Kulvinder Kaur v. Gurbrinder Singh Dhillon

• Court: Court of Appeals of Virginia
• Decided: November 16, 2021
• Docket: 0254214
• Status: Unpublished

Opinion

COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA UNPUBLISHED

Present: Judges O’Brien, Malveaux and Senior Judge Annunziata

KULVINDER KAUR MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0254-21-4 JUDGE ROSEMARIE ANNUNZIATA NOVEMBER 16, 2021 GURBRINDER SINGH DHILLON

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LOUDOUN COUNTY James E. Plowman, Jr., Judge

Khalid Mahmood for appellant.

No brief or argument for appellee.

Kulvinder Kaur (wife) appeals the parties’ final decree of divorce. Wife argues that the

circuit court erred by imputing income to her, not considering Gurbrinder Singh Dhillon’s

(husband) actual income, and not awarding her spousal support. She further contends that the

circuit court erred by awarding husband the annual child tax credit in alternate years. Lastly, she

asserts that the circuit court erred by not awarding her attorney’s fees. We find no error and affirm

the decision of the circuit court.

BACKGROUND

“When reviewing a trial court’s decision on appeal, we view the evidence in the light

most favorable to the prevailing party, granting it the benefit of any reasonable inferences.”

Nielsen v. Nielsen, 73 Va. App. 370, 377 (2021) (quoting Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App.

255, 258 (2003)).

* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. The parties married in India on August 9, 2015. Wife had been living in the United

States and returned to Virginia a few months after the wedding, but husband remained in India

for approximately two years until he was able to obtain a visa. Wife sponsored husband for his

green card. Thereafter, one child was born in 2018.

The parties separated on February 17, 2019. The Loudoun County Juvenile and

Domestic Relations District Court (the JDR court) subsequently ordered husband to pay $825 as

monthly spousal support to wife. Approximately one year after their separation, husband filed a

complaint for divorce, which was later amended. Wife filed an answer and counter complaint

for divorce.

The parties appeared before the circuit court for custody, visitation, and support issues.

The circuit court awarded joint legal custody of the child to the parties and primary physical

custody to wife. The circuit court continued the JDR court’s spousal support award to wife and

ruled that it would consider spousal support at the parties’ final hearing for divorce and equitable

distribution.

Several months later, the parties appeared before the circuit court for a two-day hearing

on the issues of the grounds for divorce, equitable distribution, spousal support, and attorney’s

fees. The circuit court heard evidence about husband’s and wife’s income and employment

history. Husband testified that he started working one month after he arrived in the United

States; at the time of the circuit court hearing, he was employed full time as a security guard,

earning approximately $2,990 per month. Husband explained that he no longer was eligible for

overtime because of company changes. A supervisor corroborated husband’s testimony that the

company had cut overtime.

Husband further explained that in addition to his security guard job, he previously had

worked for DoorDash. Husband testified that he had stopped working for DoorDash in late 2020

-2- because the work decreased with the COVID-19 pandemic and his expenses outweighed his

income. He also wanted to spend more time with his child.

The circuit court received into evidence copies of husband’s 2018 and 2019 income tax

returns, as well as his 2020 bank statements and paystubs, showing his income and business

expenses. The circuit court also received copies of wife’s 2018 and 2019 income tax returns, as

well as her income and expense statement.

Before the parties’ child was born, wife worked full time at Gate Gourmet, a food service

business to airlines, and part time at Wendy’s restaurant, earning a total of approximately $2,600

per month. Wife permanently left Gate Gourmet in October 2018 and left Wendy’s for a

two-month maternity leave in November 2018. Wife returned to work at Wendy’s in January

2019, after the child’s birth, but stopped working altogether seven weeks later.

Husband maintained that he could care for the child anytime he was not working. Wife

did not think that she could find a job to match her schedule, and she did not “trust” husband to

take care of the child. Wife admitted that since she stopped working, she had not tried obtaining

any education or training to advance her earning capacity, other than taking “some” English as a

second language classes at church. She also confirmed that she had not looked for any jobs since

she stopped working at Wendy’s restaurant.1

At the conclusion of all the evidence, husband argued that the parties had been married

for approximately forty-two months, and he lived in India for twenty-seven of those months.

Husband asserted that neither party had supported the other while they lived apart, and while

they lived together in Virginia, they both contributed toward the living expenses. Husband

emphasized that he had paid wife spousal support for twenty-two months. Husband requested

1 At the time of the circuit court hearing, husband believed that wife was working with her uncle, who was a real estate agent, but she denied working for him. -3- that the circuit court terminate his spousal support obligation because wife was capable of

working. Husband also asked to be awarded the child tax deduction since wife was not working

and that the circuit court deny wife’s request for attorney’s fees.

Wife requested spousal support for three years until the child entered school. She asked

the circuit court to include in husband’s income the amounts he previously earned from overtime

and DoorDash. Relying on Code § 20-108.1(B)(3), wife argued that the circuit court could not

impute income to her because their child was not in school.2 Wife further emphasized that

husband had failed to present any evidence of jobs that were available to her. Wife requested the

child tax deduction since she was the primary custodian and argued that husband should pay her

attorney’s fees and costs.

After hearing the evidence and arguments, the circuit court granted husband a divorce

based on the parties living separate and apart for more than one year. The circuit court further

ordered each party to keep the property each had in their possession. Considering that husband

took the child tax deduction in 2019, the circuit court ordered that the child tax deduction could

be taken by wife in 2020 and subsequent even years, and by husband in odd years.

The circuit court next considered wife’s request for spousal support. The circuit court

found that the parties’ marriage was “only three and a half years” and that they were “living

together for less than two years.” The circuit court described the marriage as “a very, very short

marriage” and found that “both parties were fairly self-sufficient.”

The circuit court found wife’s request for three more years of spousal support to be

“completely unreasonable” because such an order would require husband to pay spousal support

“for longer than the duration of the marriage.” The circuit court held that husband’s

2 Husband argued that the presumptive child support guidelines made an allowance for childcare costs, but spousal support had its own factors. -4- responsibility for wife’s support was not of “an indefinite duration.” The circuit court found that

wife was voluntarily underemployed and had made “no effort” over the preceding two years “to

seek any kind of employment at all when it’s been available to her in the past.” The circuit court

determined that the parties’ incomes had been “relatively the same” when wife was working.

The circuit court rejected wife’s request to impute the DoorDash income to husband. The

circuit court explained that husband’s employment with DoorDash was a “second job” that was

“time that he could be spending with his son and avoiding the parties’ collective expense for

childcare.” The circuit court also found reasonable that husband no longer had overtime

available to him at his security guard job, considering the COVID-19 pandemic. After

considering the length of the marriage and the parties’ ability to “sustain themselves prior to and

during the marriage and after,” the circuit court declined to order continuing spousal support and

found that husband’s spousal support payments for the prior twenty-two months were

“sufficient.” Husband’s spousal support obligation terminated effective February 28, 2021.

The circuit court further ordered that each party be responsible for their own attorney’s

fees and costs. On March 10, 2021, the circuit court entered the final decree of divorce. This

appeal followed.

ANALYSIS

Spousal Support

Wife argues that the circuit court erred by terminating spousal support. She asserts that

the circuit court erred by imputing income to her and calculating husband’s income incorrectly.

A court has “broad discretion in setting spousal support and its determination will not be

disturbed except for a clear abuse of discretion.” Wyatt v. Wyatt, 70 Va. App. 716, 719 (2019)

(quoting Giraldi v. Giraldi, 64 Va. App. 676, 681 (2015)). “In determining the appropriate amount

-5- of spousal support, the trial court must consider the needs of the requesting party and the other

spouse’s ability to pay.” Id. (quoting Alphin v. Alphin, 15 Va. App. 395, 401 (1992)).

Here, the circuit court considered the “very, very short” duration of the marriage, as well as

the fact that for the first couple of years, wife lived in Virginia, while husband lived in India. The

circuit court found that the parties were “fairly self-sufficient” and were “able to provide for

themselves without the continued and overlapping support of the other spouse.” The circuit court

heard evidence about the parties’ employment history and received copies of their 2018 and 2019

income tax returns. Wife testified that she took a two-month maternity leave, worked for seven

weeks, and then stopped working. She claimed that she was unable to work because no relatives

were available to watch the parties’ child. Wife admitted that she had not looked for employment

after she stopped working. The circuit court found that wife was voluntarily underemployed.

“‘Unless the trial judge misapplies the legal standard or misallocates the burden of proof,

the question of “[w]hether a person is voluntarily unemployed or underemployed is a factual

determination.”’” Nielsen, 73 Va. App. at 383 (alteration in original) (quoting Broadhead v.

Broadhead, 51 Va. App. 170, 180 (2008)). “Under appropriate circumstances, a trial court may

impute income to a spouse when calculating a support award.” Collins v. Leeds, 69 Va. App. 1,

8 (2018). “‘In determining whether to impute income, the circuit court “must look to current

circumstances and what the circumstances will be within the immediate or reasonably

foreseeable future, not to what may happen in the future.”’” Id. at 9 (quoting McKee v. McKee,

52 Va. App. 482, 493 (2008) (en banc)).

Wife argues that husband “did not introduce any evidence” concerning the availability of,

and salary for, jobs available to her at the time of the circuit court hearing. She contends that the

circuit court erred when it relied on her 2018 tax return and imputed that income to her.

“Imputed income may be calculated from evidence showing a higher-paying former job

-6- voluntarily quit by the parent, from evidence showing that more lucrative work is currently

available to the parent, or from evidence showing recent past earnings.” Niblett v. Niblett, 65

Va. App. 616, 628 (2015).

“The recent past earnings of a voluntarily unemployed parent often provides the most

reasonable estimate of earning capacity.” Id. at 628-29. The circuit court had heard evidence

that wife had worked at Gate Gourmet for minimum wage and at Wendy’s restaurant until the

birth of the parties’ child. It was reasonable for the circuit court to impute income to wife based

on her recent past earnings and infer that wife could find another job at a comparable salary.

Wife also argues that when the circuit court terminated her spousal support, it did not

consider that she had a young child for whom she was the primary custodian. She emphasizes

that if she worked, then she would have the additional cost of childcare. Contrary to wife’s

arguments, however, the record demonstrates that the circuit court considered childcare and

found that husband’s previous offer to care for the child while wife worked had been “rejected”

by wife.

In addition, wife contends that the circuit court erred by not including husband’s overtime

or DoorDash income into his total salary. Wife asserts that the circuit court erred by not

considering his “total income according to his year 2020 pay checks” from DoorDash and the

security guard job. She emphasized that it was husband’s burden to offer any evidence of

reasonable business expenses for his 2020 income. Wife acknowledges that husband testified

that overtime was no longer available to him at his security guard job and that he no longer

worked at DoorDash. Nevertheless, she argues that the circuit court should have calculated his

income based on his overtime and DoorDash income.

In deciding whether to impute income, the circuit court had to examine the “current

circumstances.” Collins, 69 Va. App. at 9. The circuit court accepted husband’s evidence that

-7- overtime was no longer available to him at his job as a security guard. The circuit court also

found that husband’s DoorDash job was a “second job and the money he makes from that second

job is time that he could be spending with his son and avoiding the parties’ collective expense for

childcare.” The circuit court declined to attribute DoorDash income to husband. The record

supports the circuit court’s findings.

In terminating the spousal support award, the circuit court considered the length of the

parties’ marriage and that it was not husband’s responsibility to support wife for an “indefinite

duration.” “Generally, ‘one who seeks spousal support is obligated to earn as much as he or she

reasonably can to reduce the amount of the support need.’” deCamp v. deCamp, 64 Va. App.

137, 151 (2014) (quoting Srinivasan v. Srinivasan, 10 Va. App. 728, 734 (1990)). The circuit

court found that wife had made no efforts to find employment for two years even though “it’s

been available to her in the past.” The circuit court further found that husband’s payment of

spousal support “for the last 22 months [was] sufficient . . . .”

Based on the evidence presented, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion by finding

that wife was voluntarily underemployed, declining to impute income to husband, and

terminating the spousal support award.

Child tax credit

Wife argues that the circuit court erred by ordering that the parties alternate claiming the

child as a dependent for tax purposes. On November 6, 2020, the circuit court entered a custody

and child support order. The entry of the custody and support order did not resolve all

outstanding issues because several months later, the parties appeared before the circuit court on

the issues of the grounds for divorce, equitable distribution, spousal support, and attorney’s fees.

During that hearing, husband and wife each requested being allowed to claim the child for tax

purposes. The circuit court ordered that the parties would alternate the child tax credit.

-8- On appeal, wife asserts that the circuit court erred in alternating the child tax credit

because as the child’s primary physical custodian, she should have the child tax credit. Wife

argues that the circuit court “should have considered both parties[’] income and financial

resources . . . ,” but she does not challenge the court’s authority to award the exemption to a

non-custodial parent on appeal.

The circuit court had the discretion to order the parties to “execute all appropriate tax

forms or waivers to grant to the other party the right to take the income tax dependency

exemption and any credits resulting from such exemption for any tax year or future years, for

any child . . . of the parties for federal and state income tax purposes.” Code § 20-108.1(E).

Considering the totality of the record, including the parties’ relatively comparable earning

capacity, the circuit court did not abuse its discretion in alternating the child tax credit.

Attorney’s fees

Wife argues that the circuit court erred by not awarding her attorney’s fees, especially

considering her limited financial resources. Wife presented evidence that she had paid $7,500 to

her attorney as part of a flat fee agreement.

“[A]n award of attorney’s fees is a matter submitted to the trial court’s sound discretion

and is reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.” Allen v. Allen, 66 Va. App. 586,

601 (2016) (alteration in original) (quoting Richardson v. Richardson, 30 Va. App. 341, 351

(1999)); see also Conley v. Bonasera, 72 Va. App. 337, 350 (2020). “[T]he key to a proper

award of counsel fees [is] reasonableness under all of the circumstances revealed by the record.”

Conley, 72 Va. App. at 350 (alteration in original) (quoting McGinnis v. McGinnis, 1 Va. App.

272, 277 (1985)).

Here, the circuit court found that it did not have “enough information” to determine

whether either party “caused a lengthy or protracted or unreasonable” delay in the litigation.

-9- Accordingly, it held that each party would be responsible for their own attorney’s fees. Thus, the

record establishes that the circuit court considered the circumstances and did not abuse its

discretion in denying her request for attorney’s fees.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, the circuit court’s ruling is affirmed.

Affirmed.

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