Kristy George v. Jeffry Jeppesen

• Court: Court of Appeals of Texas
• Decided: July 19, 2007
• Docket: 01-06-00446-CV
• Status: Published

Opinion

Opinion issued July 19, 2007

In The

Court of Appeals

For The

First District of Texas

NO. 01-06-00446-CV

KRISTY GEORGE, Appellant

V.

JEFF JEPPESON, Appellee

On Appeal from the 310th District Court

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 1997-38411

O P I N I O N

Appellant, Kristy George (Kristy), challenges a judgment that modified the conservatorship terms of the 1997 decree that terminated her marriage to appellee, Jeff Jeppeson (Jeff) by changing his status to sole managing conservator and changing her status to possessory conservator for their minor female children, Ma. J. (MA) and Me. J. (ME). Kristy contends that the trial court abused its discretion by (1) not ordering specific periods of possession to Kristy for both girls, (2) allocating decisions concerning her access to the girls to a third party, and (3) not rendering judgment in favor of Kristy for unpaid child support due under an earlier decree. We affirm.

Facts and Procedural History

Kristy and Jeff were divorced in October 1997, having separated three years earlier. The divorce decree named Kristy and Jeff joint managing conservators for both girls. That same year, Kristy married David George (David), who is ME's biological father. ⁽¹⁾

In June 2004, Kristy summoned Jeff to a meeting at her and David's home, after discovering "hickeys" on the neck of the eldest daughter, MA. MA had recently turned 14 years of age. The purpose of the meeting was to discuss concerns that MA was romantically involved with a 19-year-old male and had become sexually active. David was present during the meeting. In the process of the confrontation of MA during the three-hour meeting, MA eventually broke down and made an outcry that David, her stepfather, had been molesting her for a lengthy period of time. During the same meeting, David admitted that he had been molesting MA for about four years. He had touched her breasts and vaginal area and had taught her to masturbate. MA expressed concerns that David was "grooming" her younger sister, ME, for the same abuse, having kissed ME on the face and neck and touched her breasts over her clothing many times. ME was ten years old when MA made her outcry. Both girls moved from Kristy and David's house and began to live with Jeff and his wife Brenda, and temporary orders by the trial court confirmed that arrangement, with periods of possession also designated for Kristy.

Despite MA's outcry and David's admissions, Kristy claimed at trial that David's abuse of MA was minimal and that no abuse of ME had occurred. Very shortly after MA's outcry, Kristy resumed an intimate relationship with David at their home.

A criminal prosecution by Harris County ensued, as well as an investigation by Children's Protective Services (CPS). Jeff filed this action to modify conservatorship under the 1997 decree and obtained temporary orders granting him managing conservatorship. Kristy filed a counterpetiton to modify the decree and a motion to enforce unpaid child support.

The eldest of the girls, MA, viewed herself as responsible for these court proceedings and the resulting disruption of her family and regretted her outcry. Jeff testified at trial that his "key" concern for MA was that she realize that the abuse by David was not her fault. His "key" concern for ME was that she realize that he loved her as much as MA, even though he is not her biological father.

David's criminal prosecution resulted in a decree of deferred adjudication, with a ten-year period of community supervision. The conditions of community supervision forbade David any contact with either MA or ME. The trial court's temporary orders also forbade him any contact with either child. Nonetheless, Kristy took the girls with her when she visited David at the Harris County jail on one occasion. On another occasion, she arranged a Wal-Mart outing with the girls, during which David was present at the same Wal-Mart store.

Kristy sued David for divorce "for financial reasons" while this case was pending, but a proposed decree of divorce was never finalized and was "on hold" according to Kristy's trial testimony. Kristy also claimed at trial that she had "moved on" from her relationship with David and her plans for family reconciliation. But the record shows continuing minimalization of the assaults on her daughters, continuing ambivalence concerning the need and her ability to end the relationship with David, and continuing lack of perception of the conflict of that relationship with her role as parent to her daughters, David's victims. At the time of trial, David was still the beneficiary of a life-insurance policy owned by Kristy.

MA ran away once from Kristy's home and twice from Jeff's home while this case was pending. The first runaway from his home occurred after Jeff discovered marihuana in her clothing. Jeff enrolled MA in Odyssey House, a residential treatment center for 13 to 17 year-olds with drug dependency and behavior problems. Staff of Odyssey House who testified at trial stated that MA met the facility's requirements. Kristy, however, deemed the center "not the type of facility that [MA] needs." Kristy went into a tirade at the facility when MA was to be admitted and told MA that she did not have to remain at Odyssey House and could leave whenever she wished. ⁽²⁾

The case was tried to the court on Jeff's motion to modify, Kristy's counterpetition to modify, and Kristy's motion to confirm child-support arrearages. The witnesses in the five-day trial included the therapists for both girls and a psychologist who examined Kristy and Jeff as well as the girls, and whose expert report was admitted into evidence.

The trial court's judgment recites an express finding that "a material and substantial change" had occurred in "the circumstances of the children, a conservator, or other party" since rendition of the 1997 divorce decree and further recites that modification of that decree "is in the best interest of the children." See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.101(1) (Vernon Supp. 2006). The trial court removed Jeff and Kristy as managing conservators and appointed Jeff sole managing conservator and Kristy possessory conservator. Kristy has not challenged these determinations.

The decree recites that "all visitation and possession rights" to be exercised by Kristy be accomplished "through the SAFE [sic] Program" and "shall take place two times per month during program hours." ⁽³⁾ In addition, the trial court required that both Kristy and Jeff register immediately with the S.A.F.E. program and pay their respective costs. These terms of possession and access would last while each child was under 18 years of age and not otherwise emancipated. The decree further recites that the trial court denied Kristy's motion requesting enforcement of child-support arrearages and ordered her to pay child support to Jeff for each of the girls, to maintain health insurance, and to pay fifty percent of any uninsured medical cost.

The decree specifies that Kristy, Jeff, and both girls undergo family and individual counseling and imposed a requirement that MA's therapist have experience in treating children engaging in Oppositional Defiant Disorder, conduct disorder, or both, as well as experience in handling victims of sexual abuse. With respect to ME, the trial court further specified that her therapy address the issues of social skills development, self-esteem, and sexual abuse. Concerning Kristy, the trial court ordered psychotherapy "to address the issues of sexual abuse of the children, the impact of her choices, her distorted thinking regarding [David], and her failure to appreciate the children's victimization" or "the sexual abuse of the children by [David]." Jeff was ordered to participate in therapy for at least six months "to increase his understanding of adolescent issues, parenting methods with adolescents[,] and issues regarding the sexual abuse of the children." Kristy was ordered to pay the costs of her and the children's therapy, and Jeff was ordered to pay his costs.

The judgment enjoins both Kristy and Jeff from allowing David within 1,000 feet of the children and from allowing David to contact either child. Concerning MA, the judgment ordered that Jeff keep her enrolled in Odyssey House until she "completes the program or is discharged" from the program. In addition, the judgment specifies that neither parent nor any relative be permitted to contact MA "until the professionals at Odyssey House, Texas, give written notice to either or both parties that they can contact or visit [MA]." Until that time, only the court-appointed amicus attorney is permitted "any contact or communication" with MA during her stay at Odyssey House.

Discussion

A motion to modify the parent-child relationship is a suit affecting the parent-child relationship (SAPCR). Chalu v. Shamala, 125 S.W.3d 737, 738 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2003, no pet.) (citing Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.032(a) (Vernon 2002) (defining "suit affecting the parent-child relationship ")). A trial court that enters a decree affecting a child, as here, retains continuing, exclusive jurisdiction over SAPCRs pertinent to that decree. See id.; Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 155.202, 155.001-.003 (Vernon 2002)).

In addition, the trial court exercised specific authority in this case pursuant to section 156.101 of the Family Code, which authorizes modification of a decree that provides for the appointment of a conservator of a child, the terms and conditions of conservatorship, or the possession of or access to a child. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.101 (Vernon Supp. 2006). To modify an existing decree of conservatorship, the trial court must conclude that modification would be in the best interest of the child and that one of the following circumstances has occurred:

(1) the circumstances of the child, a conservator, or other party affected by the order have materially and substantially changed since the earlier of:

(A) the date of rendition of the earlier order; or

(B) the date of the signing of a mediated or collaborative law settlement agreement on which the order is based;

(2) the child is at least 12 years of age and has filed with the court, in writing, the name of the conservator who is the child's preference to have the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child; or

(3) the conservator who has the exclusive right to designate the primary residence of the child has voluntarily relinquished the primary care and possession of the child to another person for at least six months.

Id. § 156.101(1)-(3) (emphasis added). Jeff relied on section 156.101(1)(A) in seeking modification in this case, claiming that David's abuse of MA constituted a material and substantial change that warranted removing Kristy as managing conservator for her two daughters.

"The best interest of the child shall always be the primary consideration of the court in determining the issues of conservatorship and possession of and access to the child." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.002 (Vernon 2002); Lenz v. Lenz, 79 S.W.3d 10, 14 (Tex. 2002) (reiterating that best interest of child is primary consideration, pursuant to legislative mandate).

A. Standard of Review

We review a trial court's decision on custody, control, possession, and visitation of children for abuse of discretion, and we will reverse the trial court's order only if we determine, from reviewing the record as a whole, that the trial court abused its discretion. Turner v. Turner, 47 S.W.3d 761, 763 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2001, no pet.) (citing Gillespie v. Gillespie, 644 S.W.2d 449, 451 (Tex. 1982)).

A trial court abuses its discretion when it reaches a decision that is so arbitrary and unreasonable that it amounts to a clear and prejudicial error of law, or when it clearly fails to correctly analyze or apply the law. In re Ford Motor Co., 165 S.W.3d 315, 317 (Tex. 2005) (citing Walker v. Packer, 827 S.W.2d 833, 839-40 (Tex. 1992)); Turner, 47 S.W.3d at 763. Because a trial court has no discretion in determining what the law is, which law governs, or how to apply the law, we review these types of discretionary rulings de novo. See In re D. Wilson Constr. Co., 196 S.W.3d 774, 781 (Tex. 2006) (citing Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 840). But when we review a ruling that results from the trial court's having resolved underlying facts, we must defer to the trial court's factual resolutions, and any credibility determinations that may have affected those resolutions, and may not substitute our judgment for the trial court's judgment in those matters. See Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 839-40; Holley v. Holley, 864 S.W.2d 703, 706 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1993, writ denied). Challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence do not constitute independent claims of error for rulings subject to the abuse-of-discretion standard because the standard incorporates sufficiency standards. See McGuire v. McGuire, 4 S.W.3d 382, 387 n. 2 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 1999, no pet.).

When, as here, the trial court conducts a bench trial, but files no findings of fact and conclusions of law, we may infer that the trial court made all findings necessary to support its judgment. BMC Software Belg., N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 795 (Tex. 2002); Worford v. Stamper, 801 S.W.2d 108, 109 (Tex. 1990). It is axiomatic that any implied finding must be consistent with the judgment. Anderson Mill Mun. Util. Dist. v. Robbins, No. 03-04-00369-CV, 2005 WL 2170355, at *6 (Tex. App.--Austin, Sept. 8, 2005, no pet.). We presume, therefore, that the trial court found all questions of fact in support of the judgment, and we must affirm if the judgment can be upheld on any legal basis supported by the pleadings and the evidence. See Point Lookout W., Inc. v. Whorton, 742 S.W.2d 277, 278 (Tex. 1987); Worford, 801 S.W.2d at 109. When, as here, the record includes a reporter's record of the trial, the appealing party must show that the judgment of the court below cannot be sustained by any theory raised by the evidence. See Whorton, 742 S.W.2d at 278.
B. Conditions of Possession and Access

1. Specific Periods of Possession

Kristy's first and second issues challenge the conditions imposed on her access to and possession of the children. In a portion of her first issue, Kristy contends that the trial court "erred in not ordering [her] specific periods of possession." Kristy waived this issue by not raising it in the trial court. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). Moreover, her motion for new trial, as well as the trial court's judgment, negate Kristy's contention. In her motion for new trial, Kristy argued that the trial court abused its discretion by rendering a judgment that ordered periods of her possession through the S.A.F.E. program. As Kristy acknowledged in the motion, the judgment fixed her access to and possession of the children at two times per month during S.A.F.E. program hours. The judgment also recites the duration of these periods of supervised visitation, specifically until each of the children's 18th birthday, unless the child were emancipated earlier.

We hold that the record and her own motion negate Kristy's argument and therefore overrule the portion of the first issue in which Kristy claims that the trial court abused its discretion by not awarding her specific periods of possession.

2. Challenge to Visitation through S.A.F.E. Program

In the remaining portion of her first issue and in her second issue, Kristy contends that the trial court erred and abused its discretion by allocating the decision concerning her access to the children to the S.A.F.E. program to a third party "not acting at the direction" of the trial court. ⁽⁴⁾ Kristy contends that the S.A.F.E. program has no judicial authority and, therefore, no ability to ensure compliance; she further contends that requiring involvement of the S.A.F.E. program in her possession renders the judgment voidable and unenforceable. ⁽⁵⁾ We do not agree.

In appointing Kristy possessory conservator, the trial court complied with the statutory presumption that favors a parent, as stated in section 153.191 of the Family Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.191 (Vernon 2002) (reciting presumption that parent not appointed sole or managing conservator shall be appointed possessory conservator unless trial court finds that appointment "not in the best interest of the child and that parental possession or access would endanger the physical or emotional welfare of the child").

When warranted by the circumstances, the Family Code authorizes the limited restrictions imposed on Kristy's rights, as possessory conservator, of access to and possession of her children. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 153.193 (Vernon 2002) ("Minimal Restriction on Parent's Possession or Access"). Pursuant to section 153.193, an order that "denies possession of a child to a parent or imposes restrictions or limitations on a parent's right to possession of or access to a child" may not exceed restrictions required to protect the child's best interest. Id.; see also In re Walters, 39 S.W.3d 280, 287 (Tex. App.--Texarkana 2001, no pet.) (concluding, on construing sections 153.191 and 153.193 together, that no conflict in these statutes arises when trial court appoints parent possessory conservator and also rules (1) that unrestricted access by that parent would endanger child's physical or emotional welfare, and (2) that restricted access would not); In re Lau, 89 S.W.3d 757, 759-60 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, orig. proceeding) (conditionally granting mandamus relief to vacate temporary order denying habeas corpus relief to father denied any possessory rights to child under temporary order). We emphasize that Kristy does not challenge the underlying considerations on which the trial court relied in limiting Kristy's access and possession, but merely contends that the restrictions are unenforceable.

Kristy relies principally on Ex parte Brister, 801 S.W.2d 833 (Tex. 1990), to support her contention that requiring her to exercise her possessory rights through the S.A.F.E. program renders the decree unenforceable. We distinguish Brister at the outset, because it resolved an original proceeding seeking a writ of habeas corpus, in which the challenging party claimed that an order of contempt was void and thus unenforceable. 801 S.W.2d at 833. In sustaining this challenge and granting habeas-corpus relief to order the relator discharged from her probated punishment, the supreme court applied the settled rule that a judgment must set out terms for compliance in clear and unambiguous terms and must clearly order the party to perform the required acts in order to be enforceable by contempt. Id. at 834. The flaw in the underlying judgment in Brister arose because the judgment contained a standard order for visitation rights in favor of the father, but also permitted the father to modify those rights based on his changing work shift, which resulted in a lack of specific, ascertainable requirements on which the trial court could have held the mother in contempt. Id.

In addition to being presumptively valid, ⁽⁶⁾ a condition not present in Brister's habeas corpus context, see id., the terms of the judgment in this case do not lack specificity and leave no confusion in notifying all who must abide with the terms concerning what is required for compliance. The judgment states that Kristy may exercise her rights of access and possession twice monthly, during S.A.F.E. program hours, and until each child either reaches majority or is discharged from the program. Both Kristy and Jeff were ordered to contact the S.A.F.E. program through a telephone number identified as the Houston Victims Assistance Program, to register with the program, and to pay their respective costs for the program. In contrast to the Brister judgment, which effectively delegated the actual terms of possession to the father, see id., the judgment here notifies not only Kristy and Jeff, but also the S.A.F.E. program, of Kristy's twice monthly possessory rights. Because the judgment specifies that Kristy is to be permitted twice monthly supervised possession, any failure of the S.A.F.E. program to permit either Kristy her twice monthly access is readily enforceable in the trial court.

Kristy also challenges participation of the S.A.F.E. program as supervisor of her possessory rights, on the grounds that the program lacks "judicial authority," and "has no ability to ensure compliance with its demands, request [sic] or requirements." Therefore, Kristy contends, the trial court's judgment lacks elements that will "ensure that the policy of the State is complied with for this parent and child."

We note first that the authority on which Kristy relies does not support her challenge, ⁽⁷⁾ which we reject, and we reiterate that the judgment notified Kristy, Jeff, and the S.A.F.E. program that Kristy was entitled to exercise her rights of possession and access twice monthly during program hours. By designating the S.A.F.E. program as administrator and supervisor of Kristy's exercise of her rights of possession and access to MA and ME, the trial court implicitly required that Kristy's exercise of her twice monthly rights be carried out in a manner that protected not only Kristy's rights to possession and access, but also her daughter's best interests. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.101(1).

For the reasons stated, we conclude that the terms specifying Kristy's possession of and access to her daughters are ascertainable from the judgment, which is, therefore, enforceable and not voidable. We further conclude that the trial court ensured compliance with the policy of the State to permit Kristy to exercise the rights of possession and access afforded by sections 153.191 and 153.193 of the Family Code, while ensuring the best interests of MA and ME, as required by section 156.101(1) of the Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.101(1), 153.191, 153.193.

We overrule Kristy's second issue.

C. Denial of Motion to Enforce Child-Support Arrearages

In her third issue, Kristy challenges the portion of the trial court's judgment that denied her motion for enforcement of child-support arrearages that Kristy contends Jeff owes. To support her contention that the trial court abused its discretion in denying the motion, Kristy argues that (1) principles of res judicata preclude "relitigating" the final child-support obligations established in the 1997 decree, and (2) by denying the motion, the trial court failed its mandatory duty to enforce those obligations and, therefore, effectively obviated them, in violation of res-judicata principles and sections 157.262 and 157.263 of the Family Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 157.262(a) (Vernon 2002) ("Except as provided by this section, in a contempt proceeding or in rendering a money judgment, the court may not reduce or modify the amount of child support arrearages.") (emphasis added); id., § 157.263(a) (Vernon Supp. 2006) ("If a motion for enforcement of child support requests a money judgment for arrearages, the court shall confirm the amount of arrearages and render one cumulative money judgment."). Kristy further contends that "the only evidence presented was that the support had not been paid." We cannot agree.

1. Section 157.252(a) Relief Denied--not Granted

The child-support provisions that Kristy sought to enforce appear in her and Jeff's 1997 divorce decree. This decree became final long ago and was not appealed. Well-settled principles of res judicata preclude any collateral attack on the provisions of the 1997 final divorce decree. See Berry v. Berry, 786 S.W.2d 672, 673 (Tex. 1990); Huff v. Huff, 648 S.W.2d 286, 288 (Tex. 1983); In re M.K.R., 216 S.W.3d 58, 66 (Tex. App.--Fort Worth 2007, no pet. h.). ⁽⁸⁾ Similarly, unpaid child support constitutes an "unfulfilled duty to the child," rather than a debt owing to the custodial parent. Williams v. Patton, 821 S.W.2d 141, 145 (Tex. 1991). The Family Code thus provides that "a child support payment not timely made constitutes a final judgment for the amount due and owing . . . ." Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 157.261(a) (Vernon 2002). ⁽⁹⁾

Accordingly, a trial court has no authority to "forgive," reduce, or modify child-support arrearages. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 157.262(a). Pursuant to section 157.262(a), the trial court's exercise of its discretion is limited when the trial court renders a money judgment in response to a motion for enforcement. See id. ("[I]n rendering a money judgment, the court may not reduce or modify the amount of child[-]support arrearages.") (emphasis added); Williams, 821 S.W.2d at 143-44 (noting that legislature denied trial courts authority to "forgive" child-support arrearages); see also Attorney Gen. v. Stevens, 84 S.W.3d 720, 723 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2002, no pet.) (noting that section 157.262 limits exercise of discretion when court renders money judgment on arrearages); Williams, 821 S.W.2d at 153 (Phillips, C.J., dissenting to refusal to acknowledge parties' agreement absent court intervention) ("[T]he trial court acts as a 'mere scrivener' who 'mechanically' tallies the amount of arrearages."). ⁽¹⁰⁾

But no "relitigation" of Jeff's child-support obligations occurred here, and res judicata principles did not bar the trial court's resolution. Though Kristy's motion for enforcement invoked section 157.262(a), the trial court did not "render a money judgment" pursuant to that section in response to Kristy's motion for enforcement. To the contrary, as the judgment recites, the trial court simply "denied" Kristy's motion without awarding her the relief she requested under section 157.262(a). Accordingly, nothing in the record supports Kristy's contention on appeal that the trial court "reduce[d] or modif[ied] the amount of child support arrearages" or otherwise "forgave" those obligations. See Tex. Fam. Code. Ann. § 157.262(a). ⁽¹¹⁾

The dispositive question thus becomes whether the trial court abused its discretion by denying Kristy's motion to enforce those obligations.

2. Failure to Prove Arrearages Warranted Denial of Kristy's Motion

To prevail on her motion seeking the enforcement authorized by section 157.001 and to obtain the "one cumulative money judgment" authorized and mandated by section 157.263(a), Kristy had the burden to prove the amount of the arrearages due. See In re S.R.O., 143 S.W.3d 237, 248 (Tex. App.--Waco 2004, no pet.); Curtis v. Curtis, 11 S.W.3d 466, 472 (Tex. App.--Tyler 2000, no pet.). Once the arrearages are proven, section 157.253(a) imposes on the trial court an affirmative, ministerial duty to confirm the arrearages and reduce them to judgment. See In re S.R.O., 143 S.W.3d at 248; Curtis, 11 S.W.3d at 471.

The requirement imposed on the trial court by section 157.263(a) to "confirm the amount of arrearages," compels, at a minimum, that the movant substantiate "the amount of arrearages." See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 157.263(a). No section 157.253(a) duty arises, therefore, until the movant has met its burden to provide adequate proof to substantiate the arrearages alleged. See In re S.R.O., 143 S.W.3d at 248.

In her motion for enforcement in this case, Kristy claimed that Jeff's unpaid child-support arrearages totaled $22,803.18. Kristy supported her motion with a computerized printout obtained from the county child-support enforcement office and a table that she prepared and attached to her motion for enforcement. On appeal, Kristy contends that the proof she offered to substantiate the alleged arrearages was the only evidence presented and was also uncontroverted. Jeff challenges that contention on the grounds that Kristy's trial testimony not only conflicted with her motion to confirm arrearages and the documentary evidence that she presented in support of that motion at trial, but was, in addition, internally inconsistent and conflicting. We agree.

Contrary to the assertion in her motion that Jeff's total arrearage under the 1997 decree amounted to $22,803.18, ⁽¹²⁾ Kristy's trial testimony concerning the arrearages under the 1997 decree was inconclusive, as the following excerpts of her testimony demonstrate: Kristy did not know how much of his $450 monthly obligation Jeff had paid and did not know when he stopped paying; alternatively, Jeff "never" paid after 1997; alternatively still, Jeff paid the $450 monthly from July 2004 until she was ordered to pay support to him under the trial court's temporary orders. Most importantly, when questioned about certain entries in one of her exhibits, which showed no payments through county administered child-support, Kristy maintained that she always received checks through Harris County and that she received them monthly. Yet, she also acknowledged that Jeff made some payments to her directly that were not reflected in the county records.

In accordance with the abuse-of-discretion standard that controls our review, see Turner, 47 S.W.3d at 763, we must defer to factual resolutions by the trial court that derive from conflicting evidence, as well as any credibility determinations that may have affected those resolutions, and we may not substitute our judgment for that of the trial court in those matters. See Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 839-40; Holley, 864 S.W.2d at 706.

Given the inconsistencies and equivocation demonstrated by this record, Kristy did not provide the necessary substantive basis on which the trial court might have relied in order to execute the ministerial duty contemplated by section 167.262(a) to enforce the $22,803.18 in child-support arrearages that Kristy initially alleged. We cannot say, therefore, that the trial court abused its discretion by denying Kristy's motion after resolving the inconsistencies between her trial testimony and the claims that she made in her motion seeking enforcement. See Walker, 827 S.W.2d at 839-40; Holley, 864 S.W.2d at 706. We defer, therefore, to the trial court's implied factual resolution and the resulting determination that Kristy failed her burden of proof when she moved the trial court to confirm the arrearages that she claimed were due and owing by Jeff under the 1997 decree. See id.; BMC Software Belg., N.V., 83 S.W.3d at 795; Worford, 801 S.W.2d at 109; Anderson Mill Mun. Util. Dist., 2005 WL 2170355 at *6. Because Kristy failed to meet her burden, no section 157.263(a) duty to "confirm the amount of arrearages" ever arose. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 157.263(a).

We hold that the trial court's implied finding, that Kristy failed her evidentiary burden to establish Jeff's arrearages, is consistent with the judgment and supported by the record. BMC Software Belg., N.V., 83 S.W.3d at 795; Worford, 801 S.W.2d at 109; Anderson Mill Mun. Utility Dist., 2005 WL 2170355 at *6.

For these reasons, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by failing to render judgment in Kirsty's favor for child-support arrearages.

We overrule Kirsty's third issue.

Conclusion

We affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Sherry Radack

Chief Justice

Panel consists of Chief Justice Radack and Justices Keyes and Higley.

1. Paternity testing conducted during the discovery process confirmed that David is ME's biological father.

2. Kristy has not challenged the portion of the trial court's judgment that requires that MA continue at Odyssey House.

3. S.A.F.E. provides a Supervised Visitation Program that provides a safe and secure place for children to be supervised during court ordered visitation. The S.A.F.E. program supervision of Kristy's possession ordered by the trial court is administered through the Harris County Victims Assistance Center.

4. We conclude that Kristy preserved this issue for review in her motion for new trial. Though Kristy did not assert, in the motion, that the terms of the order render the order unenforceable, her motion includes a broad challenge to her twice monthly access to and possession of her daughters through the S.A.F.E. program. We note that Kristy's issue does not encompass a challenge to the requirement that she be supervised when exercising her possessory rights.

5. Oral submission of this case clarified that Kristy contends that the trial court's judgment is void and unforeceable. But, a judgment is void only when the court rendering judgment "'had no jurisdiction of the parties, no jurisdiction of the subject matter, no jurisdiction to enter the judgment, or no capacity to act as a court.'" Saudi v. Brieven, 176 S.W.3d 108, 113 (Tex. App.--Houston [1st Dist.] 2004, pet. denied) (quoting Cook v. Cameron, 733 S.W.2d 137, 140 (Tex. 1987)). When, as here, a court with potential jurisdiction over a case renders a judgment that is regular on its face and recites that the court's potential jurisdiction has been invoked, the judgment is presumptively not void, though it may be challenged by a direct attack, for example, by appeal. See Ramsey v. Ramsey, 19 S.W.3d 548, 552 (Tex. App.--Austin 2000, no pet.). The trial court's jurisdiction in this case derived from sections 152.202 and 155.001-.003 of the Family Code. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 152.202, 155.001-.003 (Vernon 2002) (governing continuing and exclusive jurisdiction over child-custody matters by court rendering initial decree). Because the trial court's jurisdiction was presumptively correct, we construe Kristy's challenge as contending that the trial court's requiring that Kristy exercise her rights of possession and access through the S.A.F.E. program rendered the judgment voidable for lack of enforceability, rather than void.

6. See preceding note.

7. Kristy's relies erroneously on section 156.006 of the Family Code, which governs only temporary orders. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 156.006 (Vernon 2002).

8. Subchapter E of chapter 156 of the Family Code governs prospective modification of child-support orders. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 156.401-.409 (Vernon 2002 & Supp. 2006); see also Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 152.202 (Vernon 2002) (providing for continuing and exclusive jurisdiction of court rendering initial decree). A SAPCR that relies on these provisions to modify the support provisions of a divorce decree prospectively does not offend res-judicata principles. See Huff v. Huff, 648 S.W.2d 286, 288 (Tex. 1983) (citing former versions of subchapter E).

9.

Beginning in 1973, the legislature supplemented the traditional remedy of contempt for failure to pay child support by establishing the right of a custodial parent to obtain a money judgment for the amount of child-support arrearages that would be enforceable like any judgment for debt. See Williams v. Patton, 821 S.W.2d 141, 153 (Tex. 1991) (Phillips, C.J., dissenting). The current version of this remedy appears in subchapter F of chapter 157 of the Family Code, which is entitled "Judgment and Interest." See Tex. Fam. Code Ann.§ § 157.261-69 (Vernon 2002 & Supp. 2006). Chapter 157 in its entirety governs all aspects of SAPCRs seeking enforcement. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. §§ 157.001-426 (Vernon 2002 & Supp. 2006).

10. Section 157.263(a) of the Family Code requires that a trial court "render one cumulative money judgment" if a motion for enforcement of arrearages requests a money judgment. Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 157.263(a) (Vernon 2002).

11. That the trial court required Kristy to pay child support to Jeff, based on the changed circumstances that also mandated awarding Jeff managing conservatorship of both MA and ME--neither of which Kristy has challenged--does not alter our analysis.

12. We note that an exhibit to the motion also states a different total arrearage of $22,913.42.