NO. 07-08-0242-CR
IN THE COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS
AT AMARILLO
PANEL D
JUNE 2, 2009
______________________________
KRISTY R. SIEFFERT, APPELLANT
V.
THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE
_________________________________
FROM THE COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF LUBBOCK COUNTY;
NO. 2007-444,671; HONORABLE DRUE FARMER, JUDGE
_______________________________
Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.
OPINION
Appellant, Kristy R. Sieffert, was convicted by a jury of the Class A Misdemeanor
offense of Failure to Identify1 and sentenced to confinement in the Lubbock County Jail for
1 See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 38.02(b)(Vernon Supp. 2008). An offense under this subsection is a Class B Misdem eanor unless it is shown on the trial of the offense that the defendant was a fugitive from justice at the tim e of the offense, in which case the offense becom es a C lass A Misdem eanor. Id. at § 38.02(d)(2). In this case, the State did allege that Appellant was a fugitive from justice at the tim e of the 365 days. Appellant’s single issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in denying her
motion to suppress her statements made while being illegally detained. We reverse and
remand.
Background
At the suppression hearing, Officer Brady Lewis, Lubbock Police Department,
testified that, on May 9, 2007, he observed a white SUV with four occupants driving slowly
through a high crime area at approximately 12:45 a.m.2 He followed the SUV until he
paced its speed at forty miles per hour in a thirty-five mile per hour speed zone, at which
point he stopped the SUV for speeding.3
As Officer Lewis approached the SUV, he had decided that his investigation would
“go to something further” because the SUV had been in a high crime area and contained
four occupants. When he approached the vehicle, Robert Stevens, the driver, had already
retrieved his driver’s license and proof of insurance. Officer Lewis testified this concerned
offense. As such the offense was punishable by confinem ent in the county jail for a term not to exceed one year, and by a fine of up to $4,000. Id. at § 12.21 (Vernon 2003).
2 Officer Lewis characterized the area as a “high crim e area” based on his personal knowledge. He indicated there were known drug houses in the area and prostitutes could be seen walking the streets.
3 Officer Lewis testified that, when he pulled the SUV over, he “was interested in exactly what all was going on and why they were over there in that particular area.” The Texas Court of Crim inal Appeals has held that a pretext stop is valid so long as an actual violation occurs and law enforcem ent officials detain the person for that reason regardless of the officer’s subjective reason for detention. Garcia v. State, 827 S.W .2d 937, 944 (Tex.Crim .App. 1992).
2 him.4 He also observed that the driver was “real nervous”–fidgeting around inside the SUV.
After having Stevens exit the SUV, Officer Lewis conducted a pat-down for officer safety
because he was “real nervous” and “they were coming from a high crime area, and a lot
of prostitution and narcotics involves weapons.” No weapons were located.
Officer Lewis then walked Stevens back to his patrol car, placed him in the
backseat, and asked if there was anything he needed to know about in the SUV. Stevens
responded, “No.” The officer then asked him for consent to search the SUV and Stevens
refused. At that moment, Officer Lewis “didn’t know exactly what they were up to, but [he]
knew something was out of the ordinary.” Based upon these circumstances, Officer Lewis
decided to detain Stevens and the other occupants while he called the K-9 Unit and
requested a dog to search for drugs.
Officer Lewis testified that, at this point, Appellant had not given him any reason for
suspicion. Nevertheless, he removed her and the other passengers from the SUV and
then questioned each as to their activities, identities, and the SUV’s contents. Appellant
was questioned twice regarding her identity and she responded with incorrect information.
Approximately ten minutes later, a drug-sniffing canine arrived and alerted to the
vehicle. Despite the alert, no drugs were found in the SUV following a search. While
searching the SUV, however, Officer Lewis discovered Appellant’s identification
4 Officer Lewis also testified that it was his usual procedure to ask for a person’s driver’s license and proof of insurance “first off.”
3 information. When he ran her name, he identified three outstanding warrants and placed
her under arrest. No warning or traffic citation was issued to the driver. Appellant was
charged with Failure to Identify, a Class A Misdemeanor and subsequently convicted
following a jury trial. This appeal followed.
Discussion
Appellant asserts the trial court erred by not suppressing her statements made while
being illegally detained. She contends Officer Lewis improperly prolonged the traffic stop
in order to initiate an investigation for drugs based upon less than articulable facts
sufficient to support a reasonable suspicion warranting her continued detention.5 The
State asserts that Officer Lewis had reasonable suspicion to conduct an investigation for
drug-related offenses because the SUV had been observed driving slowly through a high
crime area and the driver was “extremely nervous” and “fidgeting around and reaching
around [inside] the vehicle” after being stopped for speeding.
I. Standard of Review
A trial court’s ruling on a motion to suppress is reviewed for abuse of discretion,
Balentine v. State, 71 S.W.3d 763, 768 (Tex.Crim.App. 2002), under a bifurcated standard.
5 Appellant does not challenge whether Officer Lewis’s initial detention of the driver and the SUV’s passengers for speeding was illegal. Thus, we need not decide under Terry v. Ohio whether the officer’s action was justified at its inception. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 20-21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). This appeal is concerned with the second prong of the Terry v. Ohio analysis, i.e., whether the search and seizure was reasonably related, in scope, to the circum stances that justified the stop in the first place. 392 U.S. at 28-29.
4 Amador v. State, 221 S.W.3d 666, 673 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). When a trial court’s fact
findings are based on an evaluation of witness credibility or demeanor, almost total
deference is given to its factual determinations supported by the record. St. George v.
State, 237 S.W.3d 720, 725 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007). However, on questions of mixed law
and fact that do not turn on the trial court’s evaluation of witness credibility and demeanor,
we conduct a de novo review. Amador, 221 S.W.3d at 673.
When, as here, no findings of fact were requested nor filed, we review the evidence
in the light most favorable to the trial court’s ruling and assume the trial court made implicit
findings of fact supported by the record. See State v. Ross, 32 S.W.3d 853, 855-56
(Tex.Crim.App. 2000). Whether the totality of the circumstances is sufficient to support an
officer’s reasonable suspicion is a legal question that we review de novo. See Madden v.
State, 242 S.W.3d 504, 517 (Tex.Crim.App. 2007); Lopez v. State, 223 S.W.3d 408, 415
(Tex.App.–Amarillo 2006, no pet.).
II. Traffic Stops
For Fourth Amendment purposes, a traffic stop is a seizure and must be
reasonable. Davis v. State, 947 S.W.2d 240, 243, 245 (Tex.Crim.App. 1997). Both the
driver and any passengers are considered seized within the meaning of the Fourth
Amendment and may challenge the legality of the stop and the length and scope of their
detention. Brendlin v. California, 551 U.S. 249, 127 S.Ct. 2400, 2406-07, 168 L.Ed.2d 132
(2007).
5 A traffic stop is reasonable if the police officer was justified in making the stop and
his actions during the stop were confined in length and scope to that necessary to fulfill the
purpose of the stop. Kothe v. State, 152 S.W.3d 54, 63 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004). Actions an
officer may take within the scope of investigation attendant to a traffic stop include
requesting identification, proof of insurance, and vehicle registration; checking outstanding
warrants; confirmation of vehicle registration; and asking about the purpose of the trip and
intended destination. Id.; Strauss v. State, 121 S.W.3d 486, 491 (Tex.App.–Amarillo 2003,
pet. ref’d). An officer may approach not only the driver but passengers for this information.
Duff v. State, 546 S.W.2d 283, 286 (Tex.Crim.App. 1977). However, “[a]bsent reasonable
suspicion, officers may conduct only consensual questioning of passengers in a vehicle.”
St. George, 237 S.W.3d at 726 (citing Florida v. Bostick, 501 U.S. 429, 435, 111 S.Ct.
2382, 115 L.Ed.2d 389 (1991).6
Although no rigid time limitation exists on its length, a traffic stop is temporary and
may last no longer than necessary to effectuate its purpose. Kothe, 152 S.W.3d at 63-64,
65 n.43. Once its purpose has been satisfied, the stop may not be used as a “fishing
expedition for unrelated criminal activity.” Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 243 (quoting Ohio v.
Robinette, 519 U.S. 33, 41, 117 S.Ct. 417, 422, 136 L.Ed.2d 347 (1996)(Ginsberg, J.,
concurring)).
6 The officer m ay also ask the driver and passengers to step out of the car. Maryland v. W ilson, 519 U.S. 408, 410, 117 S.Ct. 882, 137 L.Ed.2d 41 (1997); Strauss, 121 S.W .3d at 491. In addition, a protective search for weapons is authorized when, under the totality of the circum stances at the tim e, an officer can conclude on som e objective, reasonable basis that his safety is endangered. Terry, 392 U.S. at 27. See Arizona v. Gant, No. 07-542, 2009 W L 1045962, *7-8 (U.S. April 21, 2009).
6 After an officer has validly stopped a vehicle for a traffic offense, the officer may
conduct a brief investigative detention, or “Terry stop,” of the occupants of the vehicle when
he has a reasonable suspicion to believe that the occupant is involved in criminal activity.
The reasonableness of the temporary detention must be examined in terms of the totality
of the circumstances and will be justified when the detaining officer has specific articulable
facts, which, taken together with rational inferences from those facts, lead him to conclude
that the person detained actually is, has been, or soon will be engaged in criminal activity.
See Balentine, 71 S.W.3d at 768. If during a valid traffic stop the officer develops
reasonable suspicion that the detainees are engaged in other criminal activity,7 prolonged
or continued detention is justified. Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 244. See Haas v. State, 172
S.W.3d 42, 52 (Tex.App.–Waco 2005, pet. ref’d); Perales v. State, 117 S.W.3d 434, 439
(Tex.App.–Corpus Christi 2003, pet. ref’d); McQuarters v. State, 58 S.W.3d 250, 256
(Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2001, pet. ref’d).
In Robinette, the U.S. Supreme Court held that a continued detention and request
to search a detainee's vehicle following a traffic stop was reasonable, where consent was
given, even though no circumstances were noted that would have constituted reasonable
suspicion of other criminal activity. See Robinette, 117 S.Ct. at 420-21. By contrast, in
Davis, the Court of Criminal Appeals found the officers' conduct unreasonable where
7 The basis for the reasonable suspicion justifying prolonged detention m ay be additional facts and inform ation discovered by an officer during the lawful detention for the traffic stop. See Rao v. State, 577 S.W .2d 709, 711 (Tex.Crim .App. 1979); Powell v. State, 5 S.W .3d 369, 378-79 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 1999, pet. ref’d), cert. denied, 529 U.S. 1116, 120 S.Ct. 1976, 146 L.Ed.2d 805 (2000).
7 officers nevertheless detained the vehicle, and thus its occupants, after the detainee
refused to consent to a search of his car, and sufficient time to effectuate the purpose of
the original detention had elapsed. See Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 246. We interpret Davis and
Robinette to mean that an officer may request consent to search a vehicle after a traffic
stop but may not detain the vehicle or its occupants if such consent is refused unless
reasonable suspicion of some criminal activity exists. In other words, if a valid traffic stop
evolves into an investigative detention of other criminal activity (such as possession of a
controlled substance) so that a canine sniff can take place, reasonable suspicion is
required to prolong the detention and refusal to consent to search does not, in and of itself,
establish that requirement. Green v. State, 256 S.W.3d 456, 462 (Tex.App.–Waco 2008,
no pet.) (collected cases cited therein); McQuarters, 58 S.W.3d at 256 (olfactory inspection
by police dog trained to detect the odor of illegal drugs requires a reasonable suspicion that
the vehicle contains narcotics).
The burden is on the State to elicit testimony showing sufficient facts to create a
reasonable suspicion. Garcia v. State, 43 S.W.3d 527, 530 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001).8 In our
determination of whether reasonable suspicion existed for prolonging this traffic stop, we
give due weight not to the officer’s inchoate and unparticularized suspicion or “hunch,” but
to the specific reasonable inferences that he was entitled to draw from the facts in light of
8 W hile Appellant originally bore the burden of proof at the suppression hearing, the State stipulated that Appellant’s arrest was warrantless. The burden then shifted to the State to establish that the seizure was conducted pursuant to a warrant or was reasonable. Bishop v. State, 85 S.W .3d 819, 822 (Tex.Crim .App. 2002).
8 his experience. See Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 242. Any investigative detention that is not
based on reasonable suspicion is unreasonable and violates the Fourth Amendment. Id.
III. Continued Detention
Appellant asserts that Officer Lewis’s drug investigation was not justified by the
traffic stop for speeding and her prolonged detention was illegal because the officer lacked
any reasonable suspicion that she, or anyone else in the SUV, was engaged in any illegal
activity when he initiated the drug investigation. She contends the SUV being slowly driven
through a high crime area late at night and the driver’s nervousness after having been
stopped by the police for speeding were insufficient to create reasonable suspicion to
justify prolonged detention for an unrelated drug investigation. As a result, she asserts that
all her statements made to Officer Lewis after he radioed for the drug-sniffing canine and
removed her from the SUV were inadmissible because her detention was illegal.
Although the time of day and the level of criminal activity in an area may be factors
to consider in determining reasonable suspicion, they are not suspicious in and of
themselves; Hudson v. State, 247 S.W.3d 780, 786-87 (Tex.App.–Amarillo 2008, no pet.);
Green, 256 S.W.3d at 462, and that detainees were seen or found in a high crime area
alone does not warrant reasonable suspicion. Gurrola v. State, 877 S.W.2d 300, 303
(Tex.Crim.App. 1997); Amorella v. State, 554 S.W.2d 700, 701 (Tex.Crim.App. 1977).
Neither does driving slower than the posted speed; Viveros v. State, 828 S.W.2d 2, 3
(Tex.Crim.App. 1992); Shaffer v. State, 562 S.W.2d 853, 854-55 (Tex.Crim.App. 1978),
9 nor nervousness; Green, 256 S.W.3d at 462; LeBlanc v. State, 138 S.W.3d 603, 608 n.6
(Tex.App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.), by themselves, warrant reasonable
suspicion.
Officer Lewis testified at the hearing that when he stopped the SUV for speeding
he had already decided the traffic stop would evolve into something more because the
SUV was coming from a high crime area. Significantly, however, he did not observe any
activity prior to the stop that would indicate that the SUV’s occupants might have engaged
in any illegal activity such as stopping near a known drug house or drug-dealing location,
leaving the SUV to interact with anyone, or engaging in any “hand-to-hand” activity with
anyone in the neighborhood. In fact, despite the SUV’s presence in the area, he did not
witness any of the SUV’s occupants engage in any activity other than driving slowly.
Officer Lewis also testified he believed he had reasonable suspicion to believe that
the driver had engaged in illegal activity because the driver was nervous. A number of
courts have observed that nervousness is of minimal probative value, given that many, if
not most, individuals can become nervous or agitated when detained by police officers.
See Deschenes v. State, 253 S.W.3d 374, 383 n.10 (Tex.App.–Amarillo 2008, pet. ref’d)
(collected cases cited therein); McQuarters, 58 S.W.3d at 257-58 “(nervousness is a weak
indicator of hidden narcotics”).
That the combination of these two events resulted in less than reasonable suspicion
is also evidenced by Officer Lewis’s own testimony. Prior to calling the K-9 Unit, he was
10 unsure whether the SUV’s occupants had engaged in any illegal activity. He testified that
he “didn’t know it was drugs. I mean, I just knew that something was out of the ordinary.”9
Nevertheless, he prolonged their detention to launch a new investigation into a possible
drug-related offense and called the K-9 Unit. Thereafter, he proceeded to engage in a
fishing expedition to determine whether there were drugs in the SUV–removed the
passengers from the vehicle, and then questioned them as to their activities, identity, and
the SUV’s contents.
Officer Lewis’s suspicion that “something was out of the ordinary” was nothing more
than an inarticulate hunch or suspicion–insufficient for a temporary detention. Talbert v.
State, 489 S.W.2d 309, 311 (Tex.Crim.App. 1973).10 When he decided to conduct a drug
9 There m ust be a reasonable suspicion by the officer that som e unusual activity is or has occurred, that the detained person is connected with the activity and that the unusual activity is related to the commission of a crime. Hoag v. State, 728 S.W .2d 375, 380 (Tex.Crim .App. 1987). See also Myers v. State, S.W .3d 873, 882 (Tex.App.–Eastland 2006, pet. ref’d). Although driving slowly through a high crim e area m ay create an inference that there was “som ething out of the ordinary” occurring, the m issing link here is that Officer Lewis observed nothing before or during the traffic stop that would lead a reasonable person to believe that this “suspicious activity” was related to the com m ission of any crim e. See Viveros, 828 S.W .2d at 3. This standard is an objective one, Officer Lewis’s hunch is irrelevant. W ilson v. State, 132 S.W .3d 695, 698 (Tex.App.–Am arillo 2004, pet. ref’d) (citing Garcia v. State, 43 S.W .3d 527, 530 (Tex.Crim .App. 2001)).
10 W ith the exception of the driver’s nervousness, Officer Lewis learned or observed nothing new during the stop that would reasonably lead to any heightened suspicion. See, e.g., Davis, 947 S.W .2d at 245- 46 (no reasonable suspicion to detain when officers concluded out-of-state driver was not intoxicated but they also believed the driver was not on a business trip as represented); W hite v. State, 574 S.W .2d 546, 547 (Tex.Crim .App. 1978) (reasonable suspicion did not exist where vehicle observed driving aim lessly in m all parking lot even though there had been a rash of purse snatchings in the parking lot); State v. Losoya, 128 S.W .3d 413, 415 (Tex.App.-Austin 2004, pet. ref’d) (no reasonable suspicion when officers, acting on an anonym ous tip of a “black m ale” involved in narcotics activity, observed a “black m ale” m ake a “hasty” departure from high crim e area after observing the police); Klare v. State, 76 S.W .3d 68, 72, 77 (Tex.App.–Houston [14 th Dist.] 2002, pet. ref’d) (no reasonable suspicion where pickup truck was observed parked behind a shopping center at 2:30 a.m ., all the businesses were closed and the shopping center had been burglarized a num ber of tim es); Davis v. State, 61 S.W .3d 94, 98-99 (Tex.App.–Am arillo 2001, no pet.) (no reasonable suspicion where a group of people were gathered in a yard located in a neighborhood known
11 investigation and called for the drug-sniffing canine, the purpose and focus of the traffic
stop was impermissibly altered because he lacked any specific articulable facts, which,
when combined with rational inferences from those facts, would create a reasonable
suspicion sufficient to continue the detention and prolong the traffic stop for purposes of
conducting a drug investigation.
This is particularly so regarding Appellant. Officer Lewis testified he had no reason
to suspect Appellant when she was removed from the SUV in preparation for the arrival of
a drug-detecting dog and then repeatedly questioned. Detaining Appellant for further
questioning pending the arrival of the drug-sniffing dog went beyond the scope of the stop
and unreasonably prolonged her detention. See St. George v. State, 237 S.W.3d 720, 726
(Tex.Crim.App. 2007).
In St. George, a driver was stopped by police because he had an inoperative license
plate light. Id. at 722. In response to the officers’ request for identification, the driver
produced his driver’s license. The passenger responded that, although he had a driver’s
for drug trafficking and defendant was observed walking to and from the group several tim es). Cf. Amorella, 554 S.W .2d at 701 (reasonable suspicion for stop when vehicle observed with its lights on and m otor running in departm ent store parking lot in high crim e area at 1:30 a.m . with several individuals standing around an open trunk which was im m ediately closed and the car driven away when the police were spotted); Lopez v. State, 223 S.W .3d 408, 415 (Tex.App.–Am arillo 2006, no pet.) (reasonable suspicion existed for further detention of defendant stopped in high crim e area when officer observed plastic baggie in crease of gas cap com partm ent); Strauss, 121 S.W .3d at 491-92 (prolonged detention of traffic stop reasonable where inconsistent answers by passenger and driver to questions about ownership of car and intended destination, large am ount of detergent in car consistent with efforts to m ask the sm ell of drugs, and sm ell of burnt m arihuana created reasonable suspicion); Freeman v. State, 62 S.W .3d 883, 888 (Tex.App.–Texarkana 2001, pet. ref’d) (prolonged detention of traffic stop reasonable where inconsistent answers by passenger and driver to “basic questions,” use of rental car, and sm ell of m arihuana in car detected while officer talked to passenger sufficient for reasonable suspicion).
12 license, he did not have it with him and gave a false name and date of birth. The driver’s
license and warrant checks came back clear and the officers issued a warning. While one
officer issued the warning, a second officer began questioning the passenger regarding his
identity and learned his true name. Upon running the passenger’s true name for a warrant
check, the officers discovered the passenger had outstanding traffic warrants and arrested
him. During a search incident to arrest, they discovered marihuana on his person. Id.
The Court of Criminal Appeals rejected the State’s argument that the passenger’s
misidentification coupled with his nervousness amounted to reasonable suspicion for the
passenger’s detention once the purpose for the stop had been completed. 237 S.W.3d
at 726. The St. George Court held that, when the warning was issued to the driver, the
officers had no specific articulable facts to believe the passenger was involved in any
criminal activity and, without separate reasonable suspicion, questioning the passenger
regarding his identity and checking for warrants went beyond the scope of the traffic stop
and unreasonably prolonged its duration. Id. (citing Brown v. Texas, 443 U.S. 47, 52-53,
99 S.Ct. 2637, 61 L.Ed.2d 357 (1979)). The St. George Court stated, “[b]ecause the
officers failed to show reasonable suspicion in this case, it was unreasonable for them to
continue detaining Appellant long after the warning citation was issued.” Id. at 727.
Here, when Officer Lewis stopped the SUV for speeding, as in St. George, the legal
justification or purpose of the stop was to either warn or cite the driver for a traffic violation.
Officer Lewis had no reasonable suspicion to conduct any other investigation based on his
13 hunch that “something was out of the ordinary.” Neither the SUV driving slowly through a
high crime area nor the driver’s nervousness during the stop supported any more than an
inference or suspicion, at best, that any criminal activity was afoot. When the driver
refused Officer Lewis’s request to search the SUV, he had learned nothing new that
justified prolonging their detention. At that point, it was incumbent upon him to either issue
a warning or citation to the driver for speeding. Initiating a drug-related investigation by
calling for a drug-sniffing canine and then removing the passengers from the SUV,
questioning them about their activities, identities, and the SUV’s contents impermissibly
prolonged their detention by exceeding the purpose of the traffic stop. That Officer Lewis
did not formally issue a warning or citation is of no moment.11 His testimony at the
suppression hearing indicates that pulling the SUV over for a traffic violation was a pretext
for finding out what the occupants were “up to,” and his practice was to issue only a verbal
11 The State attem pts to distinguish St. George because, in St. George, the driver was cited while the passenger was questioned and incrim inating statem ents were obtained. 237 S.W .3d at 726. The St. George Court indicated that the citation’s issuance signaled the end of the traffic stop. Id. Here, Officer Lewis signaled the end of the traffic stop when he asked the driver whether he possessed any illegal contraband and then solicited his consent to search the SUV. Although this was a proper act, “[i]f consent is withheld, then further detention of either the individual or chattel [in the absence of reasonable suspicion] becom es im proper.” Strauss, 121 S.W .3d at 491. See Haas, 172 S.W .3d at 52. Thereafter, Officer Lewis abandoned the original purpose for the stop, a speeding violation, and im perm issibly expanded its purpose and scope by prolonging the traffic stop for an im proper purpose–a drug investigation for which he lacked reasonable suspicion. W hile, in St. George, the officers were unable to show reasonable suspicion to justify detaining the passenger after the citation was issued; id. at 726-27, here, Officer Lewis was unable to show reasonable suspicion to justify detaining the passenger after the citation should have been issued. Rather than continue to pursue the investigation attendant to the traffic stop, Officer Lewis chose to abandon that investigation and launch a new investigation in the hopes of finding evidence of som e drug offense. See Davis, 947 S.W .2d at 245 (“the propriety of the detention is judged by whether police pursued a m eans of investigation which dispelled or confirm ed their suspicions quickly and in a m anner that did not exceed the scope of the detention”). W e note, this is not a case where an officer sought to investigate specific suspected crim inal activity prior to com pleting the traffic stop, this is a case where the officer sought to investigate a “hunch” or “suspicion” unduly prolonging an otherwise valid traffic stop. Cf. Kothe, 152 S.W .3d at 65-66.
14 warning if the speeding violation was for less than ten miles per hour in excess of the
posted speed limit. Here, the SUV exceed the posted speed limit by only a few miles per
hour and the driver ultimately received no warning or citation for speeding.
Because reasonable suspicion for the drug-related investigation was lacking in this
case, it was unreasonable for Officer Lewis to continue detaining Appellant after he
impermissibly altered the purpose of the stop, expanded its scope, and prolonged
Appellant’s detention longer than necessary to effectuate the traffic stop’s original purpose.
Accordingly, we find the trial court erred in denying Appellant’s motion to suppress.
IV. Harm Analysis
Having found error, we must conduct a harm analysis to determine whether the error
calls for reversal of judgment. Tex. R. App. P. 44.2. Here, the trial court erred by denying
Appellant’s motion to suppress her statements made during the unreasonable, prolonged
detention. The evidence was subsequently admitted at trial. An investigative detention
that is not based on reasonable suspicion is unreasonable and offends the Fourth
Amendment; Davis, 947 S.W.2d at 242, rendering any subsequently discovered evidence
inadmissible as “fruit of the poisonous tree.” Segura v. United States, 468 U.S. 796, 804,
104 S.Ct. 3380, 82 L.Ed.2d 599 (1984). The error below was constitutional error and Rule
44.2(a) is applicable.
15 To determine whether prejudice occurred by the introduction of Appellant’s
statements at trial, we evaluate the entire record in a neutral, impartial, and even-handed
manner, not in the light most favorable to the prosecution; Alford v. State, 22 S.W.3d 669,
673 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2000, pet. ref’d), and must reverse unless we determine beyond
a reasonable doubt that error did not contribute to Appellant’s conviction or punishment.
Id. We consider the source and nature of the error, the extent it was emphasized by the
State, its probable collateral implications, the weight a juror would probably place on the
error, and whether declaring it harmless would be likely to encourage the State to repeat
it with impunity. Harris v. State, 790 S.W.2d 568, 587 (Tex.Crim.App. 1989). We do not
focus on the propriety of the outcome, but calculate as much as possible the probable
impact on the jury in light of the existence of other evidence. Wesbrook v. State, 29
S.W.3d 103, 119 (Tex.Crim.App. 2000), cert. denied, 532 U.S. 944, 121 S.Ct. 1407, 149
L.Ed.2d 349 (2001).
Here, Appellant was charged with the offense of failure to identify. Without her
statements made during the unreasonable detention, there is nothing else in the record
showing Appellant failed to identify herself during the traffic stop. After carefully reviewing
the record and performing the required harm analysis under Rule 44.2(a), we are unable
to determine beyond a reasonable doubt that the trial court’s denial of Appellant’s motion
to suppress her statements did not contribute to her conviction or punishment.
Accordingly, we sustain Appellant’s single issue.
16 Conclusion
The trial court’s judgment is reversed and the cause is remanded for further
proceedings consistent with this opinion.
Patrick A. Pirtle Justice
Publish.