NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0519n.06
No. 19-2366
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
KURT HAMMOND, ) FILED ) Sep 04, 2020 Plaintiff-Appellee, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) v. ) ) COUNTY OF OAKLAND, MICHIGAN, a ) ON APPEAL FROM THE Municipal Corporation; CHRISTOPHER ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT CADOTTE, JAMES SALYERS, and DAVID ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN WELCH, Deputies, in their individual capacities, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN jointly and severally, ) ) Defendants-Appellants. )
Before: ROGERS, KETHLEDGE, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. The facts of this case, as we are required to view them, are
that three Oakland County sheriff’s deputies pinned Kurt Hammond to the ground, handcuffed
him, and then ordered a police dog to bite him. The district court held that the deputies’ actions
violated Hammond’s clearly established constitutional rights, thereby precluding qualified
immunity. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
We take the district court’s view of the facts in the light most favorable to Hammond. See
Machan v. Olney, 958 F.3d 1212, 1213 (6th Cir. 2020). On December 3, 2016, a woman stabbed
Kurt Hammond in the chest, fled from his house, and called the police to report that Hammond
had raped her. Several deputies—including Christopher Cadotte and his dog, Odin—went to
Hammond’s house to investigate. Hammond was tending to his stab wound when he heard No. 19-2366, Hammond v. Oakland County, et al.
banging on the back door. He thought the woman’s friends had come to harm him, so he threatened
to call the police. The deputies responded, “We are the police!” Hammond told the deputies to
go to the front door, which he unlocked. Then Hammond “ran back into the bedroom” to continue
tending to his stab wound. The bedroom was out of the deputies’ sight, however, so they warned
Hammond to come back out or they would release Odin into the house.
Hammond says he never heard that warning. Instead, while he was treating his stab wound,
he looked up and saw Odin inside, barking to indicate Hammond’s location to the deputies.
Cadotte and deputies James Salyers and David Welch then entered the house as Hammond came
out of the bedroom, within arm’s length of the deputies. Cadotte tackled Hammond to the ground,
where Salyers and Welch pinned him down to restrain him with handcuffs. Hammond refused to
show his hands, however, because he was clutching bandages to his chest wound. The deputies
eventually rolled Hammond onto his stomach and handcuffed him. At that point, Hammond says
that he “heard some kind of foreign language,” and then Odin started “ripping [him] in the back.”
Seconds later, Hammond says that he heard “another foreign language,” and that Odin “changed
positions on [his] back” and bit him again, this time on the right foot. Hammond cried out in pain
and told the deputies that Odin was biting him, but, according to Hammond, the deputies replied
that Odin “ain’t doing nothing but holding you.” Odin then shifted from Hammond’s feet to his
legs, “chewing and chewing” while, according to Hammond, the deputies “stood by and let the
dog do what it wanted to do[.]” Hammond says that he then heard a deputy tell Odin to “stop or
something,” but the dog would not listen, even biting Cadotte in the process before finally being
brought to heel. The entire takedown lasted approximately 20 seconds. Afterward Hammond was
taken to a nearby hospital and treated for his injuries, including several broken bones in his foot.
-2- No. 19-2366, Hammond v. Oakland County, et al.
Hammond thereafter brought this claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that the deputies
used excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Hammond also sued Oakland County,
claiming that the County failed to have an effective dog policy and failed to train Odin. The
defendants moved for summary judgment, the deputies specifically on the basis of qualified
immunity. The district court denied the motion. This appeal followed.
We review de novo the legal aspects of the district court’s denial of qualified immunity.
Machan, 958 F.3d at 1214. Determinations of qualified immunity require us to answer two
questions: first, whether the officers violated a constitutional right; and second, whether that right
was clearly established in light of the specific context of the case. Id. We may address those
questions in whichever order we see fit. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). But our
jurisdiction is limited to the question whether the evidence, as considered by the district court in
the light most favorable to Hammond, shows a violation of his clearly established constitutional
rights. See Walker v. Davis, 649 F.3d 502, 503 (6th Cir. 2011).
Hammond first claims that the deputies violated “the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition on
the use of excessive force by arresting and investigating officers.” See Hayden v. Green, 640 F.3d
150, 153 (6th Cir. 2011). We analyze that claim based on “the perspective of a reasonable officer
on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386,
396 (1989). In doing so, we consider “the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect
pose[d] an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he [was] actively
resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Smoak v. Hall, 460 F.3d 768, 783 (6th Cir.
2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). When, “as here, a plaintiff claims that excessive force
was used multiple times, the court must segment the incident into its constituent parts and consider
-3- No. 19-2366, Hammond v. Oakland County, et al.
the officer’s entitlement to qualified immunity at each step along the way.” Wright v. City of
Euclid, 962 F.3d 852, 865 (6th Cir. 2020).
Here, the first segment came before the dog bites. The deputies had come to Hammond’s
house—an area unknown to them but familiar to Hammond—to investigate an allegation of rape.
See Matthews v. Jones, 35 F.3d 1046, 1051 (6th Cir. 1994). They had no idea whether Hammond
was armed, and his unusual behavior—namely, unlocking the door and immediately retreating out
of sight—only heightened their suspicions. See Matthews, 35 F.3d at 1051. They warned
Hammond that they would deploy Odin if he did not surrender himself, and though Hammond
says he did not hear the warning, the officers could not have known that on the scene. See id.
When the deputies finally encountered Hammond, he reappeared suddenly, within arm’s length of
the deputies, his hands not visible. Moreover, though the deputies ordered Hammond to show his
hands, Hammond admits that he refused. Thus, a reasonable officer could view Hammond’s
actions as threatening.
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NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION File Name: 20a0519n.06
No. 19-2366
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT
KURT HAMMOND, ) FILED ) Sep 04, 2020 Plaintiff-Appellee, ) DEBORAH S. HUNT, Clerk ) v. ) ) COUNTY OF OAKLAND, MICHIGAN, a ) ON APPEAL FROM THE Municipal Corporation; CHRISTOPHER ) UNITED STATES DISTRICT CADOTTE, JAMES SALYERS, and DAVID ) COURT FOR THE EASTERN WELCH, Deputies, in their individual capacities, ) DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN jointly and severally, ) ) Defendants-Appellants. )
Before: ROGERS, KETHLEDGE, and NALBANDIAN, Circuit Judges.
KETHLEDGE, Circuit Judge. The facts of this case, as we are required to view them, are
that three Oakland County sheriff’s deputies pinned Kurt Hammond to the ground, handcuffed
him, and then ordered a police dog to bite him. The district court held that the deputies’ actions
violated Hammond’s clearly established constitutional rights, thereby precluding qualified
immunity. We affirm in part and reverse in part.
We take the district court’s view of the facts in the light most favorable to Hammond. See
Machan v. Olney, 958 F.3d 1212, 1213 (6th Cir. 2020). On December 3, 2016, a woman stabbed
Kurt Hammond in the chest, fled from his house, and called the police to report that Hammond
had raped her. Several deputies—including Christopher Cadotte and his dog, Odin—went to
Hammond’s house to investigate. Hammond was tending to his stab wound when he heard No. 19-2366, Hammond v. Oakland County, et al.
banging on the back door. He thought the woman’s friends had come to harm him, so he threatened
to call the police. The deputies responded, “We are the police!” Hammond told the deputies to
go to the front door, which he unlocked. Then Hammond “ran back into the bedroom” to continue
tending to his stab wound. The bedroom was out of the deputies’ sight, however, so they warned
Hammond to come back out or they would release Odin into the house.
Hammond says he never heard that warning. Instead, while he was treating his stab wound,
he looked up and saw Odin inside, barking to indicate Hammond’s location to the deputies.
Cadotte and deputies James Salyers and David Welch then entered the house as Hammond came
out of the bedroom, within arm’s length of the deputies. Cadotte tackled Hammond to the ground,
where Salyers and Welch pinned him down to restrain him with handcuffs. Hammond refused to
show his hands, however, because he was clutching bandages to his chest wound. The deputies
eventually rolled Hammond onto his stomach and handcuffed him. At that point, Hammond says
that he “heard some kind of foreign language,” and then Odin started “ripping [him] in the back.”
Seconds later, Hammond says that he heard “another foreign language,” and that Odin “changed
positions on [his] back” and bit him again, this time on the right foot. Hammond cried out in pain
and told the deputies that Odin was biting him, but, according to Hammond, the deputies replied
that Odin “ain’t doing nothing but holding you.” Odin then shifted from Hammond’s feet to his
legs, “chewing and chewing” while, according to Hammond, the deputies “stood by and let the
dog do what it wanted to do[.]” Hammond says that he then heard a deputy tell Odin to “stop or
something,” but the dog would not listen, even biting Cadotte in the process before finally being
brought to heel. The entire takedown lasted approximately 20 seconds. Afterward Hammond was
taken to a nearby hospital and treated for his injuries, including several broken bones in his foot.
-2- No. 19-2366, Hammond v. Oakland County, et al.
Hammond thereafter brought this claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that the deputies
used excessive force in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Hammond also sued Oakland County,
claiming that the County failed to have an effective dog policy and failed to train Odin. The
defendants moved for summary judgment, the deputies specifically on the basis of qualified
immunity. The district court denied the motion. This appeal followed.
We review de novo the legal aspects of the district court’s denial of qualified immunity.
Machan, 958 F.3d at 1214. Determinations of qualified immunity require us to answer two
questions: first, whether the officers violated a constitutional right; and second, whether that right
was clearly established in light of the specific context of the case. Id. We may address those
questions in whichever order we see fit. Pearson v. Callahan, 555 U.S. 223, 236 (2009). But our
jurisdiction is limited to the question whether the evidence, as considered by the district court in
the light most favorable to Hammond, shows a violation of his clearly established constitutional
rights. See Walker v. Davis, 649 F.3d 502, 503 (6th Cir. 2011).
Hammond first claims that the deputies violated “the Fourth Amendment’s prohibition on
the use of excessive force by arresting and investigating officers.” See Hayden v. Green, 640 F.3d
150, 153 (6th Cir. 2011). We analyze that claim based on “the perspective of a reasonable officer
on the scene, rather than with the 20/20 vision of hindsight.” Graham v. Connor, 490 U.S. 386,
396 (1989). In doing so, we consider “the severity of the crime at issue, whether the suspect
pose[d] an immediate threat to the safety of the officers or others, and whether he [was] actively
resisting arrest or attempting to evade arrest by flight.” Smoak v. Hall, 460 F.3d 768, 783 (6th Cir.
2006) (internal quotation marks omitted). When, “as here, a plaintiff claims that excessive force
was used multiple times, the court must segment the incident into its constituent parts and consider
-3- No. 19-2366, Hammond v. Oakland County, et al.
the officer’s entitlement to qualified immunity at each step along the way.” Wright v. City of
Euclid, 962 F.3d 852, 865 (6th Cir. 2020).
Here, the first segment came before the dog bites. The deputies had come to Hammond’s
house—an area unknown to them but familiar to Hammond—to investigate an allegation of rape.
See Matthews v. Jones, 35 F.3d 1046, 1051 (6th Cir. 1994). They had no idea whether Hammond
was armed, and his unusual behavior—namely, unlocking the door and immediately retreating out
of sight—only heightened their suspicions. See Matthews, 35 F.3d at 1051. They warned
Hammond that they would deploy Odin if he did not surrender himself, and though Hammond
says he did not hear the warning, the officers could not have known that on the scene. See id.
When the deputies finally encountered Hammond, he reappeared suddenly, within arm’s length of
the deputies, his hands not visible. Moreover, though the deputies ordered Hammond to show his
hands, Hammond admits that he refused. Thus, a reasonable officer could view Hammond’s
actions as threatening. The deputies therefore did not use excessive force when they deployed
Odin into the house to locate Hammond, tackled him to the ground, and pinned him there while
handcuffing him.
The next segment came when Cadotte ordered Odin to bite Hammond after the deputies
had handcuffed him. We have held that police violate the Fourth Amendment when they order a
dog to bite a suspect who posed no threat to the officers’ safety and was not resisting arrest or
attempting to flee. See Campbell v. City of Springboro, 700 F.3d 779, 787–89 (6th Cir. 2012).
Here, after the deputies handcuffed Hammond, he was on his stomach, handcuffed, with his hands
visible. Although he had refused to surrender his hands earlier, at that point the deputies could see
that Hammond was unarmed. And Hammond says he did nothing after the deputies handcuffed
him that could be interpreted as resistance. Yet after Cadotte gave Odin commands in a foreign
-4- No. 19-2366, Hammond v. Oakland County, et al.
language, the dog bit Hammond, first on his back and then on his leg and foot. Hammond could
“hear [his] bones crackling in [his] head,” and despite his pleas for help Cadotte did nothing to
stop the dog from doing “what it wanted to do[.]” A jury could therefore find that Cadotte used
excessive force when he ordered Odin to bite a handcuffed suspect who was not resisting arrest.
See id.
Cadotte argues that Odin’s bites came as a result of a “spontaneous response” to
Hammond’s “‘threatening’ movement into the dog’s defensive perimeter.” Dunigan v. Noble,
390 F.3d 486, 493 (6th Cir. 2004). Dog bites violate the Fourth Amendment only if they come
“through means intentionally applied.” Id.; see also Ashford v. Raby, 951 F.3d 798, 802–03 (6th
Cir. 2020). Cadotte says that Odin bit Hammond’s legs and feet only after Hammond “began
flailing . . . and kicked toward Odin’s face,” but Hammond tells a different story. He insists that
these bites—and Cadotte’s commands to instigate them—came after the deputies had handcuffed
him and had pinned his legs down. Whether Hammond kicked toward Odin, as Cadotte claims, is
thus a question of fact that we lack jurisdiction to consider. See Walker, 649 F.3d at 503.
Cadotte also argues that the law about the use of dogs was not clearly established at the
time of this incident. But we have found a Fourth Amendment violation when “an inadequately
trained canine” bit a handcuffed suspect. Campbell, 700 F.3d at 789. Here, as there, Cadotte
ordered Odin to bite a suspect “who [was] not actively fleeing and who, because of proximity,
showed no ability to evade police custody.” Id. Any reasonable officer would have understood
that commanding a dog to bite a handcuffed suspect who was not attempting to flee would violate
the Fourth Amendment. Cadotte thus is not entitled to qualified immunity with respect to the bites.
Hammond also claims that Deputies Salyers and Welch violated the Fourth Amendment
when they failed to stop the bites. Whether they did depends upon whether they “had both the
-5- No. 19-2366, Hammond v. Oakland County, et al.
opportunity and the means to prevent the harm from occurring.” Burgess v. Fischer, 735 F.3d 462,
475 (6th Cir. 2013). But Hammond cites no caselaw clearly establishing that officers who are not
trained as dog handlers have a duty to intervene and control a dog notwithstanding the presence of
the dog’s handler. Salyers and Welch are therefore entitled to qualified immunity from
Hammond’s claim.
Finally, Oakland County appeals the district court’s denial of its motion for summary
judgment. Unlike a denial of qualified immunity, an order denying a county’s motion for summary
judgment “is not an independently appealable final decision.” Hopper v. Plummer, 887 F.3d 744,
760 (6th Cir. 2018). And here the resolution of the deputies’ qualified-immunity appeal does not
resolve the County’s appeal. In that circumstance, the parties agree, we lack jurisdiction to hear
the County’s appeal. Id.
We affirm the denial of qualified immunity as to Deputy Cadotte’s commands to Odin to
bite Hammond, reverse the denial as to the rest of Hammond’s claims, dismiss Oakland County’s
appeal for lack of jurisdiction, and remand the case for proceedings consistent with this opinion.
-6-