DeNNy, C.J.
The plaintiffs assign as error the refusal of the trial court to grant their motion for peremptory instructions in their favor.
All the evidence tends to show that G. E. Lee, the president of New Bern Tractor & Equipment Company, the grantor in the deed involved, consented to the alteration, striking out Lot No. 3 from the exceptive clause in the deed, and that his consent was indicated by his signature on the margin of said deed beside the alteration.
The plaintiffs’ evidence tends to show that the alteration was made before delivery of the deed and payment of the consideration therefor.
On the other hand, the defendants’ evidence tends to show that the alteration was made after the execution of the deed, its delivery, and payment of the purchase price. All the evidence, however, is to the effect that the alteration was made with the consent of Mr. Lee before the deed was offered for probate and registration.
The evidence further discloses the fact that it was the intent of the grantor in said deed to convey to plaintiffs all the lots in the subdivision involved, except those lots sold and conveyed by the grantor prior thereto. Furthermore, it was stipulated that Lot No. 3 had not been conveyed prior to the execution and delivery of plaintiffs’ deed.
In light of the facts disclosed on this record, we consider it immaterial whether the deed was altered before or after its execution and delivery to the plaintiffs, since all the defendants’ evidence supports the view that the alteration was made with the consent of the president of the granting corporation and there was a redelivery to the plaintiffs after the alteration was made and witnessed by Mr. Lee’s signature before the probate and registration of the deed. Upon these facts, we hold that the title to Lot No. 3 passed to the plaintiffs under the provisions of the deed executed and delivered by the grantor therein.
In 3 C.J.S., Alteration of Instruments, section 58(b), page 974, in pertinent part it is said: “Even though there has already been a delivery, however, a deed or sealed instrument may be changed with the consent of the parties and redelivered, the new delivery constituting a re-execution. Accordingly, where a land grant, issued and delivered, was subsequently altered as to the quantity granted by the direction of the grantor, on the application o'f the grantee, and was then redelivered to the grantee, such redelivery was in legal effect a re-execution of the grant,” citing
Malarin v. United States,
1 Wallace 282, 17 L. Ed. 594.
In the
Malarin
case, the Supreme Court of .the United States was considering a grant that was altered from one to two leagues after the original execution of the grant. The Court, speaking through Justice Field, said: “The Governor who issued the grant testifies substantially that the alteration was made by his direction and that the grant was subsequently delivered or re-delivered to the grantee. If this were the case, it is immaterial whether the alteration was made before the grant had received his signature or after it had been once delivered. The redelivery after the alteration, if such were the fact, was, in legal effect, a re-execution of the grant.”
In 4 Am. Jur., 2d, Alteration of Instruments, section 24, page 23, it is said: “Although there are indications of a contrary doctrine in a few cases, the rule followed generally is that, in the absence of a
statute making acknowledgment or attestation of an instrument, such as a deed or mortgage, a prerequisite to the validity thereof, an alteration made in such an instrument, by consent of the parties, after execution and acknowledgment or attestation, and either before or after delivery, or even after recording, does not, as between the parties thereto, render invalid the instrument as originally executed. Also, the alteration itself is generally held to be valid and effective as between the parties to the instrument, especially where there is a redelivery after the alteration, without a new attestation or acknowledgment, although there is some authority to the contrary.”
In the case of
Campbell v. McArthur,
9 N.C. 33, it is clearly implied that not only is a deed not voided by an alteration made with the consent of the parties, but that the alteration is also binding. Taylor, C.J., speaking for the Court, said: “Whether the deed was altered after its execution was properly submitted to the jury as a question of fact; and if it was so altered they were instructed that the deed was thereby avoided,
unless the alteration was made with the consent and knowledge of the grantor.
In this instruction I think the judge is clearly sustained by undoubted authority. Where A. and B. sealed and delivered a bond to C., and afterwards the name and addition of D. was interlined, and he also sealed and delivered the obligation, with the consent of all parties, it was held to be a good obligation of all three. 2 Lev., 35. This case is cited by Comyns in his Digest, and has been repeatedly recognized as law.”
Howell v. Cloman,
117 N.C. 77, 23 S.E. 95. (Emphasis ours.)
In
Martin v. Buffaloe,
121 N.C. 34, 27 S.E. 995, in considering an alteration in a deed, Faircloth, C.J., said: “When a deed has been signed and delivered, and a stranger, without consent of the grantor and grantee, makes additions, interlineations or erasures and the like, quite a number of questions are presented, and some of them were argued before us. These questions do not arise, because the inserted words were filled in with the consent of the grantor and grantee and by direction of the grantor. So the blank in the deed was filled by consent of the parties and does not affect or invalidate the deed in other respects. The burden of showing the grantor’s consent is upon the grantee.
Havens v. Osborne,
36 N.J. Eq., 426. ‘If the alteration is made by consent of parties, such as filling up the blanks or the like, it is valid.’ 1 Greenleaf Ev. (14 Ed.), § 568a; 19 Johns, 396;
Collins v. Collins,
24 Am. Rep. 639, 2 A. and E. Enc. (2 Ed.), 205.
“The principle is subject to the distinction between matters inserted which are material and those which are not essential to the operation of the instrument, for if it be deficient in some material part when
executed, so as to be incapable of operation at all, it could not after-wards become a deed by being completed and delivered by a stranger, in the absence of the party who executed it, and unauthorized by an instrument under seal.
McKee v. Hicks,
13 N.C. 379. But when an alteration or addition is made by consent, it gives full effect to the intention of the parties, without the violation of any rule of law.”
It is also said in 4 Am. Jur. 2d, Alteration of Instruments, § 89, p. 84: “* * (I)f the fact is that an instrument appears on its face to have been altered, the question whether the alteration was made after execution so as to require an explanation is one of law, relating to the admission of evidence. So too, although the question whether a particular alteration is or is not manifest or visible is usually one of fact, it becomes a question of law if there can be no reasonable difference of opinion in this respect.”
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DeNNy, C.J.
The plaintiffs assign as error the refusal of the trial court to grant their motion for peremptory instructions in their favor.
All the evidence tends to show that G. E. Lee, the president of New Bern Tractor & Equipment Company, the grantor in the deed involved, consented to the alteration, striking out Lot No. 3 from the exceptive clause in the deed, and that his consent was indicated by his signature on the margin of said deed beside the alteration.
The plaintiffs’ evidence tends to show that the alteration was made before delivery of the deed and payment of the consideration therefor.
On the other hand, the defendants’ evidence tends to show that the alteration was made after the execution of the deed, its delivery, and payment of the purchase price. All the evidence, however, is to the effect that the alteration was made with the consent of Mr. Lee before the deed was offered for probate and registration.
The evidence further discloses the fact that it was the intent of the grantor in said deed to convey to plaintiffs all the lots in the subdivision involved, except those lots sold and conveyed by the grantor prior thereto. Furthermore, it was stipulated that Lot No. 3 had not been conveyed prior to the execution and delivery of plaintiffs’ deed.
In light of the facts disclosed on this record, we consider it immaterial whether the deed was altered before or after its execution and delivery to the plaintiffs, since all the defendants’ evidence supports the view that the alteration was made with the consent of the president of the granting corporation and there was a redelivery to the plaintiffs after the alteration was made and witnessed by Mr. Lee’s signature before the probate and registration of the deed. Upon these facts, we hold that the title to Lot No. 3 passed to the plaintiffs under the provisions of the deed executed and delivered by the grantor therein.
In 3 C.J.S., Alteration of Instruments, section 58(b), page 974, in pertinent part it is said: “Even though there has already been a delivery, however, a deed or sealed instrument may be changed with the consent of the parties and redelivered, the new delivery constituting a re-execution. Accordingly, where a land grant, issued and delivered, was subsequently altered as to the quantity granted by the direction of the grantor, on the application o'f the grantee, and was then redelivered to the grantee, such redelivery was in legal effect a re-execution of the grant,” citing
Malarin v. United States,
1 Wallace 282, 17 L. Ed. 594.
In the
Malarin
case, the Supreme Court of .the United States was considering a grant that was altered from one to two leagues after the original execution of the grant. The Court, speaking through Justice Field, said: “The Governor who issued the grant testifies substantially that the alteration was made by his direction and that the grant was subsequently delivered or re-delivered to the grantee. If this were the case, it is immaterial whether the alteration was made before the grant had received his signature or after it had been once delivered. The redelivery after the alteration, if such were the fact, was, in legal effect, a re-execution of the grant.”
In 4 Am. Jur., 2d, Alteration of Instruments, section 24, page 23, it is said: “Although there are indications of a contrary doctrine in a few cases, the rule followed generally is that, in the absence of a
statute making acknowledgment or attestation of an instrument, such as a deed or mortgage, a prerequisite to the validity thereof, an alteration made in such an instrument, by consent of the parties, after execution and acknowledgment or attestation, and either before or after delivery, or even after recording, does not, as between the parties thereto, render invalid the instrument as originally executed. Also, the alteration itself is generally held to be valid and effective as between the parties to the instrument, especially where there is a redelivery after the alteration, without a new attestation or acknowledgment, although there is some authority to the contrary.”
In the case of
Campbell v. McArthur,
9 N.C. 33, it is clearly implied that not only is a deed not voided by an alteration made with the consent of the parties, but that the alteration is also binding. Taylor, C.J., speaking for the Court, said: “Whether the deed was altered after its execution was properly submitted to the jury as a question of fact; and if it was so altered they were instructed that the deed was thereby avoided,
unless the alteration was made with the consent and knowledge of the grantor.
In this instruction I think the judge is clearly sustained by undoubted authority. Where A. and B. sealed and delivered a bond to C., and afterwards the name and addition of D. was interlined, and he also sealed and delivered the obligation, with the consent of all parties, it was held to be a good obligation of all three. 2 Lev., 35. This case is cited by Comyns in his Digest, and has been repeatedly recognized as law.”
Howell v. Cloman,
117 N.C. 77, 23 S.E. 95. (Emphasis ours.)
In
Martin v. Buffaloe,
121 N.C. 34, 27 S.E. 995, in considering an alteration in a deed, Faircloth, C.J., said: “When a deed has been signed and delivered, and a stranger, without consent of the grantor and grantee, makes additions, interlineations or erasures and the like, quite a number of questions are presented, and some of them were argued before us. These questions do not arise, because the inserted words were filled in with the consent of the grantor and grantee and by direction of the grantor. So the blank in the deed was filled by consent of the parties and does not affect or invalidate the deed in other respects. The burden of showing the grantor’s consent is upon the grantee.
Havens v. Osborne,
36 N.J. Eq., 426. ‘If the alteration is made by consent of parties, such as filling up the blanks or the like, it is valid.’ 1 Greenleaf Ev. (14 Ed.), § 568a; 19 Johns, 396;
Collins v. Collins,
24 Am. Rep. 639, 2 A. and E. Enc. (2 Ed.), 205.
“The principle is subject to the distinction between matters inserted which are material and those which are not essential to the operation of the instrument, for if it be deficient in some material part when
executed, so as to be incapable of operation at all, it could not after-wards become a deed by being completed and delivered by a stranger, in the absence of the party who executed it, and unauthorized by an instrument under seal.
McKee v. Hicks,
13 N.C. 379. But when an alteration or addition is made by consent, it gives full effect to the intention of the parties, without the violation of any rule of law.”
It is also said in 4 Am. Jur. 2d, Alteration of Instruments, § 89, p. 84: “* * (I)f the fact is that an instrument appears on its face to have been altered, the question whether the alteration was made after execution so as to require an explanation is one of law, relating to the admission of evidence. So too, although the question whether a particular alteration is or is not manifest or visible is usually one of fact, it becomes a question of law if there can be no reasonable difference of opinion in this respect.”
In making the alteration in plaintiffs’ deed, the president of the corporate grantor was only carrying out the grantor’s contract to convey to plaintiffs all the 11.58 acre tract described by metes and bounds in the deed, included in the subdivision, except those' lots which had already been sold and conveyed which were enumerated. Lot No. 3 was included by mistake because it had not been sold.
Furthermore, it is provided in subsection (e) of G.S. 55-36, governing the execution of corporate instruments, as follows: “Nothing in this section shall be deemed to exclude the power of any corporate representatives to bind the corporation pursuant to the express, implied or apparent authority, ratification, estoppel or otherwise.”
In our opinion, the evidence adduced in the trial below clearly establishes the fact that the alteration in plaintiffs’ deed was made with the knowledge and consent of the grantor and that plaintiffs are entitled to judgment in their favor as a matter of law. To hold otherwise would unjustly enrich the corporate grantor and enable it and the defendants, who had notice of the alteration, to perpetrate a fraud upon these innocent plaintiffs.
The judgment entered on the verdict rendered in the trial below is set aside and the cause is remanded for judgment in accord with this opinion.
Remanded.