Bletciher, L,
delivered the opinion of the court.
Appellees, who are children of William B. Craig, deceased, bring their suit for an injunction against appellant to restrain her from prosecuting an action of ejectment against tenants of appellees in possession of certain lands situated in Yalobusha county.
Both parties to the controversy deraign title from William B. Craig, who owned the land at the time of his death, in 1869. In November, 1871, Moore and Green were appointed administrators of the estate, and some time thereafter exhibited their bill in the chancery court, making all the heirs, some of whom were minors, parties defendant, asking, that the estate be declared insolvent and the lands sold to pay debts. On November 7, 1872, a decree was entered sustaining the prayer of the bill, declaring the estate insolvent, and directing the sale of the lands. This decree recited that “summons has been issued to’ and duly and legally served on the heirs at law and distributees of said estate;” and all these heirs are named in the decree. Prior to the rendition of this decree, a guardian ad litem had been appointed for the minor defendants, and an order made directing the issuance of process.
The decree of November 7, 1872, provided: “It is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed by the court that after first giving four weeks’ notice of the time, places, and terms of sale by advertisements put up in three places in the counties where the lands of said estate are situated, and also by publishing such [664]*664notice of sale once a week for four consecutive weeks in some newspaper published in such counties (or if none be there published, then in a newspaper published in the most convenient county to that in which the lands to be sold are situated)-. Said administrators shall at the times and places appointed, being within the counties where the lands are situated, sell at public vendue to the highest bidder at public outcry the lands designated and described in their said petition, and in addition thereto any and all other lands, tenements, and hereditaments belonging to the estate of their said intestate, William B. Craig, deceased, together with the reversion in fee of said estate in the lands allotted and set apart to the said Mary Jane Craig as dower. And that they do require the purchasers of said lands at said sales to pay one third of the purchase money in cash, one third in one year, and one third in two years from the day and date of sale, taking from said purchasers for the two deferred and credit payments bonds and securities, and, in addition to the bonds so taken from each purchaser for said credit payments, holding the lands liable and subject to a lien therefor.”
On February 8, 1875, a decree was entered by the chancery court confirming a sale of the lands by the administrators made pursuant to the decree of February 7, 1872, and in this decree it is recited that it appeared to the satisfaction of the court that “said sale was made, conducted, and concluded strictly in accordance with law, and that the directions prescribed in the decree of sale by this court have been followed,” etc.
It should be stated that, contemporaneously with these proceedings, the surviving widow of William B. Craig had applied to the court to have her dower interest allotted, and such regular and usual proceedings were had that the lands now in controversy were so allotted to Mrs. Craig, and she resided on this land continuously until her death in July, 1906. It will-be remembered that the decree of November 7, 1872, provided for the sale of the reversionary interest in the land allotted as [665]*665dower to tlxe surviving widow, and that the administrator’s sale was confirmed as aforesaid, in Febraary, 1875. One A. J. Black purchased the reversionary interest, and to this interest Mrs. Ladd, the appellant hei’e, succeeded. It will thus be seen that the attack is upon the sale made to Black by the administrators, Moore and Green. If this sale is void, the land belongs to the heirs of William B. Craig; if .the sale is to be upheld, Mrs. Ladd is the lawful owner of the reversionary estate, the life estate having terminated at the death of the life tenant, • Mrs. Craig.
The petition asking for the sale of the lands, the summons to the heirs to appear and contest the petition, and the report of the commissioners who made the sale, are all missing from the files, and their absence from the record is satisfactorily accounted for. There x*emain, however, the order directing process to issue, the decree ordering the sale and giving directions for its conduct, the decree confirming the sale, the final report of the administrators,- showing payment of the purchase money, and the deed which the administrators made to Black.
It was sought to impeach the validity of these proceedings by presenting parol proof that the defendants had never been served with process to answer the original petition. Whether this proof was competent and sufficient to overthrow the recitals in the decree, to the effect that all the interested parties had been regularly summoned, the chancellor thought it unnecessary to decide. For our part, we cannot hold that this parol testimony is sufficiently clear and convincing to contradict the decree. No good purpose will be subserved by pointing out in detail wherein lies the inherent weakness of this proof. We content ourselves with saying that, under all the authorities, the proof necessary to overthrow a decree must be clear, overwhelming, and convincing, and this proof falls far short of this strict and established standard.
It was thought by the chancellor that the consideration paid by Black was so grossly inadequate as to throw suspicion upon [666]*666the sale. But it must bo remembered that this sale was made .in that unsettled and troubled period in our history when land values were greatly reduced, a result attendant upon the political condition of our state. Then, too, the purchaser at this sale was buying subject to a life estate, which, in fact, postponed. for nearly thirty-five years his occupancy of the "premises. Considering the character of the times and the nature of the estate purchased, we cannot attach significance to the alleged inadequacy of the purchase price. Nor can we agree with the chancellor that there is no evidence in this record that the purchase price was paid. The decree confirming the sale recites that all the conditions imposed by the decree ordering the sale had been complied with, among which was the payment of one-third of the purchase money in cash and the execution of bond for the balance. Furthermore, if we look to the recitals of the deed made by the administrators to Black, we see that the purchase price of the lands bought by Black at the sale amounted to $921, and in the final account of the administrators they charge themselves with this identical sum as having been received from Black. We find no difficulty, therefore, in reaching the conclusion that the sale was made in good faith, after due notice to the parties, and that the purchase money was actually paid.
One other question remains to be considered. All the proceedings in this case were governed by the Bevised Code- of 1871, § 1038, which provided that sales of real estate, ordered by a decree of a court of chancery, shall be made “at such place and on such notice as may be directed in the decree, and if no direction shall be given, then at such place and on such notice as is required in case of sales under execution at law.” Sales of real estate under execution were required to be made at the county seat.
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Bletciher, L,
delivered the opinion of the court.
Appellees, who are children of William B. Craig, deceased, bring their suit for an injunction against appellant to restrain her from prosecuting an action of ejectment against tenants of appellees in possession of certain lands situated in Yalobusha county.
Both parties to the controversy deraign title from William B. Craig, who owned the land at the time of his death, in 1869. In November, 1871, Moore and Green were appointed administrators of the estate, and some time thereafter exhibited their bill in the chancery court, making all the heirs, some of whom were minors, parties defendant, asking, that the estate be declared insolvent and the lands sold to pay debts. On November 7, 1872, a decree was entered sustaining the prayer of the bill, declaring the estate insolvent, and directing the sale of the lands. This decree recited that “summons has been issued to’ and duly and legally served on the heirs at law and distributees of said estate;” and all these heirs are named in the decree. Prior to the rendition of this decree, a guardian ad litem had been appointed for the minor defendants, and an order made directing the issuance of process.
The decree of November 7, 1872, provided: “It is further ordered, adjudged, and decreed by the court that after first giving four weeks’ notice of the time, places, and terms of sale by advertisements put up in three places in the counties where the lands of said estate are situated, and also by publishing such [664]*664notice of sale once a week for four consecutive weeks in some newspaper published in such counties (or if none be there published, then in a newspaper published in the most convenient county to that in which the lands to be sold are situated)-. Said administrators shall at the times and places appointed, being within the counties where the lands are situated, sell at public vendue to the highest bidder at public outcry the lands designated and described in their said petition, and in addition thereto any and all other lands, tenements, and hereditaments belonging to the estate of their said intestate, William B. Craig, deceased, together with the reversion in fee of said estate in the lands allotted and set apart to the said Mary Jane Craig as dower. And that they do require the purchasers of said lands at said sales to pay one third of the purchase money in cash, one third in one year, and one third in two years from the day and date of sale, taking from said purchasers for the two deferred and credit payments bonds and securities, and, in addition to the bonds so taken from each purchaser for said credit payments, holding the lands liable and subject to a lien therefor.”
On February 8, 1875, a decree was entered by the chancery court confirming a sale of the lands by the administrators made pursuant to the decree of February 7, 1872, and in this decree it is recited that it appeared to the satisfaction of the court that “said sale was made, conducted, and concluded strictly in accordance with law, and that the directions prescribed in the decree of sale by this court have been followed,” etc.
It should be stated that, contemporaneously with these proceedings, the surviving widow of William B. Craig had applied to the court to have her dower interest allotted, and such regular and usual proceedings were had that the lands now in controversy were so allotted to Mrs. Craig, and she resided on this land continuously until her death in July, 1906. It will-be remembered that the decree of November 7, 1872, provided for the sale of the reversionary interest in the land allotted as [665]*665dower to tlxe surviving widow, and that the administrator’s sale was confirmed as aforesaid, in Febraary, 1875. One A. J. Black purchased the reversionary interest, and to this interest Mrs. Ladd, the appellant hei’e, succeeded. It will thus be seen that the attack is upon the sale made to Black by the administrators, Moore and Green. If this sale is void, the land belongs to the heirs of William B. Craig; if .the sale is to be upheld, Mrs. Ladd is the lawful owner of the reversionary estate, the life estate having terminated at the death of the life tenant, • Mrs. Craig.
The petition asking for the sale of the lands, the summons to the heirs to appear and contest the petition, and the report of the commissioners who made the sale, are all missing from the files, and their absence from the record is satisfactorily accounted for. There x*emain, however, the order directing process to issue, the decree ordering the sale and giving directions for its conduct, the decree confirming the sale, the final report of the administrators,- showing payment of the purchase money, and the deed which the administrators made to Black.
It was sought to impeach the validity of these proceedings by presenting parol proof that the defendants had never been served with process to answer the original petition. Whether this proof was competent and sufficient to overthrow the recitals in the decree, to the effect that all the interested parties had been regularly summoned, the chancellor thought it unnecessary to decide. For our part, we cannot hold that this parol testimony is sufficiently clear and convincing to contradict the decree. No good purpose will be subserved by pointing out in detail wherein lies the inherent weakness of this proof. We content ourselves with saying that, under all the authorities, the proof necessary to overthrow a decree must be clear, overwhelming, and convincing, and this proof falls far short of this strict and established standard.
It was thought by the chancellor that the consideration paid by Black was so grossly inadequate as to throw suspicion upon [666]*666the sale. But it must bo remembered that this sale was made .in that unsettled and troubled period in our history when land values were greatly reduced, a result attendant upon the political condition of our state. Then, too, the purchaser at this sale was buying subject to a life estate, which, in fact, postponed. for nearly thirty-five years his occupancy of the "premises. Considering the character of the times and the nature of the estate purchased, we cannot attach significance to the alleged inadequacy of the purchase price. Nor can we agree with the chancellor that there is no evidence in this record that the purchase price was paid. The decree confirming the sale recites that all the conditions imposed by the decree ordering the sale had been complied with, among which was the payment of one-third of the purchase money in cash and the execution of bond for the balance. Furthermore, if we look to the recitals of the deed made by the administrators to Black, we see that the purchase price of the lands bought by Black at the sale amounted to $921, and in the final account of the administrators they charge themselves with this identical sum as having been received from Black. We find no difficulty, therefore, in reaching the conclusion that the sale was made in good faith, after due notice to the parties, and that the purchase money was actually paid.
One other question remains to be considered. All the proceedings in this case were governed by the Bevised Code- of 1871, § 1038, which provided that sales of real estate, ordered by a decree of a court of chancery, shall be made “at such place and on such notice as may be directed in the decree, and if no direction shall be given, then at such place and on such notice as is required in case of sales under execution at law.” Sales of real estate under execution were required to be made at the county seat. Now, while the decree confirming the sale is silent as to the place where the sale was made, there being only a general recital that all the provisions of law and all the directions of the former decree had been complied with, [667]*667yet tlie deed executed to Black recited that the sale was made at Oakland, which we judicially know is not now, and has never been, the county seat of Yalobusha county. It may well be doubted whether this recital in the deed is of sufficient evidential value to overthrow the presumption that attends the correctness of the court’s decree, adjudging that the sale was made in conformity with law. As was said in Tate v. Bush, 62 Miss. 145, in a case where counsel for appellee conceded that the sale was made on the premises and not at the county seat: “If it be admitted that a legal'sale could not have been made except at the door of the courthouse, it yet remains true (in the absence of any statement in the report that the sale was made at any other place) that the time, manner, and place of. sale were necessarily involved in the hearing of the application to confirm, and the presumption must be indulged, even on direct appeal, that the decree was found upon sufficient evidence.”
However this may be, and conceding that there is competent and sufficient proof of which to predicate the conclusion that the sale was made elsewhere than at tthe county seat, we do not think this fact, in the light of the language quoted from the decree in the early part of this opinion, renders the sale void. It should be noticed that the statutes gives to the court ample power to name, in the first instance, a place other1 than the county seat where the sale should be had. The sale was not, therefore, held at a place prohibited by law> but at a perfectly proper place, provided the court had so designated. ■ It may be said that the decree in this case failed to designate a place, and that therefore no legal sale could have been made except at the county seat. The error in this argument is readily seen by an inspection of the language of the decree, which we shall -attempt to demonstrate a little later. Here we desire-to say, that, even if no directions had been given, there is respectable authority for upholding the decree. The Kentucky court of aiipeals puts it thus: “The judgment failing to designate the place where the sale should be made, the law required [668]*668the commissioner to make it at the door of the courthouse of the county in which the property was situated. But the sale having been made and reported, the court 'had jurisdiction to de: cide whether it had been made according to the law, and confirmation of the report was a decision that the sale had been so made; and, however, erroneous that decision may have been, the judgment of confirmation was not void.” Revill’s Heirs v. Claxon’s Heirs, 12 Bush, 558. Mr. Freeman reaches the same conclusion from a viewpoint slightly different from that assumed by the Kentucky court, when he says: “The object of the proceeding for confirmation is to furnish an opportunity for inquiry respecting the acts which have been done under the license to sell. The court may, if it deems best, ratify various irregularities in the proceedings. If the officer changed the terms of the sale, the court may ratify his action provided the terms, as charged, are such as the court had power to impose in the first instance.” Freeman on Void Judicial Sales, § M.
But there is a consideration akin to the ones just treated, but hot identical .with them, arising from the precise language of the statute and the precise language of the decree ordering the sale. The statute, let it be-observed, provides for a sale at the county seat only in the event that no directions as to the place of sale are given. The decree in this case, fairly considered, authorizes the administrators to name a place for the sale, and to give notice in the advertisement of the time and fact of sale at the place so selected by them. It cannot, therefore, be said that no directions whatever were given as to the place of sale. That function which might well have been performed by the court was committed to the administrators; in this case, officers and agencies of the court, moving only under the court’s direction. Their act in -selecting Oakland as the place of sale became the act of the court- when their report came in for scrutiny and approval by the court. The report being in all things confirmed, any irregularity in the sale on account of the place where it was made was cured by the action of the court in adopt[669]*669ing tbe selection wbicli the administrators had made, and which-thereby became as effectual to pass title as if selected by the court in the first instance. As is well said by the supreme court of Virginia: “Confirmation is the judicial sanction of the-court; and by confirmation the court makes it a sale of its own; and the purchaser is entitled to the full benefit of his contract, which is no longer executory but executed, and which will be enforced against him and for him.” Langyher v. Patterson et al., 77 Va. 470.
It follows from these views that the court below was in error in sustaining the bill of appellees and in dismissing the cross-bill of appellant, and the cause must be remanded for further-proceedings in accordance with this opinion.
Reversed and remanded.