Kummer 96890 v. Ryan

• Court: District Court, D. Arizona
• Decided: October 3, 2019
• Docket: 2:18-cv-02338
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 WO 2 3 4 5 6 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 FOR THE DISTRICT OF ARIZONA

9 James Brian Kummer, No. CV-18-02338-PHX-ROS

10 Petitioner, ORDER

11 v.

12 Charles Ryan, et al.,

13 Respondents. 14 15 Magistrate Judge John Z. Boyle recommends Petitioner James Brian Kummer’s 16 petition for writ of habeas corpus be denied and dismissed with prejudice. (Doc. 22). 17 Kummer filed lengthy objections to which Respondents responded. Kummer then filed 18 another document, addressing Respondents’ response. (Doc. 25, 29, 30). Finally, Kummer 19 filed a “Motion to Introduce New Evidence” requesting the Court consider a newspaper 20 article regarding a lab that performs DNA testing for police agencies. (Doc. 31). The 21 Court has reviewed all the filings and, for the following reasons, agrees with Magistrate 22 Judge Boyle that Kummer is not entitled to relief. 23 BACKGROUND 24 The Report and Recommendation (“R&R”) provides the background regarding 25 Kummer’s various convictions. That background is accurate and will be adopted. 26 However, a few portions of the background are crucial for understanding some of 27 Kummer’s objections and those portions are forth here. 28 Kummer was convicted of one count of burglary, one count of kidnapping, one 1 count of violent sexual assault, one count of attempted sexual assault, and one count of 2 assault. Kummer was sentenced to prison terms totaling more than 60 years. Kummer 3 appealed his convictions but his appellate counsel filed a brief pursuant to Anders v. 4 California, 386 U.S. 738 (1967), stating he had “searched the record” and was unable to 5 find any “arguable question of law that is not frivolous.” (Doc. 13-2 at 87). Kummer then 6 filed a pro se “supplemental brief” presenting a variety of arguments regarding 7 “prosecutorial misconduct, judicial error, and ineffective assistance of counsel.” (Doc. 13- 8 3 at 4). In its opinion affirming Kummer’s convictions and sentences, the Arizona Court 9 of Appeals noted it had reviewed Kummer’s “supplemental brief,” as well as the entire 10 record as required by Anders, but it was unable to find any “reversible error.” (Doc. 13-3 11 at 32). 12 Having failed to obtain relief on direct review, Kummer filed a notice of post- 13 conviction relief in state court. Kummer was appointed counsel who reviewed his file. 14 That counsel then filed a notice stating she was unable to find any colorable issues on which 15 to seek post-conviction relief. Kummer then filed a pro se petition that focused on claims 16 of ineffective assistance of counsel. (Doc. 13-3 at 66). After the superior court denied 17 relief Kummer filed a petition for review with the Arizona Court of Appeals. That court 18 granted review but denied relief. In doing so, the Arizona Court of Appeals described 19 Kummer as “raising claims of ineffective assistance of counsel, newly discovered 20 evidence, and actual innocence.” 2017 WL 4171877, at *1 (Ariz. Ct. App. Sept. 21, 2017). 21 The appellate court concluded it was unnecessary to provide a detailed analysis of 22 Kummer’s claims because the trial court had “clearly identified and correctly ruled upon 23 the issues raised.” Id. Thus, the appellate court “adopt[ed] the trial court’s ruling as to the 24 issues raised,” and denied relief. Id. Kummer then filed the present federal petition. 25 The Court construed Kummer’s petition as presenting 23 separate claims. 26 Respondents answered the petition and the Magistrate Judge prepared a lengthy R&R. In 27 analyzing the 23 claims, the R&R provided useful groupings of similar claims. The parties 28 have largely followed the R&R’s groupings in providing their objections and responses. 1 Thus, the Court will also follow the R&R’s groupings with only minor modifications. 2 ANALYSIS 3 Before discussing particular claims, it is necessary to first point out a central flaw 4 in Kummer’s objections. As explained by the R&R, “[o]rdinarily, a federal court may not 5 grant a petition for writ of habeas corpus unless a petitioner has exhausted available state 6 remedies.” (Doc. 22 at 6). To exhaust state remedies, a petitioner must present all of his 7 claims to the state courts in the procedurally appropriate manner. According to the R&R, 8 Kummer did not exhaust many of the claims he is now attempting to pursue. In his 9 objections, Kummer argues all of his claims were properly raised in state court because the 10 Arizona Court of Appeals had a duty, pursuant to Anders v. California, to “conduct a ‘full 11 appellate review’ to determine if there were any issues with merit.” (Doc. 25 at 11). That 12 “full appellate review,” according to Kummer, must have included all the federal claims 13 he now wishes to pursue. In other words, Kummer argues the Arizona Court of Appeals’ 14 performing its obligations pursuant to Anders effectively exhausted all possible federal 15 claims. That is incorrect. 16 Before explaining why Kummer’s argument is incorrect, it is important to note the 17 Anders review occurred only during the direct review of Kummer’s convictions. In that 18 direct review proceeding, however, the Arizona Court of Appeals did not consider any 19 claims involving ineffective assistance of counsel. Rather, Arizona courts only consider 20 ineffective assistance of counsel in the context of post-conviction relief proceedings. Thus, 21 the Arizona Court of Appeals’ Anders review is irrelevant to the exhaustion of Kummer’s 22 ineffective assistance of counsel claims. 23 Turning to the claims that Kummer should have exhausted by pursuing them in his 24 direct appeal, Kummer cites no authority that the Arizona court’s Anders review exhausted 25 all such claims. The only authority the Court has located points to the opposite conclusion. 26 For example, in Moormann v. Schriro the Ninth Circuit discussed the Arizona Supreme 27 Court’s statutory obligation to review the trial record in every capital case for “fundamental 28 errors affecting the judgment or sentence.” 426 F.3d 1044, 1057 (9th Cir. 2005). In 1 Moorman, the habeas petitioner argued that statutory obligation meant all possible federal 2 claims had been exhausted, even if the petitioner did not brief them. Id. The Ninth Circuit 3 rejected that argument in a single sentence: “Where the parties did not mention an issue in 4 their briefs [to the Arizona Supreme Court] and where the [Arizona Supreme Court] did 5 not mention it was considering that issue sua sponte, there is no evidence that the [Arizona 6 Supreme Court] actually considered the issue, regardless of its duty to review for 7 fundamental error, and the issue cannot be deemed exhausted.” Id. 8 Multiple lower court judges in the Ninth Circuit have cited this language from 9 Moorman and extended it to the argument Kummer is now making in the non-capital 10 Anders context. In Ales v. Ryan, for example, the court held “[t]he Arizona Court of 11 Appeals’ review pursuant to Anders [does] not result in exhaustion” of all possible federal 12 claims. No. CV-16-1840-PHX-NVW-JZB, 2017 WL 707498, at *6 (D. Ariz. Jan. 9, 2017). 13 In that court’s view it would be a perversion of the exhaustion requirement “[i]f Anders 14 review exhausted all federal claims” while briefs raising discrete federal claims were found 15 to exhaust only the exact claims argued in the briefs. Id. Similarly, in Smiley v. Ryan, the 16 court noted that allowing Anders review to exhaust all possible federal claims “would 17 effectively gut the principles of exhaustion for many of the habeas cases filed.” No. CV- 18 12-2525-PHX-FJM, 2014 WL 7272474, at *13 (D. Ariz. Dec. 18, 2014). 19 Consistent with existing authority, Kummer’s argument that the Arizona Court of 20 Appeals’ Anders review exhausted all possible federal claims is incorrect. Any claim 21 Kummer did not raise in the procedurally appropriate manner in state court is not exhausted 22 and, absent special circumstances, cannot be the basis for federal relief. 23 I. Claims One, Three, Eleven, Twelve, Fourteen, and Seventeen 24 All of these claims involve DNA evidence and are best analyzed together. 25 A. Claims One and Fourteen 26 As recounted in the R&R, Claim One is based on Kummer being “denied due 27 process when the prosecution submitted inadmissible [DNA] evidence” in the form of test 28 results from a “swab of dark red stain on tape.” Claim Fourteen is that Kummer was denied 1 effective assistance of counsel when his counsel did not “challenge the [same] DNA 2 evidence or ask for a mistrial when it was revealed at trial that the state’s key evidence was 3 in fact inadmissible.” (Doc. 22 at 16). 4 The Court agrees with the R&R that Claim One was not exhausted in state court. 5 Thus, Claim One cannot be the basis for granting relief here. But even if Claim One had 6 been exhausted, Kummer has not explained how the admission of the DNA evidence 7 constituted a denial of due process. Kummer appears to believe Arizona law did not allow 8 admission of the DNA evidence but he has not cited the precise law he is referencing. And, 9 in any event, a violation of Arizona law would not be sufficient to merit relief in federal 10 court because a violation of Arizona law does not necessarily establish a violation of 11 Kummer’s federal rights. Kummer has not presented any evidence or argument that 12 introduction of the DNA evidence violated his federal rights and Claim One fails. 13 As for Claim Fourteen, the analysis is slightly more complicated. Claim Fourteen 14 is that Kummer was provided ineffective assistance of counsel when his trial counsel did 15 not “challenge the DNA evidence or ask for a mistrial when it was revealed at trial that the 16 state’s key evidence was in fact inadmissible.” (Doc. 1 at 19). The R&R recommends this 17 claim be “denied for the reasons outlined” regarding Claim One. But it appears Claim 18 Fourteen was exhausted and cannot be rejected on a purely procedural basis. (Doc. 13 at 19 27) (Respondents’ answer addressing Claim Fourteen as if exhausted). Moreover, Claim 20 Fourteen is not presenting a claim under state law. Instead, Claim Fourteen appears to be 21 an assertion that Kummer’s attorney did not make certain arguments under state law and 22 those failures deprived Kummer of his federal right to the effective assistance of counsel. 23 As recently explained by the Ninth Circuit, “[a]n attorney’s failure to raise a state-law 24 objection at trial . . . may support a claim for ineffective assistance of counsel in a later 25 federal habeas petition.” Dixon v. Baker, 847 F.3d 714, 722–23 (9th Cir. 2017). Thus, the 26 Court will view Claim Fourteen as asserting a violation of Kummer’s federal right to 27 effective counsel. 28 Kummer has not established his attorney provided deficient assistance regarding the 1 admission of the DNA evidence. In particular, Kummer has not explained the Arizona law 2 his attorney failed to invoke that would have precluded admission of the DNA evidence. 3 In addition, Kummer has not established he was prejudiced by his attorney’s failure to 4 make unidentified state-law objections. Claim Fourteen fails. 5 B. Claim Eleven 6 In Claim Eleven Kummer argues the prosecutor committed misconduct by arguing 7 the DNA evidence showed no other male contributors. Kummer argues the DNA evidence 8 was “inconclusive” regarding the presence of DNA from another male and the prosecutor 9 misled the jury by claiming it definitively established no other male DNA was present. 10 The Arizona Court of Appeals addressed this argument at some length and ruled the 11 “inconclusive” DNA results meant the prosecutor was entitled to argue no other male DNA 12 was present. The Arizona Court of Appeals was correct that the prosecutor was entitled to 13 make such an argument. At the very least, as correctly observed by the R&R, Kummer has 14 not established the Arizona Court of Appeals decision “was contrary to, or involved an 15 unreasonable application of, clearly established” Supreme Court law. 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 16 C. Claims Three, Twelve, Seventeen 17 Claims Three, Twelve, and Seventeen involve a roll of tape that was found at the 18 crime scene. That roll of tape was not tested for DNA nor was it fingerprinted. Kummer 19 argues the failure to test the tape denied him due process (Claim Three), the “state was in 20 error” for not testing the tape (Claim Twelve), and Kummer’s counsel provided ineffective 21 assistance of counsel by not testing the tape (Claim Seventeen). The R&R concluded 22 Claims Three and Twelve were not raised on direct appeal. That is correct. Therefore, 23 those claims are procedurally defaulted without excuse and cannot be the basis for relief 24 here. 25 As for Claim Seventeen involving ineffective assistance of counsel, this claim was 26 not exhausted and could be rejected on that basis alone. But the failure to exhaust this 27 claim is not necessarily fatal. See Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 17 (2012). Thus, the Court 28 must determine whether Claim Seventeen presents a “substantial” claim of ineffective 1 assistance of counsel. Ramirez v. Ryan, No. 10-99023, 2019 WL 4281731, at *8 (9th Cir. 2 Sept. 11, 2019). It does not. 3 Testing the tape might have resulted in yet more inculpatory evidence of Kummer’s 4 involvement. After all, testing of the gloves and tape used on the victim had inculpated 5 Kummer. Thus, a decision not to test the roll of tape which might have generated yet more 6 inculpatory evidence does not present a substantial case of deficient performance. In 7 addition, absent some reason to believe the test results would have been especially 8 exculpatory, Kummer has not made a substantial showing that he suffered prejudice. It is 9 possible the tape might have inculpated Kummer but it is difficult to see how it would have 10 completely exculpated him. Even if other DNA had been discovered on the tape, sufficient 11 evidence to convict Kummer was still present in the form of Kummer’s DNA on other 12 items. Claim Seventeen fails. 13 II. Claim Two 14 In Claim Two Kummer argues the prosecution committed a Brady violation by not 15 turning over “the actual labwork from the DNA testing done on the blood spatter in the 16 victim’s bedroom.” (Doc. 22 at 17). Kummer also argues he received ineffective 17 assistance of counsel because his counsel did not seek this evidence. 18 Kummer did not exhaust the Brady violation aspect of this claim and he cannot 19 pursue that aspect here. As for the ineffective assistance of counsel aspect, again the failure 20 to exhaust is not fatal. See Martinez v. Ryan, 566 U.S. 1, 17 (2012). But the record is 21 sufficiently developed to determine the claim is not substantial. 22 The record establishes the underlying evidence was disclosed to Kummer’s expert. 23 Thus, Kummer has not made a substantial showing that his counsel performed deficiently. 24 In addition, even if the “actual labwork” was somehow different from what Kummer’s 25 expert reviewed, Kummer has not explained how his expert’s testimony would have 26 differed after reviewing the “actual labwork.” Therefore, Kummer has not made a 27 substantial showing of prejudice. 28 III. Claim Four 1 Claim Four is that Kummer’s “violent sexual assault conviction” violated the 2 prohibition against double jeopardy. Kummer did not exhaust this claim and he has not 3 established any basis to excuse that failure. Therefore, the Court cannot grant Kummer 4 any relief on this claim. Even on the merits, however, Kummer has not established how 5 his convictions violated the prohibition against double jeopardy. As correctly explained 6 by the R&R, the federal double jeopardy clause is triggered only when two offenses require 7 proof of the same facts. If each offense “requires proof of an additional fact which [another 8 offense] does not,” there is no double jeopardy problem. Blockburger v. United States, 284 9 U.S. 299, 304 (1932). Each of Kummer’s convictions required proof of a distinct element 10 such that there was no double jeopardy problem with his convictions. 11 IV. Claims Five and Nineteen 12 Claims Five and Nineteen involve assertions of judicial bias. Kummer alleges the 13 trial court refused to allow certain objections (Claim Five) and that the trial court and 14 Arizona Court of Appeals mishandled his petition for post-conviction relief (Claim 15 Nineteen).1 The R&R concluded these claims were not exhausted and there was no basis 16 to excuse that failure. Kummer has not presented any reason to doubt that conclusion. But 17 even if these claims were exhausted, Kummer has not established any basis for relief. 18 As set forth by the R&R, the alleged instances of judicial bias appear to involve 19 rulings made by the various judges. Rulings alone “almost never” establish judicial bias. 20 Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 555 (1994). Kummer presents no evidence that 21 something exceptional occurred in the handling of his case to render his judicial bias claims 22 worthy of more analysis. 23 V. Claims Six, Eight, Nine, Thirteen 24 Claims Six, Eight, Nine, and Thirteen involve the trial court’s admission of evidence 25 regarding Kummer’s prior sexual offense. In admitting such evidence, the trial court 26 concluded Kummer had a “character trait giving rise to an aberrant sexual propensity to

27 1 Claim Five also alleges Kummer received ineffective assistance of counsel because his counsel did not properly object at trial or seek some other relief based on the trial judge’s 28 behavior. Kummer has not made a substantial showing that these actions were deficient performance or prejudicial. 1 commit the offense charged.” Ariz. R. Evid. 404(c). Kummer argues it violated his due 2 process rights to invoke this rule because he had only one prior bad act (Claim Six), the 3 trial court erred by not obtaining an accurate psychiatric profile before admitting the 4 evidence (Claim Eight), the trial court erred by admitting a psychiatric profile containing 5 errors (Claim Nine), and Kummer’s attorney provided ineffective assistance of counsel by 6 not adequately challenging the Rule 404(c) evidence (Claim Thirteen). The primary focus 7 of these claims is that Kummer believes it was inappropriate to describe him as having a 8 “character trait” based on only one prior event.2 9 Kummer presented some arguments regarding the Rule 404(c) evidence in state 10 court but, for the most part, he did not cite to federal law or raise a federal claim. Thus, 11 the R&R is correct that some of these claims are not exhausted and cannot be the basis for 12 relief here. Even on the merits, Kummer has not established the admission of his prior 13 offense, or reference to him having a “trait,” rendered his trial fundamentally unfair. The 14 Supreme Court has not established it violates an individual’s federal due process rights to 15 introduce a prior offense or use the word “trait” at a criminal trial. Moreover, Kummer has 16 not established it violated his federal rights to not obtain an accurate psychiatric profile 17 before admitting the evidence. Finally, Kummer’s counsel did challenge the admission of 18 the Rule 404(c) evidence. Therefore, Kummer has not made a substantial showing that his 19 attorney performed deficiently regarding the Rule 404(c) evidence. Nor has Kummer made 20 a substantial showing that the alleged failures by his attorney prejudiced him.3 In short, 21 Kummer has not established a valid basis for relief in federal court regarding the Rule 22 404(c) evidence. 23 VI. Claim Seven

24 2 Kummer argues “[t]he state has the right to notify [a] jury of [a] prior bad act, but never has the right to accuse the petitioner of having a ‘character trait.’” (Doc. 25-1 at 7). Based 25 on this assertion, Kummer seems to be arguing that it was use of the word “trait,” instead of the actual admission of his prior offense, that was harmful. Kummer has not developed 26 this argument in a sufficiently clear way. And it seems unlikely the jury was unduly swayed by use of the word “trait” given that the jury, per Kummer, was entitled to learn 27 about the details of his prior sexual offense. 3 Kummer also complains he was not given the opportunity to attend a hearing on the Rule 28 404(c) issues. Kummer has not explained how his presence at the hearing would have altered the result. 1 Claim Seven is that Kummer’s due process rights were violated when the trial court 2 awarded $400 in restitution. The Ninth Circuit has held claims seeking relief from 3 restitution orders are not cognizable in federal habeas proceedings. Bailey v. Hill, 599 F.3d 4 976, 981 (9th Cir. 2010). Cf. United States v. Thiele, 314 F.3d 399, 402 (9th Cir. 2002) 5 (noting presence of some cognizable claims does not mean a claim challenging restitution 6 order is cognizable in 28 U.S.C. § 2255 proceeding). Claim Seven must be denied. 7 VII. Claim Ten 8 In Claim Ten Kummer argues the Arizona Court of Appeals erred by not evaluating 9 evidence the trial judge was confused at sentencing. The R&R points out this claim was 10 not raised as a federal claim by Kummer on direct appeal and, therefore, it is unexhausted. 11 That is correct. But even on the merits, the trial judge was required by Arizona law to 12 impose a sentence of life in prison. Kummer has not explained how any alleged confusion 13 by the sentencing judge had a negative impact on the sentence he received. 14 VIII. Claims Fifteen and Sixteen 15 In Claims Fifteen and Sixteen Kummer presents a variety of ways he allegedly 16 received ineffective assistance of counsel. For example, Kummer alleges his counsel failed 17 to interview alibi witnesses, failed to ensure Kummer’s family members could testify at 18 trial, failed to prepare Kummer to testify, and failed to challenge the prosecution’s case 19 and evidence. The R&R accurately explained that some of these bases were not exhausted. 20 But the R&R also explained how the arguments regarding ineffective assistance of counsel 21 fail on their merits. Kummer’s objections do not raise any reason to doubt the R&R’s 22 conclusions. In brief, while Kummer argues his counsel failed to present certain testimony, 23 Kummer has not outlined that testimony now. Thus, there is no way of knowing what, 24 exactly, the testimony would have established. Similarly, Kummer claims his attorney did 25 not adequately challenge certain aspects of the prosecution’s case but those aspects do not 26 appear to have been crucial to the central issues at the trial. For example, the prosecution 27 described the attack as lasting twenty minutes when, according to Kummer, the undisputed 28 evidence was that the attack lasted no more than four minutes. The precise length of the 1 attack, however, was not an element of any of the offenses. In sum, Kummer has not 2 established he suffered ineffective assistance of counsel. 3 IX. Claim Eighteen 4 Claim Eighteen presents a variety of arguments regarding the trial court’s failure to 5 grant Kummer’s motion for acquittal. Kummer’s primary argument is that the prosecution 6 did not present sufficient evidence to convict him. As explained by the R&R, the relevant 7 question is whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, 8 any rational jury could have convicted Kummer. That question is easily answered in the 9 affirmative as there was DNA evidence to convict Kummer. Claim Eighteen fails. 10 X. Claims Twenty, Twenty-One, Twenty-Three 11 Claims Twenty, Twenty-One, and Twenty-Three involve alleged errors in the way 12 Kummer’s petition for post-conviction relief was handled by the Arizona courts. These 13 claims are not cognizable in a federal habeas proceeding. Franzen v. Brinkman, 877 F.2d 14 26, 26 (9th Cir. 1989) (“[A] petition alleging errors in the state post-conviction review 15 process is not addressable through habeas corpus proceedings.”). 16 XI. Claim Twenty-Two 17 Claim Twenty-Two alleges Kummer received ineffective assistance of counsel in 18 his post-conviction relief proceedings. As correctly stated by the R&R, “[b]ecause there 19 is no constitutional right to an attorney in state post-conviction proceedings . . . a petitioner 20 cannot claim constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel in such proceedings.” (Doc. 21 22 at 34) (quoting Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 752 (1991)). Thus, this claim 22 fails. 23 XII. Summary of Habeas Claims 24 Kummer has not exhausted many of his claims, the claims he did exhaust do not 25 entitle him to relief, and the unexhausted claims involving ineffective assistance of trial 26 counsel are not “substantial” such that Kummer is entitled to additional proceedings, such 27 as an evidentiary hearing. The R&R will be adopted in full and Kummer’s petition for writ 28 of habeas corpus denied. 1 XII. Motion to Introduce New Evidence 2 After the parties submitted their responses to the R&R, Kummer filed a motion 3 regarding allegedly new evidence. That motion explains the DNA evidence used at 4 Kummer’s trial was handled by a private company named Sorenson Laboratories. Kummer 5 now seeks to introduce new evidence consisting of a newspaper article addressing the 6 “history of Sorenson Laboratories’ mishandling of DNA evidence.” (Doc. 31). Kummer 7 believes this article supports his allegations that the DNA evidence used at his trial was 8 unreliable. Whether to allow new evidence in a habeas proceeding is a complicated issue. 9 See Cullen v. Pinholster, 563 U.S. 170, 182 (2011) (noting federal habeas review normally 10 is “limited to the record that was before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the 11 merits”); Murray v. Schriro, 745 F.3d 984, 999 (9th Cir. 2014) (noting Pinholster “held 12 that petitioners may introduce new evidence in federal court only for claims that we review 13 de novo”). But the Court need not wade into this issue because Kummer has not provided 14 any plausible basis for considering this new evidence. Therefore, the motion will be 15 denied. 16 Accordingly, 17 IT IS ORDERED the Report and Recommendation (Doc. 22) is ADOPTED with 18 the additional analysis set forth above. 19 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED the Petition for Writ of Habeas Corpus (Doc. 1) is 20 DENIED and DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. 21 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED that a Certificate of Appealability and leave to 22 proceed in forma pauperis on appeal are DENIED because dismissal of portions of the 23 petition is justified by a plain procedural bar and jurists of reason would not find the 24 procedural ruling debatable and because the portions of the petition not procedurally barred 25 do not make a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right. 26 … 27 … 28 … 1 IT IS FURTHER ORDERED the Motion to Introduce New Evidence (Doc. 31) is 2|| DENIED. 3 Dated this 2nd day of October, 2019. 4 fo _ 5 — .

7 Senior United States District Judge 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28

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