NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 7 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
AMIT MISHRA KUMAR, No. 23-174 Agency No. Petitioner, A216-266-072 v. MEMORANDUM* PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted February 3, 2025** San Francisco, California
Before: McKEOWN, FORREST, and SANCHEZ, Circuit Judges.
Amit Mishra Kumar petitions for review of the Board of Immigration
Appeals’ (BIA) dismissal of his appeal from the immigration judge’s (IJ) denial of
his applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention
Against Torture (CAT). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). the petition.
Where the BIA provides its own reasoning, as it did here, “we review the
BIA’s decision, except to the extent it expressly adopts the IJ’s decision.” Diaz-
Reynoso v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1070, 1075–76 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). We
review factual findings for substantial evidence and legal conclusions de novo.
Plancarte Sauceda v. Garland, 23 F.4th 824, 831 (9th Cir. 2022). Under the
substantial evidence standard, we will reverse a factual finding only if “‘any
reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary’ based on the
evidence in the record.” Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th
Cir. 2017) (en banc) (quoting Zhi v. Holder, 751 F.3d 1088, 1091 (9th Cir. 2014)).
1. Asylum and Withholding of Removal. For purposes of asylum, an
applicant bears the burden of establishing, among other things, “[past] persecution
or a well-founded fear of [future] persecution.” Guo v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 1208, 1213
(9th Cir. 2018). For withholding of removal, an applicant must demonstrate that it is
“more likely than not” that he would be subject to persecution upon return to his
native country. Aden v. Wilkinson, 989 F.3d 1073, 1085–86 (9th Cir. 2021). For both
asylum and withholding, the source of the persecution must be “the government, or
by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to control.” Guo, 897 F.3d at
1213 (quoting Baghdasaryan v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1018, 1023 (9th Cir. 2010)).
Kumar claimed past persecution and fear of future persecution as a Hindu man
2 24-491 involved in an interfaith relationship with a Muslim woman in a financially strong
and politically well-connected family. The IJ found that Kumar failed to prove the
Indian government was or would be unable or unwilling to protect him, and the BIA
affirmed. Kumar challenges this finding as not supported by substantial evidence.
We disagree.
First, Kumar argues that the agency “read the record in a selective manner,”
highlighting instances in which the Indian government has taken affirmative steps
to prevent honor killings but glossing over evidence demonstrating India’s
shortcomings in combatting these crimes. There is no evidence to suggest that the
agency ignored evidence of honor killings; rather, the agency specifically
acknowledged the “many instances” of harm to individuals in “inter-religion
marriages or relationships” and exhibited awareness of khap panchayat systems and
their flaws. While we do not dispute that there is competing evidence in the record
on this point, the “possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the
evidence does not prevent an administrative agency’s finding from being supported
by substantial evidence.” Hussain v. Rosen, 985 F.3d 634, 642 (9th Cir. 2021)
(quoting Go v. Holder, 640 F.3d 1047, 1054 (9th Cir. 2011)).
Second, Kumar contends that the agency failed to consider his credible
testimony that he attempted to report the assault on him and his family members to
the police, but the police refused to help him and threatened to falsely imprison him
3 24-491 if he continued to try to report. We reject this argument because the agency did
consider this testimony: as the BIA noted, the IJ “properly considered and weighed
[Kumar’s] testimony that the local police refused to take a report” about the assault.
To the extent that this argument invites us to “independently weigh[] the evidence,”
we must decline. Angov v. Lynch, 788 F.3d 893, 900 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Singh
v. INS, 134 F.3d 962, 966 (9th Cir. 1998)).
Third, Kumar argues that the IJ’s conclusion rests on a “logical fallacy”
because there is no evidence supporting the BIA’s determination that the Indian
government would be willing or able to protect a Hindu man in an interfaith
relationship with a Muslim woman.1 In making this argument, Kumar improperly
attempts to shift the burden onto the Government to affirmatively prove that the
Indian government would be willing or able to protect him when it is Kumar’s
burden to prove the opposite. See Bringas-Rodriguez, 850 F.3d at 1062.
Kumar does not point to any evidence in the record that compels the
conclusion that he met his burden to show either past persecution or well-founded
1 The Government argues that Kumar waived this argument by failing to raise it to the BIA. Although Kumar did not phrase the argument in these exact words, he argued that the Indian government was unable or unwilling to protect him as a man in a mixed-faith relationship. Therefore, we conclude that Kumar has preserved his argument on appeal. Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 550 (9th Cir. 2023) (“A petitioner need not use precise legal terminology to exhaust his claim. Nor must he provide a well developed argument.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
4 24-491 fear of persecution. Necessarily, then, he has also failed to show that the record
compels a conclusion that he is “more likely than not” to be persecuted in the future.
On this dispositive element, we find no error, and we decline to address Kumar’s
arguments related to the other elements of his asylum and withholding of removal
claims. See INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts
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NOT FOR PUBLICATION FILED UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FEB 7 2025 MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK U.S. COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT
AMIT MISHRA KUMAR, No. 23-174 Agency No. Petitioner, A216-266-072 v. MEMORANDUM* PAMELA BONDI, Attorney General,
Respondent.
On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals
Submitted February 3, 2025** San Francisco, California
Before: McKEOWN, FORREST, and SANCHEZ, Circuit Judges.
Amit Mishra Kumar petitions for review of the Board of Immigration
Appeals’ (BIA) dismissal of his appeal from the immigration judge’s (IJ) denial of
his applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention
Against Torture (CAT). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252, and we deny
* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3. ** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2). the petition.
Where the BIA provides its own reasoning, as it did here, “we review the
BIA’s decision, except to the extent it expressly adopts the IJ’s decision.” Diaz-
Reynoso v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1070, 1075–76 (9th Cir. 2020) (citation omitted). We
review factual findings for substantial evidence and legal conclusions de novo.
Plancarte Sauceda v. Garland, 23 F.4th 824, 831 (9th Cir. 2022). Under the
substantial evidence standard, we will reverse a factual finding only if “‘any
reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary’ based on the
evidence in the record.” Bringas-Rodriguez v. Sessions, 850 F.3d 1051, 1059 (9th
Cir. 2017) (en banc) (quoting Zhi v. Holder, 751 F.3d 1088, 1091 (9th Cir. 2014)).
1. Asylum and Withholding of Removal. For purposes of asylum, an
applicant bears the burden of establishing, among other things, “[past] persecution
or a well-founded fear of [future] persecution.” Guo v. Sessions, 897 F.3d 1208, 1213
(9th Cir. 2018). For withholding of removal, an applicant must demonstrate that it is
“more likely than not” that he would be subject to persecution upon return to his
native country. Aden v. Wilkinson, 989 F.3d 1073, 1085–86 (9th Cir. 2021). For both
asylum and withholding, the source of the persecution must be “the government, or
by forces that the government was unable or unwilling to control.” Guo, 897 F.3d at
1213 (quoting Baghdasaryan v. Holder, 592 F.3d 1018, 1023 (9th Cir. 2010)).
Kumar claimed past persecution and fear of future persecution as a Hindu man
2 24-491 involved in an interfaith relationship with a Muslim woman in a financially strong
and politically well-connected family. The IJ found that Kumar failed to prove the
Indian government was or would be unable or unwilling to protect him, and the BIA
affirmed. Kumar challenges this finding as not supported by substantial evidence.
We disagree.
First, Kumar argues that the agency “read the record in a selective manner,”
highlighting instances in which the Indian government has taken affirmative steps
to prevent honor killings but glossing over evidence demonstrating India’s
shortcomings in combatting these crimes. There is no evidence to suggest that the
agency ignored evidence of honor killings; rather, the agency specifically
acknowledged the “many instances” of harm to individuals in “inter-religion
marriages or relationships” and exhibited awareness of khap panchayat systems and
their flaws. While we do not dispute that there is competing evidence in the record
on this point, the “possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions from the
evidence does not prevent an administrative agency’s finding from being supported
by substantial evidence.” Hussain v. Rosen, 985 F.3d 634, 642 (9th Cir. 2021)
(quoting Go v. Holder, 640 F.3d 1047, 1054 (9th Cir. 2011)).
Second, Kumar contends that the agency failed to consider his credible
testimony that he attempted to report the assault on him and his family members to
the police, but the police refused to help him and threatened to falsely imprison him
3 24-491 if he continued to try to report. We reject this argument because the agency did
consider this testimony: as the BIA noted, the IJ “properly considered and weighed
[Kumar’s] testimony that the local police refused to take a report” about the assault.
To the extent that this argument invites us to “independently weigh[] the evidence,”
we must decline. Angov v. Lynch, 788 F.3d 893, 900 (9th Cir. 2015) (quoting Singh
v. INS, 134 F.3d 962, 966 (9th Cir. 1998)).
Third, Kumar argues that the IJ’s conclusion rests on a “logical fallacy”
because there is no evidence supporting the BIA’s determination that the Indian
government would be willing or able to protect a Hindu man in an interfaith
relationship with a Muslim woman.1 In making this argument, Kumar improperly
attempts to shift the burden onto the Government to affirmatively prove that the
Indian government would be willing or able to protect him when it is Kumar’s
burden to prove the opposite. See Bringas-Rodriguez, 850 F.3d at 1062.
Kumar does not point to any evidence in the record that compels the
conclusion that he met his burden to show either past persecution or well-founded
1 The Government argues that Kumar waived this argument by failing to raise it to the BIA. Although Kumar did not phrase the argument in these exact words, he argued that the Indian government was unable or unwilling to protect him as a man in a mixed-faith relationship. Therefore, we conclude that Kumar has preserved his argument on appeal. Umana-Escobar v. Garland, 69 F.4th 544, 550 (9th Cir. 2023) (“A petitioner need not use precise legal terminology to exhaust his claim. Nor must he provide a well developed argument.”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted).
4 24-491 fear of persecution. Necessarily, then, he has also failed to show that the record
compels a conclusion that he is “more likely than not” to be persecuted in the future.
On this dispositive element, we find no error, and we decline to address Kumar’s
arguments related to the other elements of his asylum and withholding of removal
claims. See INS v. Bagamasbad, 429 U.S. 24, 25 (1976) (“As a general rule courts
and agencies are not required to make findings on issues the decision of which is
unnecessary to the results they reach.”).
2. CAT. For CAT relief, the petitioner “must show that it is ‘more likely
than not that . . . []he would be tortured if removed.’” Davila v. Barr, 968 F.3d 1136,
1144 (9th Cir. 2020) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2)). Torture is “any act by which
severe pain or suffering, whether physical or mental, is intentionally inflicted on a
person . . . when such pain or suffering is inflicted by or at the instigation of or with
the consent or acquiescence of a public official . . . or other person acting in an
official capacity.” 8 C.F.R. § 208.18(a)(1).
Kumar argues that we should remand for the agency to re-evaluate whether,
if removed to India, he would face torture with the consent or acquiescence of an
Indian politician whom Kumar testified is related to his girlfriend. The IJ concluded
that the record lacked persuasive evidence demonstrating any familial relationship
between the politician and Kumar’s girlfriend’s family, let alone the “degree or
nature” of that relationship. While Kumar disputes the agency’s conclusion, he does
5 24-491 not point to any evidence that the agency failed to consider, either of the girlfriend’s
family members’ general political connections or of their relationship with this
particular politician. Therefore, we conclude that the record does not compel the
determination that the agency erred in denying Kumar’s application for CAT relief.
PETITION DENIED.
6 24-491