Kurk v. Los Rios Classified Employees Association

• Court: District Court, E.D. California
• Decided: May 19, 2021
• Docket: 2:19-cv-00548
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 9 FOR THE EASTERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 10 11 Kristine Kurk, No. 2:19-cv-00548-KJM-DB 12 Plaintiff, ORDER 13 v. Los Rios Classified Employees Ass’n, et al., 1 > Defendants. 16 17 Plaintiff Kristine Kurk (“Kurk”),! defendant Los Rios Classified Employees Association 18 | (“LRCEA”) and defendant Xavier Becerra,” in his official capacity as California Attorney 19 | General, each have filed a motion for summary judgment. For the following reasons, the court 20 | grants defendants’ motions. Plaintiff’s motion is denied as moot.*

' The court notes Susan Shroll is also identified as a plaintiff in the filed complaint, ECF No. 1. On June 2019, Shroll entered a voluntary dismissal of all her claims and she is no longer part of this action. See ECF No. 23. ? Rob Bonta was sworn in as the Attorney General of California on April 23, 2021 and is hereby substituted as a defendant in place of Xavier Becerra. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 25(d); Office of Governor Gavin Newsom, “Governor Newsom Swears in Rob Bonta as Attorney General of California” (Apr. 23, 2021), https://www.gov.ca.gov/202 1/04/23/governor-newsom-swears-in- rob-bonta-as-attorney-general-of-california/, last visited May 12, 2021. March 13, 2020, the court related this matter to Woltkamp v. Los Rios Classified Employees Ass’n, et al., Case No. 2:20-00457 (E.D. Cal.). See Related Case Order, ECF No. 33. At hearing on the motions addressed by this order, the parties clarified the issues and facts here are virtually identical to those in Woltkamp, except for the dates when the respective plaintiffs

1 I. BACKGROUND 2 Kurk is a “public school employee” with Los Rios Community College District 3 (“defendant school district”). Compl. ¶¶ 2–3, ECF No. 1. On June 24, 1997, Kurk signed a 4 document titled, “Dues Check Off Form.” Jt. Stip., Ex. A (“Dues Check Off Form”) at 1, ECF 5 No. 38-7. This Dues Check Off Form expressly stated three options, as follows: 6 (1) Union Membership Deduction: $14.004 $13.00 per month, or 7 currently authorized dues rate; (2) Non-Membership, Agency 8 Service Fee Deduction: $14.00 $13.00 per month, or currently 9 authorized dues rate . . .; and (3) Application for Religious 10 Conscientious Objector Status: $14.00 per month, or currently 11 authorized dues rate deduction to authorized non-religious charitable 12 organization – (separate form). 13 Dues Check Off Form at 1. Kurk selected “Union Membership Deduction,” to become a member 14 of LRCEA, signed and dated the Dues Check Off Form. Id. On July 1, 2017, defendant school 15 district5 extended its Collective Bargaining Agreement (“CBA”) with LRCEA as the exclusive 16 representative for Kurk’s bargaining unit, effective July 1, 2017 through June 30, 2020. Compl. 17 ¶¶ 22–23. LRCEA has represented Kurk since June 24, 1997. See LRCEA’s Admis. at 6, ECF 18 No. 43-4. 19 The CBA provides in pertinent part: 20 The organizational security provisions described in this article of the 21 Agreement constitute an Agency Shop. Within thirty (30) calendar 22 days of the effective date of this Agreement or the employee being 23 employed into a position in the Bargaining Unit, whichever comes 24 first, each employee shall either join LRCEA as a member and pay 25 its membership dues (“dues”), remain a non-member of LRCEA and 26 pay the fair share service fee (“fee”) it charges, or, if qualified 27 pursuant to Section 3546.3 of the [Educational Employment 28 Relations Act] EERA, pay the charitable contribution required by 29 this Agreement. 30 CBA § 3.1.1 at 13, ECF No. 38-9 (bracketed text added). joined the LRCEA: Kurk joined in 1997 and Woltkamp in 2017. The court recently has issued a separate order in Woltkamp, addressing motions to dismiss and for judgment on the pleadings. See Case No. 2:20-00457, ECF No. 50. 4 The original note has a handwritten interlineation through the typewritten dues amounts, and the proper dues amount is handwritten. See generally Dues Check Off Form. 5 The court notes defendant Los Rios Community College District has not moved for summary judgment. See note 6 infra. 1 California’s EERA expressly authorizes the collection of agency fees as follows: 2 Notwithstanding any other provision of law, upon receiving notice 3 from the exclusive representative of a public school employee who 4 is in a unit for which an exclusive representative has been selected 5 pursuant to this chapter, the employer shall deduct the amount of 6 the fair share service fee authorized by this section from the wages 7 and salary of the employee and pay that amount to the employee 8 organization . . . 9 Cal. Gov’t Code § 3546(a); see also Cal. Gov’t Code § 3540.1(i)(1). 10 A separate section of the CBA provides that “[e]ach employee who is a member of 11 [LRCEA] on the effective date of this Agreement or who subsequently becomes a member 12 of [LRCEA] shall, from that date forward, remain as a member of [LRCEA] and pay its 13 dues for the duration of this Agreement and in accordance with the EERA.” CBA § 3.1.2 14 at 13 (brackets added). 15 In June 2018, the Supreme Court decided Janus v. AFSCME, 138 S. Ct. 2448 (2018), 16 holding that payments to unions could not be collected from public employees without the 17 employees’ affirmative consent. On September 13, 2018, after learning of the Supreme Court’s 18 decision in Janus, Kurk sent LRCEA a written notice requesting to end her union membership 19 and revoke her previous authorization for dues deductions. Compl. ¶ 27. LRCEA informed Kurk 20 she would have to remain a union member unless she resigned within the 30-day period following 21 the expiration of the CBA in June 2020. See Id. ¶ 28; see also LRCEA Response at 4, ECF No. 22 38-10. Kurk alleges LRCEA relied on the EERA to compel her to remain a union member and 23 continued to deduct union dues from her paychecks each pay period, without her consent. See 24 Compl. ¶¶ 28–30. 25 On March 28, 2019, Kurk filed this suit. After the suit was filed, LRCEA ultimately 26 confirmed Kurk was discharged from union membership, effective July 1, 2020. See Bartholome 27 Decl. ¶ 5, ECF No. 45-1. In the complaint, Kurk names LRCEA, the defendant community 28 college district and its President of the Board of Trustees John Knight,6 alleging deprivation of 6 Defendant community college district and Knight entered a stipulation with plaintiff whereby the district remains as a defendant but would “not oppose or otherwise contest the 1 her First and Fourteenth Amendment rights to refrain from subsidizing the union’s speech 2 through dues, without adequate consent as provided in Janus. See Compl. ¶¶ 43–46, 52. Kurk 3 alleges these defendants violated her First Amendment rights in three ways: (1) deducting 4 LRCEA’s dues from her paychecks; (2) claiming the authority to prevent her resignation from 5 LRCEA at a time of her choosing; and (3) enforcing LRCEA’s revocation policy with respect to 6 her dues deductions. Compl. ¶¶ 6, 53. In her complaint, Kurk also names the Attorney General 7 and mounts a facial and as-applied challenge to Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 3540.1(i)(1) and 3546(a), see 8 id. ¶¶ 21 & 24, asserting these statutes violate her right to free speech and association, id. ¶ 45. 9 Kurk seeks a permanent injunction prohibiting LRCEA from enforcing the “Maintenance of 10 Membership” provision in the CBA, a judgment declaring the Cal. Gov’t Code §§ 3540.1(i)(1) 11 and 3546 violate her First and Fourteenth Amendment rights under the United States 12 Constitution, as well as monetary damages for the alleged violation of her First Amendment 13 rights and recovery of all dues deducted from her wages since her resignation from LRCEA and 14 attorneys’ fees and costs under 42 U.S.C. § 1988. Compl. at 10–11 (Prayer for Relief). 15 Three motions are pending in this case: (1) Kurk’s motion for summary judgment (“Kurk 16 MSJ”), ECF No. 37; (2) LRCEA’s motion for summary judgment (“LRCEA MSJ”), ECF No. 38; 17 and (3) the Attorney General’s motion for summary judgment, accompanied by a request for 18 judicial notice of the information linked to footnotes (“AG MSJ”), ECF No. 39. Finally, plaintiff 19 filed a request for judicial notice (“Req. Judicial Not.”), ECF No. 51. 20 On September 25, 2020, the court held a videoconference hearing on these motions. 21 Shella Sadovnik and Mariah Gondeiro appeared on behalf of plaintiff, Monique Alonso appeared 22 for LRCEA and Maureen Onyeagbako appeared on behalf of the California Attorney General. 23 Following hearing, the court granted the parties leave to file supplemental briefing addressing: (1) 24 two recent cases, Belgau v. Inslee, 975 F.3d 940 (9th Cir. 2020) and Savas v. California State 25 Law Enf’t Agency, No. 20-00032, 2020 WL 5408940 (S.D. Cal. Sept. 9, 2020), and (2) whether plaintiff waives her right to recover attorneys’ fees and costs from the defendant community college district if she prevails. Id. 1 Kurk’s First Amendment freedom of association claim raises a question of first impression not 2 addressed by these recent decisions. See Minutes, ECF No. 56. The court’s recent order in 3 Woltkamp addresses the same issue of first impression raised by plaintiff here. See Case No. 4 2:20-00457, ECF No. 50. 5 The court submitted the matter after receiving supplemental briefing from Kurk (“Kurk 6 Suppl. Br.”), ECF No. 58, and objections from LRCEA, Obj., ECF No. 59. The Attorney General 7 filed a notice of intent not to file supplemental briefing. See ECF No. 57. The court addresses all 8 three pending motions here. 9 II. LEGAL STANDARD 10 A court will grant summary judgment “if . . . there is no genuine dispute as to any material 11 fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The 12 “threshold inquiry” is whether “there are any genuine factual issues that properly can be resolved 13 only by a finder of fact because they may reasonably be resolved in favor of either party.” 14 Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 250 (1986). 15 The moving party bears the initial burden of showing the district court “that there is an 16 absence of evidence to support the nonmoving party’s case.” Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 17 317, 325 (1986). If that party bears the burden of proof at trial, as plaintiff does here in 18 establishing defendants’ liability, it must “affirmatively demonstrate that no reasonable trier of 19 fact could find other than for the moving party.” Soremekun v. Thrifty Payless, Inc., 509 F.3d 20 978, 984 (9th Cir. 2007). The burden then shifts to the nonmoving party, which “must establish 21 that there is a genuine issue of material fact.” Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 22 475 U.S. 574, 585 (1986). To carry their burdens, both parties must “cit[e] to particular parts of 23 materials in the record . . . ; or show[ ] that the materials cited do not establish the absence or 24 presence of a genuine dispute, or that an adverse party cannot produce admissible evidence to 25 support the fact.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1); see also Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 586 (“[The 26 nonmoving party] must do more than simply show that there is some metaphysical doubt as to the 27 material facts.”). Moreover, “the requirement is that there be no genuine issue of material 28 fact . . . . Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under the governing 1 law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson, 477 U.S. at 247–48 2 (emphasis in original). 3 In deciding a motion for summary judgment, the court draws all inferences and views all 4 evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party. Matsushita, 475 U.S. at 587–88. 5 “Where the record taken as a whole could not lead a rational trier of fact to find for the non- 6 moving party, there is no ‘genuine issue for trial.’” Id. at 587 (quoting First Nat’l Bank of Ariz. v. 7 ECities Serv. Co., 391 U.S. 253, 289 (1968)). 8 A court may consider evidence as long as it is “admissible at trial.” Fraser v. Goodale, 9 342 F.3d 1032, 1036 (9th Cir. 2003). “Admissibility at trial” depends not on the evidence’s form, 10 but on its content. Block v. City of L.A., 253 F.3d 410, 418–19 (9th Cir. 2001) (citing Celotex 11 Corp., 477 U.S. at 324). The party seeking admission of evidence “bears the burden of proof of 12 admissibility.” Pfingston v. Ronan Eng’g Co., 284 F.3d 999, 1004 (9th Cir. 2002). If the 13 opposing party objects to the proposed evidence, the party seeking admission must direct the 14 district court to “authenticating documents, deposition testimony bearing on attribution, hearsay 15 exceptions and exemptions, or other evidentiary principles under which the evidence in question 16 could be deemed admissible . . . .” In re Oracle Corp. Sec. Litig., 627 F.3d 376, 385–86 (9th Cir. 17 2010). These rules are more stringently enforced when evidence is offered in support of a motion 18 for summary judgment because “[v]erdicts cannot rest on inadmissible evidence.” Burch v. 19 Regents of Univ. of Cal., 433 F. Supp. 2d 1110, 1121 (E.D. Cal. 2006) (alteration in original) 20 (quoting Gleklen v. Democratic Cong. Campaign Comm., Inc., 199 F.3d 1365, 1369 (D.C. Cir. 21 2000)). Courts are generally “much more lenient” with the evidence of the party opposing 22 summary judgment. Scharf v. U.S. Atty. Gen., 597 F.2d 1240, 1243 (9th Cir. 1979). 23 The Supreme Court has also taken care to note that district courts should act “with caution 24 in granting summary judgment,” and have authority to “deny summary judgment in a case where 25 there is reason to believe the better course would be to proceed to a full trial.” Anderson, 26 477 U.S. at 255. A trial may be necessary “if the judge has doubt as to the wisdom of terminating 27 the case before trial.” Gen. Signal Corp. v. MCI Telecommunications Corp., 66 F.3d 1500, 1507 28 (9th Cir. 1995) (quoting Black v. J.I. Case Co., 22 F.3d 568, 572 (5th Cir. 1994)). This may be 1 the case “even in the absence of a factual dispute.” Rheumatology Diagnostics Lab., Inc v. 2 Aetna, Inc., No. 12-05847, 2015 WL 3826713, at *4 (N.D. Cal. June 19, 2015) (quoting Black, 3 22 F.3d at 572); accord Lind v. United Parcel Serv., Inc., 254 F.3d 1281, 1285 (11th Cir. 2001). 4 III. ANALYSIS 5 A. Jurisdiction 6 The Attorney General challenges the court’s jurisdiction to hear this matter on two 7 grounds: standing and mootness. See AG MSJ at 15–18. If standing is lacking or the matter is 8 moot, the court must dismiss for lack of jurisdiction. The court, however, finds it has jurisdiction 9 to decide the merits of plaintiff’s claims. “The existence of federal jurisdiction ordinarily 10 depends on the facts as they exist when the complaint is filed.” Lujan v. Defs. of Wildlife, 11 504 U.S. 555, 571 n.4 (1992) (emphasis in original). Kurk filed her complaint in March 2019, 12 based on LRCEA’s continued deduction of membership dues, which continued, until July 2020, 13 for nearly two years after her September 13, 2018 request to withdraw from LRCEA. See 14 Compl. ¶¶ 28–30. Kurk had standing at the time she filed her complaint and a controversy 15 existed providing for federal jurisdiction. 16 B. State Action 17 The same analysis applies to both the Attorney General’s and LRCEA’s motions for 18 summary judgment. As discussed at hearing, “[t]o establish § 1983 liability, a plaintiff must 19 show both (1) deprivation of a right secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, 20 and (2) that the deprivation was committed by a person acting under color of state law.” 21 Chudacoff v. Univ. Med. Ctr. of S. Nevada, 649 F.3d 1143, 1149 (9th Cir. 2011). To meet the 22 second prong, a plaintiff must show “the State is responsible for the specific conduct of which the 23 plaintiff complains.” Blum v. Yaretsky, 457 U.S. 991, 1004 (1982) (emphasis in original). A 24 court decides whether defendants were acting under state law by using a two-part test established 25 in Lugar v. Edmondson Oil Co., 457 U.S. 922, 939 (1982). First, the court asks, “whether the 26 claimed deprivation has resulted from the exercise of a right or privilege having its source in state 27 authority.” Id. Second, the court asks whether defendants “may be appropriately characterized as 28 ///// 1 ‘state actors.’” Id. State action occurs when both questions are answered in the affirmative. See 2 Collins v. Womancare, 878 F.2d 1145, 1151 (9th Cir. 1989) (citing Lugar, 457 U.S. at 937–39). 3 “The Supreme Court has articulated four tests to determine whether a non-governmental 4 person’s actions amount to state action: (1) the public function test; (2) the joint action test; 5 (3)the state compulsion test; and (4) the governmental nexus test.” Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 6 698 F.3d 1128, 1140 (9th Cir. 2012) (citation omitted). See Bain v. California Teachers Ass’n, 7 156 F. Supp. 3d 1142, 1153 n.12 (C.D. Cal. 2015) (“Because satisfaction of one state action test 8 can be sufficient the Court only analyzes the complained of conduct under Plaintiffs’ strongest 9 theory.”). The court addresses the joint action, state compulsion and governmental nexus tests 10 below; the court need not reach the public function test, see Semerjyan v. Serv. Emps. Int’l Union 11 Loc. 2015, 489 F. Supp. 3d 1048, 1058 (C.D. Cal. 2020) (rejecting nearly identical statutory 12 arguments; clarifying “Union is not a state actor under the public function test”). 13 In Polk v. Yee, 481 F. Supp. 3d 1060, 1066 (E.D. Cal. 2020), this court analyzed 14 analogous facts under the joint action test and found the state’s fee deduction on behalf of the 15 union did not render the union a state actor. This court joined the reasoning articulated in Belgau, 16 359 F. Supp. 3d at 1000, aff’d, 975 F.3d 940, 947 (9th Cir. 2020), and several other district court 17 decisions in cases where plaintiffs consented to union dues but attempted to opt out of their union 18 agreement after Janus was decided. Belgau analyzed whether continued union dues deductions 19 from plaintiffs’ paychecks amounted to state action and concluded they did not because the 20 “source of the alleged constitutional harm” was the “particular private agreement” between the 21 union and the employees, not a state statute or policy. 359 F. Supp. 3d at 947. The same 22 reasoning applies here. Although there is a connection between the alleged constitutional 23 violation and the alleged state action, plaintiff has not pled facts to show LRCEA acted “in 24 concert” with the state to cause the deduction of dues and prevent her withdrawal from 25 membership. Id.; see Belgau, 975 F.3d at 947 (“A joint action between a state and a private party 26 may be found . . . [when] the government either (1) affirms, authorizes, encourages, or facilitates 27 unconstitutional conduct through its involvement with a private party, or (2) otherwise has so far 28 insinuated itself into a position of interdependence with the non-governmental party, that it is 1 recognized as a joint participant in the challenged activity.” (internal quotations omitted)). 2 Kurk’s argument is unavailing, given the state’s lack of involvement in the drafting and executing 3 of LRCEA’s agreement with Kurk. 4 LRCEA’s refusal to immediately accept Kurk’s resignation and cease paycheck 5 deductions also does not constitute state action under the state compulsion test. Provisions of the 6 state statutes applicable do not support a conclusion the State “exercised coercive power” over 7 LRCEA or engaged in “overt or covert encouragement” to enforcement plaintiff’s voluntary 8 agreement. Belgau, 359 F. Supp. 3d 1000 at 1014 (internal quotations omitted); see also Roberts 9 v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 877 F.3d 833, 845 (9th Cir. 2017) (“P]ermission of a private choice 10 cannot support a finding of state action, and private parties [do not] face constitutional litigation 11 whenever they seek to rely on some [statute] governing their interactions with the community 12 surrounding them” (alterations in original) (internal quotations and citations omitted)). “[A]t the 13 risk of stating the choice too simplistically, [plaintiff] is given the option of protecting free speech 14 or of protecting her vote on the continuation or conditions of work, but not both.” Kidwell v. 15 Transportation Commc’ns Int’l Union, 946 F.2d 283, 286 (4th Cir. 1991). There is no state 16 compulsion in this case. 17 Similarly, there is no governmental nexus. “Under the governmental nexus test, a private 18 party acts under color of state law if there is a sufficiently close nexus between the State and the 19 challenged action of the regulated entity so that the action of the latter may be fairly treated as 20 that of the State itself.” Naoko, 723 F.3d at 996 n.13. “Constitutional deprivation caused by [a] 21 private party involves state action if [the] claimed deprivation resulted from exercise of a right or 22 privilege having its source in state authority.” Lopez v. Dep’t of Health Servs., 939 F.2d 881, 883 23 (9th Cir. 1991) (citing Edmonson v. Leesville Concrete Co., 500 U.S. 614 (1991)). The language 24 of the EERA forecloses any possibility of such a finding here, given the plain and unambiguous 25 meaning of the statutory language. See Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 U.S. 337, 340 (1997) 26 ///// 27 ///// 28 ///// 1 (noting the analysis begins with the statutory text itself). Cal. Gov’t Code § 3540.1(i)(1) provides 2 as follows: 3 (i) Organizational security is within the scope of representation, and 4 means . . . 5 (1)An arrangement pursuant to which a public school employee may 6 decide whether or not to join an employee organization, but which 7 requires him or her, as a condition of employment, if he or she does 8 join, to maintain his or her membership in good standing for the 9 duration of the written agreement. However, an arrangement shall 10 not deprive the employee of the right to terminate his or her 11 obligation to the employee organization within a period of 30 days 12 following the expiration of a written agreement. 13 Id. This language expressly provides public school employees like plaintiff a choice “whether or 14 not to join an employee organization” and does not impose a state requirement conditioning 15 employment on payment of fees to a union regardless of an employee’s choice. Id. In other 16 words, only if an employee chooses to join a union, she may be required “to maintain . . . her 17 membership in good standing for the duration of the written agreement.” Id. Plaintiff concedes 18 she voluntarily agreed to union membership during her onboarding process when she personally 19 signed the Dues Check Off Form as a new hire in 1997. See Dep. Tr. at 4:15–18, ECF No. 38-4 20 (“Q- . . . And would you agree that, by signing this form, you authorized the deduction reflected 21 on Exhibit A [Dues Check Off Form]? A- Yes.”) (brackets added). This authorization continued 22 through every CBA since Kurk joined in 1997 through June 30, 2020, after Janus was decided. 23 Compl. ¶¶ 22–23. She exercised the power to enter a contract with LRCEA that provided for 24 representation as well as union membership and dues deductions. As the Ninth Circuit explained 25 in Belgau: 26 Janus does not address this financial burden of union membership. 27 The Court explicitly cabined the reach of Janus by explaining that 28 the [s]tates can keep their labor-relations systems exactly as they 29 are—only they cannot force nonmembers to subsidize public-sector 30 unions. 31 2020 WL 5541390, at *8 (citing Janus, 138 S. Ct. at 2485 n.27) (internal quotation and citation 32 omitted). 33 Finally, plaintiff argues LRCEA could not have included the provision for maintenance of 34 membership dues for the entire term of the CBA without California Government Code section 1 3540.1(i)(1) and related provisions in the EERA, which she says are “fairly attributable to the 2 state.” Kurk MSJ at 9 n.4 (citing Cal. Gov’t Codes §§3540.1(i) and 3546). However, it is 3 undisputed the state was not a party to plaintiff’s private agreement with LRCEA. 4 Counterstatement re Stip. Facts No. 6, ECF No. 49. See Quezambra v. United Domestic Workers 5 of Am. AFSCME Loc. 3930, 445 F. Supp. 3d 695, 704 (C.D. Cal. 2020) (union deduction of 6 membership dues does not meet any of the four tests). By electing to join the union and receive 7 the benefits of membership, Kurk agreed to bear the financial burden of membership. Belgau, 8 2020 WL 5541390, at *7 (“This choice to voluntarily join a union and the choice to resign from it 9 are contrary to compelled speech.”). The court finds as a matter of law plaintiff cannot establish 10 LRCEA is a state actor liable under § 1983. Conversely, the State as a matter of law cannot be 11 liable for declaratory relief as plaintiff seeks. Prayer for Relief, § A. 12 Defendants’ motions for summary judgment are granted. 13 IV. CONCLUSION 14 Because LRCEA continued to deduct union dues until the CBA expired, see Compl. ¶ 22, 15 plaintiff has a claim for retrospective damages she may file in state court. Supplemental 16 jurisdiction, is “a doctrine of discretion, not of plaintiff’s right . . . decisions of state law should 17 be avoided both as a matter of comity and to promote justice between the parties, by procuring for 18 them a surer-footed reading of applicable law.” United Mine Workers of Am. v. Gibbs, 383 U.S. 19 715, 726 (1966); see also 28 U.S.C. § 1367(c)(2). Here, the court exercises its discretion to 20 decline supplemental jurisdiction over any contract-based claim for damages for dues paid by 21 plaintiff from September 19, 2018 to July 1, 2020. See Titan Global LLC v. Organo Gold Intern., 22 Inc., No. 12-2104, 2012 WL 6019285, at *11–12 (N.D. Cal. Dec. 2, 2012) (declining 23 supplemental jurisdiction over claim requiring interpretation of agreement not at issue in other 24 claims). 25 For the reasons set forth above, the court grants defendants’ motions for summary 26 judgment, ECF Nos. 38 & 39. Kurk’s motion for summary judgment, ECF No. 37, is denied as 27 moot. The Clerk of Court is directed to enter judgment for defendants and close case. 28 ///// 1 This order resolves ECF Nos. 37, 38, 39, 51. 2 IT IS SO ORDERED. 3 DATED: May 18, 2021.