MR. CHIEF JUSTICE BRANTLY
delivered the opinion of the court.
Action for personal injuries alleged to have been suffered by plaintiff through the negligence of the defendants. The defendants Berthelote, Crossan and Watters were at the time of the accident members of the board of county commissioners of Hill county, and the defendant Neilson was the county bridge foreman. At about 8 o’clock on the evening of October 7, 1918, James Laird, accompanied by the plaintiff, his wife, was driving a Ford car from Joplin, Liberty county, to Havre, Hill county, to enable the plaintiff to take the early morning train on the Great Northern Railroad from that place to La Crosse, Wisconsin, she having been called thither by telegram informing her of the death of a friend. A short distance south of Gildford, in Hill county, the road along which they were traveling crosses Sage Creek by means of a bridge. At this point the road extends north and south. The bridge being old, and somewhat out of repair, work had been begun by defendant Neilson, by direction of the board of commissioners to build a new one in its place. To accommodate the public during the progress of the operations, a temporary bridge had been constructed over the creek a short distance to the west of the old bridge, and it was made available for use by a temporary road connecting it with the public road fifty or sixty feet south of the old bridge. On the approach to the bridge to the left of one coming from the south, and twelve feet distant from the bridge, was a pile-driver, the frame of which extended toward the east to about the middle of the road. The approach was made of earth. A trench, variously estimated by plaintiff’s witnesses to be from two and a half to four feet in width and from four to six feet in depth, had been dug during the operations entirely across it im[127] mediately south of the pile-driver, the purpose of it being to facilitate the driving of piles for the abutmept of the new bridge. The earth from the trench had been thrown on the north side, making an embankment from two and a half to three feet high. Some piles had been driven toward the west end of the trench which projected somewhat above the surface. To the east the trench was open: There was room for a vehicle to pass the pile-driver and reach the bridge by turning to the east side of the beaten track of the roadway. The car was driven by Laird, the plaintiff sitting in the front seat by his side. He approached the bridge from the south, failing to observe the temporary road as well as the trench, with the result that the front wheels of the car went into the trench. The plaintiff was thrown out on the east side, suffering a fracture of the tibia of her right leg immediately below the knee, and also injury to the ligaments of her right thumb.
It is charged in the complaint that after the removal of a portion of the bridge by digging the trench the defendants negligently and carelessly omitted to place a barrier, signal or warning of any description thereon, or near by, sufficient to give notice to the public of the existence of the trench, thus leaving it entirely unguarded; that plaintiff had no knowledge of the operations in progress to repair the bridge or of the existence of the trench, and that by reason of this negligence of the defendants the ear in which plaintiff was riding ran into the trench in such a manner that the plaintiff was thrown violently to the ground and sustained the injuries complained of.
The defendants deny all the allegations in the complaint charging them with negligence, and allege that plaintiff was guilty of contributory negligence precluding her right of recovery. There was issue by reply. A trial to a jury resulted in a verdict against all of the defendants for the sum of $1,500. They have appealed from the judgment and an order denying their motions for a new trial.
[128] The principal contention made by counsel for defendants is that the judgment cannot be upheld for the reason that the evidence introduced by plaintiff discloses affirmatively and as a matter of law that her own negligence was a proximate cause of her injury. In this connection contention is also made that it is clear that the husband .was guilty of negligence, and hence that his negligence must be imputed to the plaintiff. This argument proceeds upon the theory that, as there was no evidence tending to show that the plaintiff was a passenger for hire, the conclusion must follow either that her husband was her agent, or that the two were engaged in a joint enterprise. For the purpose of this case it may be conceded, without deciding, that the husband was guilty of negligence. It does not therefore follow, however, that plaintiff was guilty of - negligence, or that her husband’s negligence should be imputed to her on either theory advanced by counsel. It is true that there is no controversy in the evidence as to these facts: That the car was an ordinary Ford car; that it was in good order; that the plaintiff sat in the front seat at the right' of her husband, who was driving at a rate of speed not exceeding six miles per hour, with his foot on the brake; that the lights were in good order, and were burning, casting their rays to the.distance of 100 feet in advance of the car; that a car moving at the rate of speed at which this one was moving could have been stopped within a distance of five or six feet; that the pile-driver occupied a part of the beaten track of the road, and that a person in plaintiff’s position might have observed the trench and the bank of earth on the opposite side of it. The plaintiff testified: “When we were approaching the pile-driver, both Mr. Laird and I noticed it at the same time and spoke of it. We both became very cautious about that time. * * * I could not tell you the speed of the car when we saw the pile-driver, but we were going very slow, because we didn’t know that they were repairing the bridge, but we knew it was a bridge there, and we were going down [129] an incline, and we were going carefully. We might have been going faster than an ordinary walk, because usually, if a car is going at all, it goes as fast as a walk. I don’t think we were goifig any faster than five or six miles an hour. When I saw the pile-driver in the road, I thought that something might happen. I don’t know if Mr. Laird thought the same thing, but we saw there was danger there. There was sufficient warning so that we knew there was danger ahead, and with that in mind we crawled along very cautiously. * * * When we saw the pile-driver, I think he turned out in order to get past it, but I don’t know if both the wheels were off the main driveway in order to get past the pile-driver. I don’t know whether or not we passed the pile-driver before we went into the ditch. ® * * I was not driving the car, and I was frightened, so I don’t know just whether we passed the pile-driver or not. We knew that we had quite a place to go through. If we couldn’t get through I thought there was danger ahead, and was very anxious to make it. I was anxious to make the train at 2 o’clock, although when we left Joplin we both talked it over that we would go into Havre very slow and carefully because we had until that time in the morning to make the train. ® * * I didn’t see the ditch, and we don’t know whether or not it went clear across the main driveway of the road. I was looking ahead across the bridge. =::< * =::= lights were working in good shape on the car that night. We were going down hill when we went into the the ditch. * * * I couldn’t say just how far ahead the lights were shining at that time. You know, the lights are quite good on an ordinary Ford car.”
No person other than plaintiff and her husband witnessed the accident. The testimony of Laird agreed in all substantial particulars with that of the plaintiff. Neither observed the road leading to the temporary bridge to the west. Both could observe, as they approached it, that the old bridge was still in place, for there was' a light beyond it toward the north [130] which, enabled them to observe the side railings. Both had recently passed over it. Neither had knowledge that it was undergoing repairs other than such as might have been suggested by the presence of the pile-driver or the bank*of earth, if they observed it. Both testified that there was neither a visible barrier nor light to indicate that anything out of the ordinary had occurred since they had passed that way, and also that there was ample room to pass to the right of the pile-driver and gain the bridge without leaving the beaten track of the roadway. The pile-driver occupying a part of the road probably did not do more than suggest to plaintiff that there might be danger beyond it after she had observed that there was no barrier across the road, and that there was ample room to pass it. Considering these admitted facts, we do not think they justify a conclusion, as a matter of law, that plaintiff was herself guilty of negligence. She had been summoned by telegram to be present at the burial of a friend. As is usually the case under such circumstances, the husband was assisting her at her request to reach the train at Havre. She was doubtless affected more or less by her feelings of grief for the loss of her friend, and therefore was perhaps not fully alive to the surroundings. And the facts that the husband was at the wheel, that they were traveling over a public road, and .that even he was not under obligations to keep a sharp lookout for extraordinary dangers, certainly she could not be expected to do so. She was not in control of the 'car, nor was she directing the driving. She was therefore not personally chargeable with the manner of doing it nor with the responsibility of directing how it should be done. We think the question whether she was exercising due care, though she failed to observe the trench and the bank of earth and call her husband’s attention to them, was to be answered by the jury.
Counsel cite and rely on the case of Sherris v. Northern Pacific Ry. Co., 55 Mont. 189, 175 Pac. 269. This case is [131] clearly distinguishable in its facts from those in the instant ease. There a young man was injured in a collision of a car in which he was being driven by a companion, with a railway train while crossing the railway yards, a place known to be dangerous. It was held that a verdict in favor of the railway company was justified by the evidence on the theory that the plaintiff himself was guilty of contributory negligence, the evidence disclosing that he was fully aware of the danger, had the same opportunity to notice the approach of the train as had his companion, and relied on his own efforts to protect himself. Here no known danger confronted the plaintiff. The circumstances were not sufficient to arouse in her mind more than a surmise that there might be danger. In her own w.ords: “"When I saw the pile-driver in the road, I thought that something might happen. I don’t know if Mr. Laird thought the same thing, but we saw there was danger there.” From the reading of her testimony as a whole, the danger which she had in mind, it is not unreasonable to infer, was what she apprehended from the apparent partial obstruction of the roadway by the pile-driver.
It follows from what has been said above that, conceding that Laird was not exercising due care in approaching the bridge, his negligence does not preclude plaintiff’s recovery.
Mr. Thompson, in his Commentaries on the Law of Negligence, after discussing the subject of imputed negligence as applied to a passenger riding in a private conveyance by the invitation of the driver, declares it to be the rule generally recognized by the great weight of authority that the negligence of the driver is not generally imputed to the passenger if the latter has no duty of control over the former, and no reason to suspect any want of care, skill or sobriety on his part. The author also recognizes that this rule does not always absolve the passenger from taking such precaution for his own safety as under the particular circumstances are reasonable. If, for example, the “passenger is riding by the side of the [132] driver in an open carriage, and the driver on approaching a railway track fails to make use of his own faculties if a train is approaching, then it is a reasonable suggestion that the passenger ought to call his attention to the circumstances and remonstrate with him, or, if necessary to his own safety, leave the vehicle.” (Volume 1, secs. 502, 503.) This exception to the general rule was recognized and applied by this court in the ease of Sherris v. Northern Pacific Ry. Co., supra. "With reference to husband and wife, the author says: “Although there are a few holdings to the contrary, mostly in jurisdictions where the doctrine of imputed negligence is recognized, yet there is no ground in reason or justice growing out of the marital relations for making a different rule from the one just discussed, for the case where a wife has committed her safety to her husband—as where she is riding in a vehicle and he is driving—than in any other case; and the weight of authority is that in such a case, the negligence of the husband is not imputed to the wife.” (1 Thompson on Negligence, sec. 504.)
In the case of Reading Township v. Telfer, 57 Kan. 798, 57 Am. St. Rep. 355, 48 Pac. 134, the facts were that the wife was injured while riding with her husband in a vehicle over a defective highway. Although it had appeared that the ride had been taken at the solicitation of the wife, the court held that the fault of the husband was not to be imputed to the wife, although the sexes are recognized by the law as standing upon the same level, saying: “By the universal sense of mankind, a privilege of management, a superiority of control, a right of mastery on such occasions is accorded to the husband, which forbids the idea of a co-ordinate authority, much less a supremacy of command, in the wife. His physical strength and dexterity are greater; his knowledge, judgment, and discretion assumed to be greater; all sentiments and instincts of manhood and chivalry impose upon him the obligation to care for and protect his weaker and confiding com[133] panion; and all these justify the assumption by him of the labors and responsibilities of the journey, with their accompanying rights of direction and control. The special facts of cases may show the wife to be the controlling spirit, the active and responsible party, and the husband an agent, or even a mere passenger; but, in eases where such facts are not shown, the court must presume, in accordance with the ordinary, almost universal, experience of mankind, that the husband assumed and was allowed the responsible management of the journey.” To the same effect was the holding in Williams v. Withington, 88 Kan. 809, 129 Pac. 1148. The following authorities are sufficient to illustrate the prevailing view announced by the courts on the subject: Shultz v. Old Colony Street Ry. Co., 193 Mass. 309, 118 Am. St. Rep. 502, 9 Ann. Cas. 402, 8 L. R. A. (n. s.) 597, and note, 79 N. E. 873; Cotton v. Willmar & S. F. R. Co., 99 Minn. 366, 116 Am. St. Rep. 422, 9 Ann. Cas. 935, 8 L. R. A. (n. s.) 643, and note, 109 N. W. 835; Little v. Hackett, 116 U. S. 366, 29 L. Ed. 652, 6 Sup. Ct. Rep. 391; Southern Ry. Co. v. King, 128 Ga. 383, 119 Am. St. Rep. 390, 11 L. R. A. (n. s.) 829, 57 S. E. 687; Louisville Ry. Co. v. McCarthy, 129 Ky. 814, 130 Am. St. Rep. 494, 19 L. R. A. (n. s.) 230, 112 S. W. 925; Babbitt on the Law Applied to Motor Vehicles (Blackmore ed.), secs. 1019-1023; 29 Cyc. 542, 543; 20 R. C. L., pp. 151, 158, 163. In Sherris v. Northern Pacific Ry. Co., supra, this court approved the rule as stated by Mr. Justice Rugg in Shultz v. Old Colony Street Ry. Co., supra, as founded upon sound principle and supported by almost all the courts throughout the United States, after expressing disapproval of the rule announced by the courts of Michigan and Wisconsin, which was followed by this court in the early case of Whittaker v. City of Helena, 14 Mont. 124, 43 Am. St. Rep. 621, 35 Pac. 904. In view of the fact that the doctrine announced in that case is out of harmony with the almost unanimous opinion of the federal and state courts, this case is expressly overruled.
[134] It is contended that the defendants Berthelote, Crossan and "Watters cannot be held liable in their capacity as members of the board of county commissioners for the negligence of Neilson. The theory of counsel is that, being public officers, they cannot be liable for the default of Neilson though he was appointed by them as a board and occupies the position of county bridge foreman as their mere subordinate. It was held in the case of Smith v. Zimmer, 45 Mont. 282, 125 Pac. 420, that a county is not liable for injuries caused by a defect in a highway. In that case a majority of the members of this court were agreed that members of a board of county commissioners are chargeable with a negligence of one acting as road supervisor appointed by them and acting under their supervision and control, in failing to repair a defect in a public road caused by high water or to give seasonable warning to the public of its condition by the erection of barriers, etc., after notice of it. It will be noted, however, that upon rehearing the holding announced in the original opinion was rendered indecisive as to what character of notice would suffice to charge the members of the board. Though nothing specific was said on the subject, it is clear from the opinion that they were declared to be liable upon the theory that after notice they had been guilty of neglecting to perform their official duty by requiring the supervisor to do his duty, and that he was held to be personally liable for his own negligence in this regard. It was not suggested by anything said in the opinion with reference to his relation to the members of the board that he was their employee in the sense that he was their servant. Indeed, such was pot the fact. Though he was appointed by them, he was not their employee but an employee of the county, and paid by it for his services, just as Neilson was appointed and paid. “Public officers are not, as a general rule, liable for the acts of subordinates, even where such subordinates are employees rather than officers, except [135] where the negligence of such subordinates is attributable to the superior.” (29 Cyc. 1445.)
In 23 American & English Encyclopedia of Law, second edition, it is said: “It is a well-settled rule that a public officer is not responsible for- the acts or omissions of subordinates properly employed by or under him, for such subordinates are not in his private service but are themselves servants of the government, unless he has directed such acts to be done or has personally co-operated in the negligence. Such an officer is, however, liable for the misconduct and negligence in the scope of their employment of those employed by or under him voluntarily or privately or paid by or responsible to him.” The following cases announce the same doctrine: Colby v. City of Portland, 85 Or. 359, 166 Pac. 537; Skerry v. Rich, 228 Mass. 462, 117 N. E. 824; Lunsford v. Johnson, 132 Tenn. 615, 179 S. W. 151; 1 Thompson’s Commentaries on the Law of Negligence, sec. 601. The rule of the maxim “respondeat superior’’ applies only to the personal relation of master and servant, or principal and agent. The maxim is based upon the principle “that he who expects to derive advantage from an act which is done by another for him must answer for an injury which a third party may sustain.” (34 Cyc. 1673; 35 Cyc. 972; Donovan v. McAlpin, 85 N. Y. 185, 39 Am. Rep. 649; Stoddard v. Fiske, 35 Cal. App. 607, 170 Pac. 663.)
If these defendants can be held liable at all, they are to be held for their own negligence as public officers, not for that of Neilson who was not employed by them, but by the county, and before they, as officers, can be charged with negligence, they must have had notice of the dangerous condition created by the operations of Neilson. There is no suggestion in the evidence that they had actual notice, nor for what length of time it had existed, nor that they had ordered him to do the work in the way in which he was doing it. Indeed, it does not appear that Neilson had omitted to give ample warning [136] to the public by maintaining a light or barrier at any time prior to the night of the accident when his active operations had been temporarily suspended. The evidence in this behalf was wholly insufficient to require its submission to the jury, and the motion of these defendants for a nonsuit should have been sustained.
It is argued that the court erred in refusing to submit one instruction requested by the defendants. It does not appear from the record, however, that counsel reserved an exception to the action of the court in refusing to submit it. This court may not, therefore, review it. (See. 9349, Rev. Codes 1921.) It should be noted that this ease was tried in November, 1919, before the amendment of section 6784, Revised Codes of 1907, as appears in the latter part of section 9387, Revised Codes of 1921.
As to the defendant Neilson, the judgment and order are affirmed. As to the defendants Berthelote, Crossan and Watters, the judgment and order are reversed, and the district court is directed to render judgment dismissing the action.
Mr. Justice Galen concurs.