because Joan deserved it, and it was only $10 per hour. Cindy maintained that the siblings had not
previously discussed paying Joan to take care of Eunice.
¶ 13 There was a meeting on August 14, 2016, after Eunice’s funeral. Cindy, Jo, Pete , Michael,
and Joan were present. There was a discussion regarding the IRA beneficiary designation, and
Michael said, “Yes, I did that. I’m sorry. I’m going to make it right. I’ll try to talk to Mr. Cannan
but I think it’s too late now that Mom died but I will make it right for all of you. I don’t know why
I did that.” Michael then began crying and was very upset. On cross-examination Cindy testified
that there was some discussion between Michael, Jo, and herself regarding the expenses Eunice
was paying to Michael. Eventually they agreed that $400 per month was reasonable. It is not clear
when this conversation took place.
¶ 14 The record reflects that the Dead Man’s Act presented a near-constant issue during the
plaintiffs’ testimony, and their testimony was severely circumscribed as a result. Plaintiffs made
the following offers of proof regarding their testimony which was ultimately precluded by the
Dead Man’s Act. Jo, Cathy, Judy, and Cindy would testify that sometime on June 26, 2011, there
was a meeting with an elder law attorney in Aurora. Jo, Michael, Cathy, Judy, and Eunice were
present. Cindy had called in via speaker phone. Cathy and Cindy wanted to have an attorney
appointed to Eunice to review her finances. The attorney would agree to do so only if they could
speak with Eunice privately. Michael objected and the meeting ended.
¶ 15 Jo and Cindy would testify that between March 10 and 18, 2016, after Eunice’s stroke, they
visited Eunice at Michael’s home. Jo observed that Eunice could not talk or swallow. They
attempted to play cards, but Eunice could not hold the cards. They tried to play several games, but
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Eunice could not understand directions. She could not understand what was being said to her, was
unable to open her hands, and could not have signed a document.
¶ 16 Plaintiffs also sought to admit several financial documents into evidence, consisting
primarily of statements from the joint Fifth Third Bank checking account shared by Eunice and
Michael, copies of checks from that same account, statements from Eunice’s Fifth Third Bank
credit card, and statements from Michael and Joan’s joint Chase bank account. The trial court
barred admission of these documents on the basis that they represented transactions undertaken or
directed by Eunice, and thus were barred under the Dead Man’s Act.
¶ 17 Michael was called as an adverse witness and testified as follows. Eunice had a stroke on
February 23, 2016. He does not recall what kind of stroke or speaking with any of Eunice’s doctors.
He recalled depositing a check for $8980 from Eunice’s IRA account in the joint Fifth Third Bank
account after Eunice’s death. He used that money to pay his attorneys. Likewise, Michael’s
testimony was limited by the application of the Dead Man’s Act.
¶ 18 At the close of plaintiffs’ case Michael moved for a directed finding on all counts. The trial
court denied the motion for directed finding as to count I (entitled “Accounting”). With the
exception of the $8980 of the trust’s funds used to pay Michael’s attorneys, the trial court granted
the motion as to counts II and III (entitled “Undue Influence, Conversion and Breach of Fiduciary
Duty”). In so ruling, the court found plaintiffs had not established the elements of conversion, nor
had they established that Michael owed plaintiffs a fiduciary duty during Eunice’s life. Therefore,
the court did not need to address the breach and undue influence issues.
¶ 19 After the court ruled on the motion for directed finding, Michael testified on his own behalf
that apart from the $8980, the money left in the Fifth Third Bank joint checking account was used
to pay medical bills arising from Eunice’s final illness and funeral luncheon.
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¶ 20 The trial court then found in favor of plaintiffs as to count I and ordered an accounting.
The court also found that the majority of the litigation related to Michael’s activities prior to
becoming trustee; namely, the cost of the litigation, did not properly fall upon the trust. As such
the court ordered the remittance of the $8980, less the one sixth share Michael was entitled to under
the trust.
¶ 21 Plaintiffs timely appealed.
¶ 22 II. ANALYSIS
¶ 23 Plaintiffs raise the following arguments on appeal: (1) Jo and Cindy should have been
permitted to testify as to Eunice’s physical and mental condition following her stroke, because her
condition was a “status” rather than an “event” and therefore was not barred by the Dead Man’s
Act; (2) the trial court erred when it barred plaintiffs’ documentary evidence, as the Dead Man’s
Act applies only to testimony, (3) Michael and Joan’s bank account records were relevant to
determining whether Michael misappropriated funds for his benefit and therefore should have been
admitted; (4) the trial court erred when it did not admit plaintiffs’ Illinois Rule of Evidence 1006
(eff. Jan. 1, 2011) summary of Eunice’s income; and (5) notwithstanding the evidence which was
erroneously excluded, plaintiffs submitted sufficient evidence to state a prima facie case for each
of their claims and therefore the trial court erred in entering a directed finding in favor of Michael.
Conversely, Michael maintains that even if the excluded evidence were admitted, plaintiffs would
not have been able to establish a prima facie case to avoid the directed finding. We will first
address whether the entry of directed finding was appropriate.
¶ 24 A. Directed Finding
¶ 25 Section 2-1110 of the Code of Civil Procedure (735 ILCS 5/2-1110 (West 2020)) provides
that in all cases tried without a jury, a defendant may move for a finding or judgment in their favor
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at the close of plaintiff’s case. In ruling on such a motion, the trial court must first determine
whether the plaintiff has presented a prima facie case by showing at least some evidence to support
each element of their claim. People ex rel. Sherman v. Cryns, 203 Ill. 2d 264, 275 (2003). If the
plaintiff has failed to establish a prima facie case, the trial court should grant the motion. Kokinis
v. Kotrich, 81 Ill. 2d 151, 155, (1980). If however, the plaintiff has provided at least some evidence
as to each element of their claim, the trial court then moves to the second prong, and must consider
all the evidence, including evidence favorable to the defendant. Cryns, 203 Ill. 2d at 275-76. The
court must then consider whether, in light of all the evidence, any of the plaintiff’s evidence has
been negated and whether there is still evidence to establish a prima facie case. Id. Motions for
directed findings granted under the first prong of the analysis are reviewed de novo, whereas
motions granted under the second prong will not be reversed unless they are against the manifest
weight of the evidence. Id. In the instant case, the trial court’s findings were made at the first stage,
and our review is de novo.
¶ 26 1. Breach of Fiduciary Duty
¶ 27 “[I]n order to state a claim for breach of fiduciary duty, it must be alleged that a fiduciary
duty exists, that the fiduciary duty was breached, and that such breach proximately caused the
injury of which the plaintiff complains.” Neade v. Portes, 193 Ill. 2d 433, 444 (2000).
¶ 28 The conduct at issue all occurred during Eunice’s lifetime. The complaint alleged that
Michael owed plaintiffs a fiduciary duty as trustee of the trust and executor of Eunice’s will. The
children were all contingent beneficiaries under the terms of the trust, taking equal shares of the
trust property upon Eunice’s death. While the children were only contingent beneficiaries to the
trust during Eunice’s life, “[a] trustee owes the same fiduciary duty to a contingent beneficiary as
to one with a vested interest in so far as necessary for the protection of the contingent beneficiary’s
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rights in the trust property.” Burrows v. Palmer, 5 Ill. 2d 434, 440 (1955). During Eunice’s life she
was the trustee and Michael was successor trustee. Michael would succeed to the role of trustee
only in the event of Eunice’s resignation as trustee, death, or inability to manage her affairs. The
trust laid out the circumstances under which Eunice would be deemed unable to manage her affairs:
“I shall be considered to be unable to manage my affairs if I am under a legal
disability or by reason of illness or mental or physical disability am unable to give prompt
and intelligent consideration to financial matters, and the determination as to my inability
at any time shall be made by Nick L. Umano, my husband, and my physician, or the
survivor of them, and the trustee may rely upon written notice of that determination.”
Under the terms of the trust Michael was Nick Sr.’s survivor. No evidence was presented that
Eunice resigned her position, or that steps were taken to have her declared legally disabled, or that
Michael and her physician determined that she was unable to manage her affairs. As such, there is
no evidence that Michael succeeded to the role of trustee prior to Eunice’s death and, therefore, no
evidence establishing a fiduciary duty to plaintiffs.
¶ 29 As executor, Michael would owe his siblings a fiduciary duty as the beneficiaries of
Eunice’s estate. In re Karavidas, 2013 IL 115767, ¶ 42. However, plaintiffs cite no authority for
the proposition that an executor owes a duty to the beneficiaries of an estate during the testator’s
lifetime, nor are we aware of any. As plaintiffs have otherwise failed to establish that Michael
owed them a fiduciary duty, the trial court properly directed out their breach of fiduciary duty
claim. Further, none of the contested evidence serves to establish a fiduciary duty, and therefore
even if it were admissible, it would not have affected the directed finding.
¶ 30 2. Undue Influence
¶ 31 While typically discussed in relation to the procurement of a will, a claim for undue
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influence may be used to set aside a variety of conveyances such as leases (La Salle National Bank
v. 53rd-Ellis Currency Exchange, Inc., 249 Ill. App. 3d 415, 418-19 (1993)), deeds (Sears v.
Vaughan, 230 Ill. 572, 592 (1907)), prenuptial agreements (Kosakowski v. Bagdon, 369 Ill. 252,
260 (1938)), stock purchase agreements (Marvel of Illinois, Inc. v. Marvel Contaminant Control
Industries, Inc., 318 Ill. App. 3d 856, 859 (2001)), a transfer-on-death designation to a bank
account (In re Estate of Elias, 408 Ill. App. 3d 301, 321 (2011)), purported gifts of personal
property (id.), and trusts (Kelley v. First State Bank of Princeton, 81 Ill. App. 3d 402, 414 (1980)).
“What constitutes undue influence cannot be defined by fixed words and will
depend upon the circumstances of each case. [Citation.] The exercise
of undue influence may be inferred in cases where the power of another has been so
exercised upon the mind of the testator as to have induced him to make a devise or confer
a benefit contrary to his deliberate judgment and reason. [Citation.] Proof
of undue influence may be wholly inferential and circumstantial. [Citation.]” In re Estate
of Hoover, 155 Ill. 2d 402, 411-12 (1993).
One circumstance under which a presumption of undue influence will arise is where, “(1) a
fiduciary relationship exists between the testator and a person who receives a substantial benefit
from the will, (2) the testator is the dependent and the beneficiary the dominant party, (3) the
testator reposes trust and confidence in the beneficiary, and (4) the will is prepared by or its
preparation procured by such beneficiary.” DeHart v. DeHart, 2013 IL 114137, ¶ 30. The
presumption that a child has exercised undue influence over a parent may be rebutted only by clear
and convincing evidence. In re Estate of Henke, 203 Ill. App. 3d 975, 981 (1990).
¶ 32 Michael was an agent to Eunice under two powers of attorney. One was executed on March
10, 1992, naming him as successor agent to Nick Sr. and one was executed on November 22, 2011.
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As a matter of law, as her agent under a power of attorney, Michael owed Eunice a fiduciary duty.
Estate of Alford v. Shelton, 2017 IL 121199, ¶ 22 (“An individual holding a power of attorney is a
fiduciary as a matter of law.”). “The mere existence of a fiduciary relationship prohibits the agent
from seeking or obtaining any selfish benefit for himself, and if the agent does so, the transaction
is presumed to be fraudulent.” Spring Valley Nursing Center, L.P. v. Allen, 2012 IL App (3d)
110915, ¶ 12. “Under a power of attorney for property, ‘any conveyance of the principal’s property
that either materially benefits the agent or is for the agent’s own use is presumed to be fraudulent.’
” Estate of Alford, 2017 IL 121199, ¶ 23 (quoting Spring Valley, 2012 IL App (3d) 110915, ¶ 12).
“Once a fraudulent transaction has been alleged, the burden then shifts to the agent to prove by
clear and convincing evidence that the transaction was fair and did not result from his undue
influence over the principal.” Id.
¶ 33 Plaintiffs argue that Michael exercised undue influence in three areas: he caused Eunice to
change her IRA beneficiary designation to give himself 57% of the proceeds, he caused the
creation of a right of survivorship in Eunice’s Fifth Third Bank account for his benefit, and he
generally used Eunice’s money during her life to his own benefit such as by having her pay a
portion of his property taxes.
¶ 34 a. IRA Beneficiary Designation
¶ 35 Plaintiffs maintain that under the terms of Eunice’s power of attorneys, Michael had the
ability to conduct trust transactions and designate beneficiaries. Two IRA designations were
entered into evidence: one from May 8, 2007, which designated Michael, Kathy, Jo, Cindy, and
Judy as beneficiaries in equal share, and another from March 25, 2016 (after Eunice’s stroke),
which designated 57% of the proceeds to Michael. Plaintiffs maintain that because the second
designation materially benefited Michael, that designation is presumed to be fraudulent.
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¶ 36 Plaintiffs have established as a matter of law that Michael owed his mother a fiduciary
duty. Eunice had lived in Michael’s home since 2004, and after her stroke, Michael and Joan were
responsible for her care, placing Michael in a dominant position. Eunice clearly reposed trust and
confidence in Michael. She named him as her agent under her power of attorneys, named him as
executor of her estate, and named him as successor trustee to the trust. Understandably, this was
the sticking point regards the procurement and preparation of the IRA designation. “The
presumption of undue influence arises not from the mere fact of a fiduciary relationship, but from
participation in procuring execution of the will.” Anthony v. Anthony, 20 Ill. 2d 584, 587 (1960).
¶ 37 There was some evidence that Michael assisted in procuring the new IRA designation.
Cindy testified that after Eunice’s funeral She, Jo, Pete, Michael, and Joan met at Michael’s house.
She testified that Michael was confronted regarding the beneficiary designations in the IRA and
said, “Yes, I did that. I’m sorry. I’m going to make it right. I’ll try to talk to Mr. Cannan but I think
it’s too late now that Mom died but I will make it right for all of you. I don’t know why I did that.”
As to this issue, plaintiffs did establish a prima facie case for undue influence based on the
evidence admitted at trial.
¶ 38 b. Creation of Joint Account with Right of Survivorship
¶ 39 Plaintiffs argue that there is likewise a presumption of fraud which attaches to the addition
of Michael to Eunice’s Fifth Third account as a joint tenant with a right of survivorship. Michael
maintains that this position is both incorrect and forfeited as it was not raised in the trial court and
no evidence was presented regarding the creation of the joint account or right of survivorship. We
agree that the issue is forfeited as plaintiffs never made this argument at trial. However, as the
presumptions attached to the account are relevant to our discussion of the transactions made
involving the account, we will briefly consider the matter. Klaine v. Southern Illinois Hospice
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Services, 2016 IL 118217, ¶ 41 (forfeiture is a limitation on the parties, not the reviewing court).
¶ 40 “At the creation of a statutory joint tenancy, a presumption of donative intent arises and a
party claiming adversely to the instrument creating the joint account has the burden of proving by
clear and convincing evidence that a gift was not intended.” In re Estate of Harms, 236 Ill. App.
3d 630, 634 (1992). “A lack of knowledge as to the purpose for creation of a survivorship account
is insufficient as a matter of law to overcome the presumption of donative intent.” Id. at 635.
However, a presumption of fraud attaches to gifts made to one who stands as a fiduciary to the gift
giver. Id. at 639.
¶ 41 Against this background, there are countervailing presumptions: (1) that as fiduciary to his
mother, any gift from Eunice to Michael is presumptively fraudulent, and (2) donative intent is
presumed from the creation of a joint tenancy with right of survivorship, unless clear and
convincing evidence of a lack of donative intent is shown. Id.1 Under normal circumstances, the
countervailing presumptions “first establish each of the parties’ prima facie obligation[s] and
second negate the necessity for conclusive rebuttal evidence, leaving the trial court free to make a
determination based on the facts and credibility of witnesses.” Id. at 640. However, in instances
where the joint account is created after the fiduciary relationship began, the presumption of fraud
is greater. In re Estate of Rybolt, 258 Ill. App. 3d 886, 890 (1994).
1 Additionally, while Michael never testified so himself, defense counsel argued that if
required, Michael would testify that all transactions stemming from the joint account were used to
pay for things for Eunice, or to reimburse Michael for things he had purchased for her. This would
tend to indicate that the account was what is known as a “convenience account” rather than a true
joint account. See In re Estate of Harms, 236 Ill. App. 3d at 634.
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¶ 42 In this instance, we do not know when the joint account was created or under what
circumstances, as no evidence was presented on that point. Accordingly, we cannot say whether
Michael participated in the procurement of the account or the right of survivorship. Therefore,
even if plaintiffs’ arguments were not forfeited, plaintiffs failed to establish a prima facie case for
undue influence as it related to the creation of the joint account. Furthermore, none of the barred
evidence served to further illuminate this point.
¶ 43 c. Inter Vivos Transactions
¶ 44 There was some evidence produced at trial that Eunice was paying certain household
expenses for Michael. For one, Jo and Michael discussed that Eunice was paying a portion of
Michael’s utilities and property taxes. There was also limited testimony that Eunice had paid for a
family cruise. Further there was testimony that Michael was paying Joan to provide care for Eunice
after her stroke. These transactions were all to Michael’s benefit at a time when he was acting as
a fiduciary to Eunice and therefore were presumptively fraudulent. Spring Valley, 2012 IL App
(3d) 110915, ¶ 12. Under these circumstances plaintiffs did in fact establish a prima facie case for
undue influence as it relates to the inter vivos expenditures from Eunice’s funds for his benefit.
¶ 45 3. Conversion
¶ 46 As for plaintiffs’ conversion claim, they maintain that because the second IRA designation
and right of survivorship are presumptively fraudulent, this constitutes evidence that Michael
wrongfully assumed ownership over those funds. Further, the fact that plaintiffs were the prior
beneficiaries to those funds is evidence of their rights to immediate possession.
¶ 47 “To prove conversion, a plaintiff must establish: (1) that he or she has a right to the
property; (2) that he or she has an absolute and unconditional right to the immediate possession of
the property; (3) that he or she made a demand for possession; and (4) that the defendant
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wrongfully and without authorization assumed control, dominion, or ownership over the property.”
Kovac v. Barron, 2014 IL App (2d) 121100, ¶ 97. “There must be a concurrence both of the right
of property, general or special, and of the actual possession, or the right to immediate possession,
and this concurrence must exist at the time of the conversion.” Union Stock Yard & Transit Co. v.
Mallory, Son & Zimmerman Co., 157 Ill. 554, 561 (1895). At the time the beneficiary designation
and right of survivorship were created, the plaintiffs had no immediate right to possess any of the
funds at issue. Accordingly, there can be no conversion, and the trial court’s entry of a directed
finding was appropriate.
¶ 48 B. Admissibility of Evidence
¶ 49 Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred when it refused to admit the following evidence
under the Dead Man’s Act: testimony from Jo and Cindy regarding Eunice’s physical and mental
condition following her stroke; and plaintiffs’ exhibits 6, 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D, 6E, 7, 8, 15, 16A, 16B,
and 19 (which consisted of bank account statements from Eunice and Michael’s joint account,
copies of checks from that account, bank statements from Michael and Joan’s Chase account, and
statements from Eunice’s credit card account). Plaintiffs also argue that plaintiffs’ exhibit 26, a
summary made under Illinois Rule of Evidence 1006, should have been admitted into evidence.
¶ 50 1. Jo and Cindy’s Testimony
¶ 51 Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in barring Jo and Cindy’s testimony regarding
Eunice’s physical and mental condition following her stroke, as the testimony did not relate to an
event within the meaning of the Dead Man’s Act.
¶ 52 Michael argues that the proposed testimony amounted to allegations that when Jo and
Cindy visited Eunice, she was unable to or did not perform certain physical acts. Michael maintains
that these would amount to events under the Dead Man’s Act.
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¶ 53 The Dead Man’s Act provides that,
“In the trial of any action in which any party sues or defends as the representative
of a deceased ***, no adverse party or person directly interested in the action shall be
allowed to testify on his or her own behalf to any conversation with the deceased *** or to
any event which took place in the presence of the deceased ***.” 735 ILCS 5/8-201 (West
2020).
“The purposes of the Act are to protect decedents’ estates from fraudulent claims and to equalize
the position of the parties in regard to the giving of testimony.” Gunn v. Sobucki, 216 Ill. 2d 602,
609 (2005). “The Dead-Man’s Act is intended to remove the temptation of a survivor to testify to
matters that cannot be rebutted because of the death of the only other party to the conversation or
witness to the event, but it is not intended to disadvantage the living.” Balma v. Henry, 404 Ill.
App. 3d 233, 238 (2010). Hence, the Act bars testimony that a specific event took place (e.g., a
payment was made) as well as testimony that a specific act did not take place (e.g., no payment
was made). Gunn, 216 Ill. 2d at 612. A trial court’s decision to exclude evidence under the Dead
Man’s Act is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 609. “An abuse of discretion occurs only
when the trial court’s decision is arbitrary, fanciful, or unreasonable or where no reasonable person
would take the view adopted by the trial court.” Seymour v. Collins, 2015 IL 118432, ¶ 41.
¶ 54 In support of their argument plaintiffs cite Hartman v. Townsend, 169 Ill. App. 3d 111
(1988). Hartman involved an action by an estate to recover monies given to a motel owner by the
decedent. Id. at 113. The motel owner’s wife testified that prior to their marriage she had lived
with the decedent. Id. at 114 On review, the court held that the fact the wife had lived with the
decedent was not an event within the meaning of the Deadman’s Act. Id. at 117. In making that
holding the court expressed that moving in together could constitute an event but the continued
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relations were “more of a ‘status’ than a ‘happening’ or an ‘occurrence.’ ” Id. The court in Hartman
relied on the definition of “event” as defined in Black’s Law Dictionary 498 (5th ed. 1979): “ ‘The
consequence of anything; the issue or outcome of an action as finally determined; that in which an
action, operation, or series of operations, terminates. Noteworthy happening or occurrence.
Something that happens. Distinguished from an act in that an act is the product of the will whereas
an event is an occurrence which takes place independent of the will such as an earthquake or flood.’
” Id. at 116.
¶ 55 Plaintiffs maintain that the testimony regarding Eunice’s condition is a status as discussed
in Hartman, whereas Defendant maintains that the testimony describes actions that Eunice either
did or did not perform and were therefore events.
¶ 56 There is little case law on the issue of what constitutes an event for the purposes of the
Dead Man’s Act, but we find guidance in the decision of In re Estate of Sewart, 274 Ill. App. 3d
298 (1995). There the plaintiff was the wife of the decedent’s long-time friend, and she and her
husband would visit the decedent on a weekly basis. Id. at 309. She would clean his home while
she was there. Id. The plaintiff brought an action against decedent’s estate seeking a declaration
that an oral contract had been reached between the decedent, her husband, and herself where in
exchange for services rendered, they would receive a legacy from the decedent. Id. at 300. The
decedent’s estate had asserted that the Dead Man’s Act precluded the plaintiff from testifying to
conversations with the decedent. Id. at 305. On cross-examination, the defendants questioned her
regarding the decedent’s activities between 1981 and his death in 1985:
“[S]pecifically, whether [the decedent] was able to walk, speak, write, talk on the
telephone, do his own banking, and drive a car. The plaintiff was further questioned on
cross-examination as to whether [the decedent] ate at restaurants; whether he cooked for
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himself; whether he was able to dress himself; whether he played golf; whether he took
care of his own financial affairs and paid his own bills; and whether he was under any
mental handicap. Finally, the plaintiff was asked whether [the decedent] would call her
husband when he needed something and also when he did not need things.” Id.
The plaintiff argued that this questioning effectively waived the Dead Man’s Act and that she
should be permitted to testify to her conversations with the decedent pursuant to subsection (a) of
the Dead Man’s Act. Id. 304-05. Subsection (a) of the Dead Man’s Act provided, “If any person
testifies on behalf of the representative to any conversation with the deceased *** to any event
which took place in the presence of the deceased ***, any adverse party or interested person, if
otherwise competent, may testify concerning the same conversation or event.” 735 ILCS 5/8-
201(a) (West 1994).
¶ 57 On review the court held that,
“contrary to the plaintiff’s contentions, the questions posed to the plaintiff by the
defendants on cross-examination did not elicit testimony regarding her conversations with
[decedent] or events that took place in his presence. The questions highlighted by the
plaintiff show that she was asked general questions about [decedent] based upon
her observations of him. She was not asked about any specific conversations she had had
with [decedent], and, more specifically, she was not asked about any conversations
between [decedent] and herself regarding [decedent’s] relationship with her husband or his
testamentary intent.” Sewart, 274 Ill. App. 3d at 306.
¶ 58 The key takeaway from the Sewart decision is that testimony regarding the witness’s
observations and impressions of the decedent is permissible so long as it does not touch on specific
conversations or events. Jo and Cindy’s observations stem from a single visit with Eunice, as
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opposed to the years of weekly visits in Sewart or the four-to-five-year relationship in Hartman.
We do not believe, however, that this should act as a total bar to their testimony. The trial court
barred Jo and Cindy’s testimony regarding the visit with Eunice as an event which occurred in
Eunice’s presence. While we agree that any testimony as to what was said at that visit, or any
specific occurrences is barred by the Dead Man’s Act; Jo and Cindy should be permitted to testify
to their general impressions of Eunice’s mental and physical condition based upon that visit. For
these reasons we find that the trial court abused its discretion by barring Jo and Cindy’s testimony
in its entirety.
¶ 59 We recognize that because Jo and Cindy’s observations are based on a single visit, the line
between general observations and specific occurrences is a fine one. On remand they should be
allowed to testify as to their general observations of Eunice after her stroke, but the questions and
answers on remand, by necessity, must be limited so as to exclude discussion of specific acts or
occurrences. For example, in their offer of proof plaintiffs represented that Jo and Cindy would
testify that they tried to play card games with Eunice. Such testimony would constitute an event
and therefore is inadmissible.
¶ 60 2. Documentary Evidence
¶ 61 Plaintiffs argue that the trial court erred in excluding certain documentary evidence under
the Dead Man’s Act. These documents consisted generally of bank account statements from
Eunice and Michael’s joint account, copies of checks from that account, bank statements from
Michael and Joan’s Chase account, and statements from Eunice’s credit card account. Plaintiffs
argue that under the plain language of the Dead Man’s Act the disqualification of evidence is
limited to testimony. Michael maintains that the contested documents represent financial
transactions, and that a check or draft is not merely a document, but a financial instrument prepared
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by the drafter instructing the financial institution to pay that amount. Thus, they are statements by
the deceased as well as events for purposes of the Dead Man’s Act. Michael further argues that
even if the documents themselves were not barred by the Dead Man’s Act, plaintiffs could not
establish proper foundation for the documents, as the foundational testimony would be barred by
the Act. Likewise, he argues that any testimony regarding the underlying transactions would be
barred by the Act, rendering the admission of the documents of little to no probative value.
¶ 62 The construction of a statute is a question of law and is reviewed de novo. Sperl v. Henry,
2018 IL 123132, ¶ 23. The primary goal of statutory interpretation is to ascertain and give effect
to the intent of the legislature. Ryan v. Board of Trustees of the General Assembly Retirement
System, 236 Ill. 2d 315, 319 (2010). The best indication of the legislature’s intent is the plain
language of the statute itself. Id. In determining the plain meaning of statutory language, the court
looks to the statute as a whole, the subject it addresses, and the apparent intent of the legislature.
People v. Perry, 224 Ill. 2d 312, 323 (2007). Where the statutory language is clear and
unambiguous, it must be applied without resorting to additional tools of statutory interpretation.
Benzakry v. Patel, 2017 IL App (3d) 160162, ¶ 74. “We are not at liberty to depart from the plain
language and meaning of the statute by reading into it exceptions, limitations or conditions that
the legislature did not express.” Petersen v. Wallach, 198 Ill. 2d 439, 446 (2002).
¶ 63 The plain language of the Dead Man’s Act specifically bars testimony. See 735 ILCS 5/8-
201 (West 2020). The Act in no way precludes the admission of documentary evidence amounting
to business records that are otherwise admissible under the rules of evidence. The fact that the
documents represent transactions involving Eunice, does not automatically render them
inadmissible under the Dead Man’s Act.
¶ 64 Further, while we agree with Michael that the Dead Man’s Act can bar foundational
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testimony and thus preclude admission of documentary evidence (see In re Estate of Miller, 189
Ill. App. 3d 171, 177 (1989) (cassette tape containing phone messages from decedent was barred
because a proper foundation as to when the messages were left could not be laid in light of that
testimony being barred by the Dead Man’s Act)), that issue was never reached by the trial court.
Even taking the Dead Man’s Act into account, there may have been avenues in which a foundation
could conceivably have been laid for such documents, e.g., through Illinois Rule of Evidence 902
(eff. Sept. 28, 2018), or Michael’s testimony.
¶ 65 We also do not agree with Michael’s assertion that no testimony could be elicited regarding
the documents. First, several of the checks appear to have been written by Michael, and while
some of those checks would presumably have been drafted at the direction of Eunice, such that
testimony as to those instructions would be barred by the Dead Man’s Act, some of the checks
may not have been, and in any event the trial court needed to hear that before applying the Dead
Man’s Act.
¶ 66 Additionally, as discussed supra, as Eunice’s agent under her power of attorney, Michael
owed her a fiduciary duty as a matter of law and any transaction to his benefit would have been
presumptively fraudulent. Consequently, any payments to Michael or Joan from Eunice would be
presumptively fraudulent, without any further context. Likewise, any transactions which were
obviously to Michael’s benefit would also be presumptively fraudulent. For example, there are
checks made out to the De Kalb County Collector, which in light of the testimony regarding
conversations between Michael and his siblings, it is reasonable to infer that the checks were for
the payment of property taxes on Michael’s home. While the Dead Man’s Act may ultimately
render the purpose of many of these transactions unknowable, there are some which could
potentially be used to prove plaintiffs’ claims. Therefore, the trial court erred in ruling that the
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exhibits were per se inadmissible under the Dead Man’s Act as events which occurred in Eunice’s
presence. On remand the trial court should consider the admissibility of the exhibits anew in light
of this court’s ruling.
¶ 67 3. Plaintiffs’ Exhibit 8
¶ 68 With regard to plaintiffs’ exhibit 8, the statements from Michael and Joan’s joint bank
account, plaintiffs make the additional argument that, if we find that the trial court barred exhibit
8 as irrelevant, then the trial court was in error as the bank statements are relevant. We do not find
that the trial court barred exhibit 8 as irrelevant. The following exchange was held at the trial court
regarding the admissibility of exhibit 8.
“THE COURT: Michael and Joan Joint Chase account.
MR. LUNDGREN [(defense counsel)]: I just— I guess it depends on why it’s being
offered, but I would—I don’t know why it’s relevant. I mean, to the extent that it’s going
to be offered to show negotiation of checks from Eunice, that would be my objection.
MR. CRONAUER [(plaintiffs’ counsel)]: And these are all on CDs, Judge, so.
THE COURT: Well, it’s a joint account so it’s as much hers as it is his.
MR. CRONAUER: Yes.
THE COURT: So I’m going to be consistent.”
The trial court then denied the admission of plaintiffs’ exhibit 8. While defense counsel brought
up the issue of relevance, it is clear from the context that the trial court’s ruling was based on the
Dead Man’s Act. The trial court had just denied admission of the plaintiffs’ exhibits 6 through 7
on the basis that they represented transactions undertaken by Eunice and were barred by the Dead
Man’s Act. The court’s comment that it was going to be consistent makes it clear that the basis for
denying plaintiffs’ exhibit 8 was that the bank statements might reflect transactions involving
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Eunice. Therefore, we need not reach the issue of relevance.
¶ 69 4. Rule 1006 Summary
¶ 70 Finally, plaintiffs argue the trial court erred in refusing to admit plaintiffs’ exhibit 26, a
Rule 1006 summary regarding Eunice’s income. Illinois Rule of Evidence 1006 allows for the
creation of a chart, summary, or calculation where the contents of an original document are
voluminous and cannot be conveniently examined in court. Ill. R. Evid. 1006 (eff. Jan. 1, 2011).
Plaintiffs’ exhibit 26 purports to be a summary of Eunice’s annual income as derived from her
IRA distributions and Social Security benefits.
¶ 71 The trial court denied the admission of plaintiffs’ exhibit 26 on the basis that the IRA
distributions were already in evidence and it did not see why Eunice’s social security benefits were
relevant to the issue of damages. It is also worth noting that Eunice’s social security benefits were
not in evidence and had not been provided to opposing counsel or the court. See People v.
Wiesneske, 234 Ill. App. 3d 29, 41-42 (1992) (“The language of [Federal Rule Evidence 1006],
though, does not require that the original voluminous material be introduced into evidence; rather
it merely requires that the summarized material be made available to the opposing party.”).
¶ 72 We see no basis for overturning the decision of the trial court. This was a bench trial, and
the trial court was in the best position to know what documents would be helpful in reaching its
decision. Whether to admit evidence is within the discretion of the trial court. Schultz v. Northeast.
Illinois Regional Commuter R.R. Corp., 201 Ill. 2d 260, 296 (2002). If the trial judge believed this
summary would not be helpful during his deliberations, we will not force it upon the court.
¶ 73 III. CONCLUSION
¶ 74 For the reasons stated, we affirm the De Kalb County circuit court’s entry of a directed
finding on plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty and conversion claims, and the ruling denying
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admission of plaintiffs’ exhibit 26, and reverse the entry of a directed finding on plaintiffs’ undue
influence claim, the ruling barring Jo and Cindy’s testimony as to Eunice’s mental and physical
condition after her stroke, the ruling barring admission of plaintiffs’ exhibits 6, 6A, 6B, 6C, 6D,
6E, 7, 8, 15, 16A, 16B, and 19, and remand for further proceeding consistent with this order.
¶ 75 Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.
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