Ladjevardian v. Republic of Argentina
Opinion
16‐1958‐cv Ladjevardian v. Republic of Argentina
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT
SUMMARY ORDER
RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007 IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURTʹS LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION ʺSUMMARY ORDERʺ). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.
At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, on the 17th day of October, two thousand sixteen.
PRESENT: DENNY CHIN, SUSAN L. CARNEY,
Circuit Judges.
KATHERINE B. FORREST,
District Judge.*
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x MOHAMMAD LADJEVARDIAN, LAINA CORP., PENRIN SERVICES B.V.I., LAYMAN B.V., BAKA N.V., TROYTON CONSULTANTS LTD., SPHINX OVERSEA LTD., BLUEVIEW HOLDINGS LTD., JAHANSOOZ SALEH, Plaintiffs‐Appellants,
MEHDI SHARIFAN, KAMBIZ ANSARI, TIAL INC. B.V.I., MOZAFAR JANDAGHI, FARIDEH JANDAGHI, MOWDAR CORP., Plaintiffs,
v. 16‐1958‐cv
* Judge Katherine B. Forrest, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation.
THE REPUBLIC OF ARGENTINA, Defendant‐Appellee,
THE BANK OF NEW YORK MELLON, Non‐Party‐Appellee.
‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐ ‐x
FOR PLAINTIFFS‐APPELLANTS: JESSICA J. SLEATER, Andersen Sleater LLC, New York, New York.
FOR DEFENDANT‐APPELLEE: CARMINE D. BOCCUZZI, Michael M.
Brennan, Richard Freeman, Clearly Gottleib Steen & Hamilton LLP, New York, New York.
FOR NON‐PARTY‐APPELLEE: ERIC A. SHAFFER and Evan K. Farber, Reed Smith LLP, New York, New York.
Appeal from the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York (Griesa, J.).
UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the order of the district court is AFFIRMED.
Plaintiffs‐appellants (ʺappellantsʺ), who hold bonds issued by and judgments against defendant‐appellee the Republic of Argentina (the ʺRepublicʺ), appeal from a May 26, 2016 opinion and order of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York denying appellantsʹ motions for writs of execution and turnover orders directed at purported Argentine assets held by two non‐party financial institutions, JPMorgan Chase & Co. (ʺJPMʺ) and Bank of New York Mellon (ʺBNYMʺ).
BNYM intervenes as a non‐party in opposition to the appeal. We assume the partiesʹ familiarity with the underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal.
On February 5, 2016, the Republic announced a global proposal for settling the claims of all holders of outstanding defaulted Argentine bonds. Bondholders owning the vast majority of outstanding claims thereafter entered into settlement agreements with the Republic. Appellants did not. The district court authorized the Republic to issue additional bonds to raise the funds to pay the settlements. The Republic raised $9.371 billion.
On April 21, 2016, the Republic entered into a settlement trust agreement with BNYM (the ʺAgreementʺ), naming BNYM as trustee. The Agreement provided that on the closing date, BNYM would receive the proceeds from the bond sales and thereafter would hold the funds in trust for the benefit of the settlement beneficiaries. On April 26 and 29, 2016, appellants moved under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 69(a) for writs of execution and turnover orders against the Republic, JPM, and BNYM, pursuant to New York Civil Practice Law and Rules (ʺCPLRʺ) §§ 5225(b) and 5230, targeting the proceeds from the bond issuance that were ʺnot [being] used to payʺ settlements with other bondholders. Joint App. at 26‐29. In their reply brief to the district court below, appellants abandoned their claim to any assets held by JPM. The
district court denied their motion for a writ of execution and turnover order as to BNYM.1 Appellants argue that the district court (1) abused its discretion in determining that appellants are not entitled to a turnover order against the BNYM trust funds, (2) erred in determining that the trust funds were immune from execution under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act (ʺFSIAʺ), and (3) abused its discretion in denying appellantsʹ motion for discovery. Because we conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in denying the motion for a writ of execution and turnover order against BNYM, we need not address appellantsʹ FSIA argument.
We review a denial of a writ of execution and turnover order for abuse of discretion. See Aurelius Capital Partners, LP v. Republic of Argentina, 584 F.3d 120, 129 (2d Cir. 2009). CPLR § 5225(b) permits a judgment creditor to obtain assets that are owned by the judgment debtor but in the possession of a third party when two requirements are met: first, the judgment debtor has an interest in the property; and second, the judgment debtor is entitled to possess the property, or, in the alternative, the judgment creditorʹs rights are superior to those of the party in possession. Beauvais v. Allegiance Sec., Inc., 942 F.2d 838, 840 (2d Cir. 1991). Here, the district court correctly denied appellantsʹ motion for a writ of execution and turnover order because the Republic does
1 The district court noted that ʺJPMʹs only role in the bond issuance was as an initial purchaser of bonds for resale to its clients,ʺ and it did not receive any bond proceeds. Special App. at 5.
not have an interest in the trust funds, the Republic is not entitled to possess the trust funds, and the appellants do not have rights to the trust funds that are superior to BNYMʹs rights.
The Agreement provided that the Republic irrevocably assigned its ʺright to receive the full amount of the [proceeds from the bond sale] upon the closing . . . of the issuance of the New Bondsʺ to be held by the trustee for the benefit of the bondholders who had entered into settlement agreements. Joint App. at 185. It left the Republic without ʺany right, title or interest (including, for the avoidance of doubt, proprietary or reversionary interest) of any kindʺ in the proceeds. Id. at 187. This language is unambiguous, and appellantsʹ argument that the Republic has an interest in the trust funds is directly contradicted by the plain language of the Agreement. The BNYM account is not, as appellants suggest, an ordinary bank account, but a trust. See In re Doman, 890 N.Y.S.2d 632, 634 (2d Depʹt 2009) (express trust requires, inter alia, ʺactual delivery of the fund or property, with the intention of vesting legal title in the trusteeʺ (emphasis added)). BNYM is the trustee of the account, not the Republicʹs agent. Chauffeurs, Teamsters & Helpers, Local No. 391 v. Terry, 494 U.S. 558, 586 (1990) (Kennedy, J., dissenting) (ʺA trustee is not an agent. An agent represents and acts for his principal . . . . [A trustee] has no principal.ʺ (quoting Taylor v. Davis, 110 U.S. 330, 334‐35 (1884))). The Agreement does not require instruction from the Republic; it instructs BNYM to deliver the trust funds to the beneficiaries in accordance with the
Agreementʹs settlement procedures, and provides that BNYM can take or refuse to take action in its sole discretion.
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