DAVID T. PROSSER, J.
¶ 1. This case is before the court on certification pursuant to Wis. Stat. § (Rule) 809.61 (1999-2000).1 The appellant, Steven E. Kraus (Kraus), seeks reversal of an order from the Circuit Court for Waukesha County affirming a decision by the City of Waukesha Police and Fire Commission to deny Kraus a hearing under Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em), following his reduction in rank from police sergeant to patrol officer before he completed the one-year probationary period for his promotion.
¶ 2. The issue presented is whether a police officer who is promoted on a probationary basis, but who is thereafter returned to the officer's former rank for failing to successfully complete probation for nondisciplinary reasons, is entitled to a hearing under either Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em) or some other provision of law. In addressing this issue, we must first answer the certified question whether police chiefs and police and fire commissions (PFCs) have the authority to promote officers on a probationary basis.
¶ 3. We hold that police chiefs and PFCs in Wisconsin are authorized to promote subordinates within a department on a probationary basis, provided that the period of probation is reasonable in duration. This power is inherent in the appointment authority granted [489]*489to police chiefs and PFCs by Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4) and buttressed by PFC rule-making authority in Wis. Stat. § 62.13(6). If, during the probationary period following a promotion, a chief concludes that an officer's performance is inadequate or that some other lawful, nondisciplinary reason militates against the officer serving in the higher rank, the chief and PFC may return that officer to the officer's prior rank without a hearing under § 62.13(5)(em). We also conclude that an officer who is promoted on a probationary basis but returned during the probationary period to his or her prior rank for nondisciplinary reasons, does not possess a constitutionally protected property interest in the higher rank that would require an alternative type of due process hearing.
¶ 4. We therefore affirm the circuit court's decision that the Waukesha PFC proceeded under a correct theory of law when it denied Kraus a § 62.13(5)(em) hearing regarding his reappointment as a patrol officer.
I. BACKGROUND FACTS
¶ 5. Officer Steven E. Kraus joined the City of Waukesha Police Department as a police officer on June 4,1990. On November 24,1997, Waukesha Police Chief Leslie Sharrock filed a letter with the City of Waukesha Police and Fire Commission (the PFC) indicating his desire to promote Kraus to the position of sergeant, subject to Kraus successfully completing a one-year probationary period. The PFC thereafter approved Sharrock's recommendation during an open PFC meeting, with Officer Kraus in attendance. The PFC's motion expressly stated that Kraus's promotion, along with that of another officer who was concurrently being [490]*490promoted to the rank of sergeant, would be subject to successful completion of a one-year probationary period.
¶ 6. About one week before the end of the probationary period, Chief Sharrock informed both Kraus and the PFC by letters that Kraus had failed to successfully complete probation. The Chief stated that Kraus would not become a regular-status police sergeant but instead be reappointed as a patrol officer, subject to the successful completion of a new six-month probationary period.2 No specific reason was given for Kraus's failure to successfully complete probation, but the letter to Kraus indicated that he was not precluded from seeking promotion in the future.3
[491]*491¶ 7. On December 3,1998, Kraus appeared before the PFC to request a "just cause" hearing under Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em).4 He argued that no authority existed for the Chief and the PFC to promote Kraus on a probationary basis. At Kraus's request, the PFC and the Chief agreed to hold the matter in abeyance until a final decision in Antisdel v. Oak Creek Police & Fire Commission, 2000 WI 35, 234 Wis. 2d 154, 609 N.W.2d 464, which was then pending on appeal.
¶ 8. On May 2, 2000, this court issued its decision in Antisdel, but we expressly declined to answer the specific question raised in Kraus's case. Id., ¶ 26. Twenty days later, Kraus renewed the argument that he was entitled to a Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em) hearing regarding his reduction in rank. The PFC denied Kraus's request and granted the Chiefs recommendation to return Kraus to patrol officer status. This conclusion was later memorialized in a written decision issued by the PFC. The PFC's July 6 written decision stated that a hearing was not required because Kraus's failure to satisfy probation was due to performance-based reasons, to which § 62.13(5) is inapplicable.
¶ 9. On June 1, 2000, before the PFC had issued its written decision, Kraus sought a writ of certiorari in the Circuit Court for Waukesha County, J. Mac Davis, Judge, asking the court to order the PFC to give him a due process hearing before returning him to the rank of patrol officer. The circuit court ruled that the PFC [492]*492proceeded upon a correct theory of law when denying Kraus a § 62.13(5)(em) hearing. The court concurred in the PFC's reasoning and concluded that Kraus was merely a probationary sergeant and that no hearing was necessary because his reduction in rank was for nondisciplinary reasons. Kraus appealed and the court of appeals certified the appeal to this court. We accepted the certification.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW
¶ 10. When we review an application for a writ of certiorari, we review the agency's decision (here the PFC's decision), not the decision of the circuit court. See State v. Horn, 226 Wis. 2d 637, 652, 594 N.W.2d 772 (1999). The scope of review is generally limited to whether the agency (1) acted within its jurisdiction; (2) proceeded on a correct theory of law; (3) was arbitrary, oppressive, or unreasonable; or (4) might have reasonably made the order or finding that it made based on the evidence. Antisdel, 234 Wis. 2d 154, ¶ 13 (citing State ex rel. Hennekens v. City of River Falls Police & Fire Comm'n, 124 Wis. 2d 413, 419, 369 N.W.2d 670 (1985)). Because Kraus also appealed to the circuit court under Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(i), which calls for a de novo "just cause" determination by the court, we look solely to the first two factors in certiorari review — namely, whether the PFC had jurisdiction and whether it acted under a correct theory of law. As in Antisdel, the real issue is whether the PFC proceeded on a correct theory of law when it determined not to apply Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5). Antisdel, 234 Wis. 2d 154, ¶ 13. This is a question we review de novo. State ex rel. Warren v. Schwarz, 219 Wis. 2d 615, 629, 579 N.W.2d 698 (1998).
[493]*493III. ANALYSIS
¶ 11. In Wisconsin, newly hired police officers are almost always subject to a one-year probationary period. These probationary officers do not have a property interest in their new positions and are usually subject to discharge during the probationary period without a statement of reasons or a determination of just cause. Kaiser v. Bd. of Police & Fire Comm'rs, 104 Wis. 2d 498, 501, 503, 505-06, 311 N.W.2d 646 (1981).
¶ 12. In practice, police officers are often promoted on a probationary basis as well.5 However, in Antisdel, this court ruled that when a police officer is promoted subject to probation and then demoted during the probationary period based on disciplinary charges, the officer is entitled to a just cause hearing before the PFC under Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em). Antis-del, 234 Wis. 2d 154, ¶ 25. We concluded that the disciplinary process established in Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5) provides no exception for an officer's probationary status and must be applied, even in the context of probation. Id., ¶ 2.
¶ 13. In the present case, Kraus claims that he, too, is entitled to a "just cause" hearing under Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em) before being returned to his status as a patrol officer, even though his reduction in rank came during the probationary period for promotion. He contends that a § 62.13(5)(em) hearing must be provided before demoting any subordinate officer who has completed the initial probationary period as a new hiree. This protection is required, he argues, regardless of the reason for a subordinate's demotion.
[494]*494¶ 14. This precise issue was deferred in Antisdel, when the court said, "We need not, and do not, decide whether we would reach the same decision if the plaintiff were reduced in rank from probationary sergeant to police officer because he failed to meet the level of performance demanded by his superiors or for some other nondisciplinary reason." Id., ¶ 26. We now address this issue.
A. Statutory Authority for Probationary Promotion
¶ 15. As a preliminary matter, we note the question certified to this court: "Does a police chief and a police and fire commission have authority to promote police officers within a department on a probationary basis and, if so, pursuant to what authority?"6
¶ 16. Kraus asserts that he was not subject to probation because there is no statute granting either the Chief or the PFC authority to impose a probationary period on newly promoted sergeants. Kraus maintains that, in the absence of express statutory authority for probationary promotion, he attained the permanent rank of sergeant at the moment he was promoted on November 25, 1997.
¶ 17. We conclude that there is a statutory basis for the PFC to impose probationary periods upon newly promoted officers. Wisconsin Stat. § 62.13(4) grants police chiefs and PFCs broad powers relating to the selection and appointment of subordinates. See Racine Police & Fire Comm'n v. Stanfield, 70 Wis. 2d 395, 402, 234 N.W.2d 307 (1975). The language in subsection (4) [495]*495and the rule-making authority in Wis. Stat. § 62.13(6) are the source for the Waukesha PFC and Chief Sharrock's shared authority to make promotional appointments on a probationary basis. The fact that Wis. Stat. § 62.13 does not expressly mention probation cannot be interpreted reasonably to mean that the legislature has precluded the use of this common and effective management tool for evaluating candidates. Nowhere has the legislature expressly withdrawn the power of chiefs and PFCs to use probation in promotions.
¶ 18. We note, first, that Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4)(a) grants chiefs of police the authority and duty to "appoint subordinates subject to approval by the board." Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4)(a).7 The paragraph further provides that such appointments are to be made by promotion from within "when this can be done with advantage." Id. The quoted language anticipates an exercise of judgment: the chief and the PFC are given authority to determine whether qualified officers exist within a department and who among them should be promoted. See Glendale Prof'l Policemen's Ass'n v. City of Glendale, 83 Wis. 2d 90, 102-03, 106-07, 264 N.W.2d 594 (1978). The appointing authorities must be vested with reasonable means to help them exercise sound judgment.
¶ 19. Second, Wis. Stat. § 62.13(6)(a) 1. gives the PFC authority to organize fire and police departments and "to prescribe rules and regulations for their control [496]*496and management." Wisconsin Stat. § 62.13(4)(c) pinpoints PFC authority to classify positions. Together, these provisions authorize the PFC to establish classifications of employees, including probationary employees and probationary promotees.
¶ 20. Third, Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4)(c) grants to the PFC the authority to adopt "rules calculated to secure the best service in the departments" when making appointments. Wisconsin Stat. § 62.13(4)(c) provides:
For the choosing of such list [of candidates for appointment] the board shall adopt, and may repeal or modify, rules calculated to secure the best service in the departments. These rules shall provide for examination of physical and educational qualifications and experience, and may provide such competitive examinations as the board shall determine, and for the classification of positions with special examination for each class. The board shall print and distribute the rides and all changes in them, at city expense.
Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4)(c) (emphasis added).
¶ 21. Even though this paragraph's reference to rules focuses on "the choosing of [a] list" (as opposed to a more discretionary promotion process) as a prelude to appointment, it is broad enough to permit the imposition of a probationary period upon persons who are appointed from the list. Moreover, the paragraph cannot be viewed as stripping PFCs of their power to make rules in connection with other appointments "to secure the best service in the departments." The ultimate objective of any method of appointment is to secure high-quality people to serve the public.
¶ 22. Fourth, both Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4)(c) and (d)8 address the power to examine candidates for appoint[497]*497ment. Paragraph (c) speaks of "the classification of positions with special examination for each class." Paragraph (d) was interpreted in Kaiser, 104 Wis. 2d at 503, to provide "that boards of police shall examine candidates to determine their qualifications."
¶ 23. These paragraphs mention examinations as well as the authority of the PFC to set the scope and nature of the examinations. Probation is a form of examination, and one that is highly effective in the realm of law enforcement. It allows chiefs and PFCs to ascertain whether newly placed subordinates are suited for the positions for which they have been selected.
¶ 24. There is a specific reference to probation for law enforcement officers in another statute. See Wis. Stat. § 165.85(4)(b). This provision prohibits the appointment of a person as a law enforcement officer, except on a temporary or probationary basis, unless the person has already satisfactorily completed a preparatory program of law enforcement training approved by the Law Enforcement Standards Board and been certified by the Board as being qualified to be a law enforcement officer. Id. The principal purpose of this statute appears to be to use probation as a means of enforcing the requirements for law enforcement training. The statute does not require probation for all new law enforcement officers because it does not require probation for fully trained and certified officers.
[498]*498¶ 25. At the same time, however, Wis. Stat. § 165.85(4)(c) authorizes the Law Enforcement Standards Board to fix, by rule, "such other minimum qualifications for the employment of law enforcement . . . officers as relate to the competence and reliability of persons to assume and discharge the responsibilities of law enforcement." Using this authority, the Board could establish the completion of a probationary period as a required qualification.
¶ 26. In any event, Wis. Stat. § 165.85(4)(e) pointedly acknowledges that the statute does not preclude any law enforcement agency "from setting recruit training and employment standards which are higher than the minimum standards set by the board." Wis. Stat. § 165.85(4)(e). This language concedes PFC authority to require probation for recruits, even if they are already certified as qualified.
¶ 27. There has long been a question about the source of authority for probation in the hiring of police officers. In Kaiser, this court relied upon Wis. Stat. § 165.85(4)(b), noting that there was no claim that Kaiser had the requisite training or status to be hired as other than a probationary officer. Kaiser, 104 Wis. 2d at 502 n.2. The court also relied upon the provisions of a collective bargaining agreement between the City of Wauwatosa and its nonsupervisory police officers. Id. at 502. There is little doubt that Wis. Stat. § 165.85(4) effectively imposes probation on virtually all new officers in relation to their training and also permits PFCs to require probation to supplement the standards set out in the statute.
¶ 28. Nonetheless, police officer probationary hires predate the enactment of Wis. Stat. § 165.85(4), which took effect in 1970. See § 6, ch. 466, Laws of 1969 [499]*499(effective March 19, 1970).9 In addition, Wis. Stat. § 165.85(4) applies only to law enforcement officers, not firefighters. Hence, § 165.85(4) may not be cited as the authority for probationary hires for firefighters, even though firefighters are often subject to probation after being hired.10 Consequently, there must be some additional source of authority for probationary hires for law enforcement officers and firefighters besides § 165.85(4).
¶ 29. The origin of police and fire commissions dates back more than a century. In 1897 the legislature approved Chapter 247, an act to establish a board of police and fire commissioners in cities of the second and third class. The chapter included the following provisions:
Section 2. After this act goes into effect, no person shall be appointed to any position, either on the police force or in the fire department in any such city except with the approval of the board.
Section 3. As soon as possible after the first members of said board shall enter upon their offices in any city, said board shall prepare and adopt such rules and [500]*500regulations to govern the selection and appointment of persons to be thereafter employed in either the police or fire department of such city, as in the judgment of said board shall be adapted to secure the best service for the public in each department. Such rules and regulations shall provide for ascertaining, as far as possible, the physical qualifications, the educational qualifications, and habits, and the reputation and standing and experience of all applicants for positions, and they may provide for the competitive examination of all applicants, in such subjects as shall be deemed proper, for the purpose of best determining their qualifications for the positions sought. Such rules and regulations may provide for the classifications of positions in the service and for a special course of inquiry and examination for candidates for each class. All rules and regulations adopted shall be subject to modifications or repeal by the board, at any time.
§§ 2-3, ch. 247, Laws of 1897 (emphasis added).
¶ 30. The language in Section 3 was clearly broad enough to authorize probationary appointments. It was part of Wisconsin law approximately eight years before the legislature required probationary periods for most state employees. See § 9, ch. 363, Laws of 1905.
¶ 31. In 1921 the legislature consolidated, renumbered, and revised the statute relating to PFCs, creating Wis. Stat. § 62.13. See §§ 53-60, ch. 242, Laws of 1921. The revision caused the specific rule-making authority for selection and appointment to become less explicit. Nonetheless, the 1921 revision retained sweeping authority, set out elsewhere in the same statute, "[t]o prescribe rules and regulations for the control and management of said departments." Wis. Stat. § 959-40m (1919); Wis. Stat. § 62.13(6) (1921). Conse[501]*501quently, there is scant evidence that the 1921 legislature intended to narrow the rule-making authority of PFCs.
¶ 32. We acknowledge that the powers of government agencies are generally limited to those conferred expressly or by fair implication by statute. See GTE N. Inc. v. Pub. Serv. Comm'n, 176 Wis. 2d 559, 564, 500 N.W.2d 284 (1993) (citing Mid-Plains Telephone v. Pub. Serv. Comm'n, 56 Wis. 2d 780, 786, 202 N.W.2d 907 (1973)). We believe, however, that the authority for probationary hires is fairly implied in the appointment power found in Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4) and buttressed by the rule-making authority in Wis. Stat. § 62.13(6). The power to examine and appoint police officers and firefighters implies authority to use reasonable tools to facilitate the power for lawful objectives.
¶ 33. Probationary periods have been part of prudent hiring and sound management for many years.11 [502]*502We see no reason why appointing authorities may not rely on probationary promotions as well as probationary hires, using the same statutory authority, because both probationary periods are a reasonable means to implement the appointment power "to secure the best service in the departments." See Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4)(c). The practice of promotional probation is consistent with the statement of policy articulated in Wis. Stat. § 165.85(1).12
[503]*503¶ 34. The authority to use probationary periods as part of the appointment process is not undermined by the absence of specific language regarding probation in Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4). Numerous management tools integrally related to appointment, such as interviews, references, and letters of recommendation, are not expressly enumerated in that statute. These tools are not forbidden simply because they are not enumerated.
¶ 35. We suspect the legislature did not provide explicit statutory authority for probationary periods for law enforcement officers before 1970 because the practice of imposing probation developed naturally without legislation. Public employees, like private sector employees, were employed at will until the legislature began to create statutory protections for them. There was no need to authorize probationary periods before these protections were enacted. Later, probationary periods were used in tandem with employment protections because they made statutory employment protections rational.
¶ 36. Kraus's primary argument against PFC authority to promote on a probationary basis is founded upon an incorrect negative inference that is based upon a misinterpretation of applicable law. Kraus points to the language regarding police officer probation found in Wis. Stat. § 165.85. Under sub-section (4), entitled "Required standards," the legislature has outlined various mandatory training and qualification requirements for newly hired law enforcement personnel in the state. In particular, Wis. Stat. § 165.85(4)(b)l. provides:
No person may be appointed as a law enforcement or tribal law enforcement officer, except on a temporary or probationary basis, unless the person has satisfactorily completed a preparatory program of law enforcement training approved by the board and has been [504]*504certified by the board as being qualified to be a law enforcement or tribal law enforcement officer. .. . The period of temporary or probationary employment established at the time of initial employment shall not be extended by more than one year for an officer lacking the training qualifications required by the board. The total period during which a person may serve as a law enforcement and tribal law enforcement officer on a temporary or probationary basis without completing a preparatory program of law enforcement training approved by the board shall not exceed 2 years ....
Wis. Stat. § 165.85(4)(b)l. (emphasis added).
¶ 37. Kraus contends that, inasmuch as § 165.85(4)(b) requires one year of probation for all newly hired law enforcement officers, the Wisconsin Statutes do not permit probationary status for any officers who are not within one year of having been hired. The use of probation, he argues, is confined to that period.
¶ 38. We disagree. The statute does not require that newly hired law enforcement officers go through a one-year probationary period ¿/they have fully satisfied state training requirements and been properly certified before they are hired. As a result, there is little force to the argument that the legislature insisted on probation for new law enforcement hires and prohibited probation for everyone else. That argument, of course, would exclude probation for firefighters altogether. Even if the gist of the law enforcement training statute were to require probation for all newly appointed law enforcement officers, it would not follow that these are the only circumstances in which probationary appointment is permitted. The statute's silence on the use of probationary periods in other circumstances implies no more [505]*505than that state law does not require probationary periods for promotional appointments and in certain other contexts.13
¶ 39. Public policy strongly supports allowing chiefs of police and PFCs to use probationary promotions. Probationary periods are an effective means of securing quality law enforcement in this state. As we first expressed in Kaiser when analyzing Wis. Stat. §62.13(4), "There is no doubt that the use of a probationary period is an excellent means of examining candidates and is well-suited to securing the best service available. It enables the board to better evaluate a potential officer's skill and character. Probation is a continuation of the hiring process." Kaiser, 104 Wis. 2d at 504.14 While the analysis in Kaiser involved newly hired police officers, we view probation as a continua-. [506]*506tion of the entire appointment process, including promotion, not just the initial hiring process.
¶ 40. Kraus maintains that Kaiser's rationale is inapplicable because a chief has ample opportunity to observe candidates for promotion who have previously worked within the department and to adequately evaluate their skills, performance, and competence based on this observation. Thus, he reasons, it is not necessary, as a matter of public policy, to subject promotees to probation in order to promote in a manner "calculated to secure the best service in the departments."
¶ 41. We find Kraus's depiction of the rigors of selecting qualified individuals to serve in a supervisory capacity in law enforcement too simplistic. Although a lot may be gleaned from an individual's history as a patrol officer, it is difficult to assess with any certainty how the officer's traits and knowledge at the lower rank will translate into the skills needed to perform well as a sergeant. The higher position requires skills, such as leadership and supervision, that may not be manifested during an officer's tenure on patrol duty. "The probationary period is definitely a part of the promotional process and may very well be the only real safeguard a department has against being saddled with officers who are unsuited to fill supervisory roles." Benjamin Shim-berg & Robert J. di Grazia, Promotion, in Police Personnel Administration 122 (O. Glenn Stahl & Richard A. Staufenberger eds., 1974).
¶ 42. Some years ago, the superintendent of the Ohio State Highway Patrol observed that, prior to the advent of police schools, field instruction constituted "practically the whole training process." George Mingle, Police Personnel Evaluation and Development, 30 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 277, 277 (1946). He explained [507]*507that the Highway Patrol had developed a checklist of criteria by which to evaluate officers.15
[508]*508¶ 43. The superintendent observed that some of the factors, like honesty, loyalty, and courage, "appear to be strictly personal qualities which have a direct bearing on a [person's] value as a police officer." Id. at 283. "Others have to do with some particular skill or ability[]." Id. "The qualities of leadership, organization and direction of work, and discipline, are some which . . . particularly apply to supervisory officers." Id. (emphasis added).
¶ 44. We agree with the description of sergeants supplied by the Waukesha PFC, as stated in its brief before this court:
Sergeants who are promoted from the ranks face a difficult transition. They go from labor to management. They are now asked to assert discipline and control over employees who were recently their equals. They are asked to assign officers to different tasks, some desirable, some not so desirable. They must do performance evaluations for the patrol officers under their command. They must order their former fellows, to re-write poorly written reports. They must tell them when, where, and how long they can take lunch breaks. They may order them to increase traffic enforcement activities. They must properly supervise on-scene crime investigations.
[509]*509¶ 45. The Waukesha PFC's description is confirmed in a recent text on police supervision, which states:
Many sergeants (due to insecurity, immaturity, poor training, or the inability to cope with criticism) fear the thought of judging their subordinates and use all sorts of excuses to avoid it. They claim that it takes too much time away from their other duties, strains personal relationships, is ignored by management, and is almost always perceived by fellow employees as an unwarranted intrusion in their professional lives. These rationalizations are unacceptable. Sergeants must be prepared to accept responsibility for meaningful performance appraisal.
Harry W. More, et al., Effective Police Supervision 188 (3d ed. 1999).
¶ 46. The evaluation of supervisory personnel may be more difficult than the evaluation of patrol officers. O.W. Wilson (1900-1972), the legendary Dean of the School of Criminology at the University of California, Berkeley, and Superintendent of Police in Chicago, wrote that the complexity in the evaluation of police personnel "derives from the fact that they involve the appraisal of human qualities." O.W. Wilson, Problems in Police Personnel Administration, 43 J. Crim. L. & Criminology 840, 840 (1953). He added:
The need for more than average intelligence in police service stems from the necessity of dealing with extremely complex situations and of matching wits with malefactors, some of whom are extremely intelligent though frequently otherwise deficient. The need for high ethical standards springs from the nature of police work; it involves dealing with many persons who are ethically deficient; it also frequently presents unusual opportunities and temptations that require more [510]*510than average moral stamina to withstand. The need for emotional stability arises from the grave nature of the responsibilities that are imposed on policemen and the authority that is theirs. The need for a suitable personality grows from the fact that the principal duties of policemen involve dealing with other persons — getting them to conform to regulations and to do what the policeman wants with minimum friction and resentment.
Id. at 841.
¶ 47. These passages underscore the value of probation in evaluating both supervisors and officers and the reasonableness in doing so to effect statutory objectives.
¶ 48. To sum up, pre-employment training and non-supervisory patrol duty do not necessarily predict a person's actual performance in a supervisory capacity. We conclude that Wis. Stat. §§ 62.13(4) and 62.13(6), as well as sound public policy, support probationary promotions in municipal police departments.
B. Due Process Hearings For Reductions In Rank— Constitutional Claims
¶ 49. Having concluded that chiefs and PFCs possess authority to promote officers on a probationary basis, we turn to the question whether these officers are entitled to a due process hearing if they are returned to their previous rank, during their probationary period, for nondisciplinary reasons. A law enforcement officer seeking such a hearing must rely on some constitutional protection or statutory right if the hearing is not required by a collective bargaining agreement.
¶ 50. The constitutional basis for a due process hearing for public employees was described in Board of Regents v. Roth, 408 U.S. 564 (1972). The Court ex[511]*511plained that the requirements of procedural due process apply to the deprivation of interests encompassed by the Fourteenth Amendment's protection of liberty and property. Id. at 569. When these protected interests are implicated, the right to some kind of prior hearing is paramount. Id. at 569-70. To determine whether due process arguments apply, we look to the nature of the interest at stake. Id. at 571-72.
¶ 51. An employee’s "liberty" interest may involve the employee's standing in the community. Id. at 573. Where a "person's good name, reputation, honor, or integrity is at stake because of what the government is doing to him, notice and an opportunity to be heard are essential." Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433, 437 (1971). But see Weber v. City of Cedarburg, 129 Wis. 2d 57, 73, 384 N.W.2d 333 (1986) ("Reputation by itself is neither liberty nor property within the meaning of the due process clause of the fourteenth amendment."). In such a case, a due process hearing will accord the employee an opportunity to refute the charge. Roth, 408 U.S. at 573.
¶ 52. In Roth, no charges were leveled against David Roth when his contract as a professor was not renewed. Id. No reason for the employee's non-retention was given. Id. at 568. The Court concluded that Roth had no right to a hearing on the decision not to rehire him, because the government had not made any charge that might damage his standing and association in the community. Id. at 573.
¶ 53. In this regard, Kraus's position is similar to Roth's. Chief Sharrock did not level any charges of misconduct, dishonesty, or immorality against Kraus. The Roth court stated that, "It stretches the concept too far to suggest that a person is deprived of 'liberty' when [512]*512he simply is not rehired in one job but remains as free as before to seek another." Id. at 575. Likewise, a law enforcement officer's "liberty" interest is not implicated if the officer is returned to his former rank, during a probationary period, when the chief merely determines that the officer has not satisfied the chiefs requirements for a permanent promotion. Kraus's reduction in rank for nondiseiplinary reasons did not impair any "liberty" interest he had, and he was not entitled to a due process hearing on that basis.
¶ 54. The Roth Court also examined Roth's claim that he had been deprived of a property interest. It acknowledged that the Fourteenth Amendment protects a public employee against the deprivation of an acquired property interest without due process safeguards, but it stated: "To have a property interest in a benefit, a person must clearly have more than an abstract need or desire for it. He must have more than a unilateral expectation of it. He must, instead, have a legitimate claim of entitlement to it." Id. at 577.
¶ 55. The Court declared that the existence of a property right is determined by state law. Id. at 577; see also Bishop v. Wood, 426 U.S. 341, 344 (1976); Milwaukee Dist. Council 48 v. Milwaukee County, 2001 WI 65, ¶ 50, 244 Wis. 2d 333, 627 N.W.2d 866. Roth's property interest in his employment was created and defined by the terms of his appointment. Roth, 408 U.S. at 578. His appointment was for one year. Id. It did not provide for contract renewal absent "sufficient cause." In these circumstances, the Court said, Roth "did not have a property interest sufficient to require the University authorities to give him a hearing when they declined to renew his contract of employment." Id. (emphasis added).
[513]*513¶ 56. Kraus's situation is again similar to Roth's. Kraus had no right to a promotion, and when he was promoted to sergeant, his promotion was conditioned upon his successful completion of probation.16 Kraus had a unilateral expectation that his promotion would be permanent, but he did not have an entitlement to that promotion. He fundamentally misconstrues the scope of the property interest that he obtained by virtue of becoming a permanent police officer.17 Kraus possesses a property interest only in his continued employment as a patrol officer, not in the rank of sergeant. See Roth, 408 U.S. at 578 (holding that the terms of a public employee's appointment secured no interest in reemployment the following year, that such employee had only an abstract interest in being rehired); Kaiser, 104 Wis. 2d at 505 (holding that a probationary police officer under § 165.85(4)(b) had no more than a unilateral expectation of fulfilling the year and being hired as a permanent officer).
[514]*514¶ 57. It is only after an officer completes the probationary period for a position, including a promotion, that a property interest arises in that position. See Cleveland Bd. of Educ. v. Loudermill, 470 U.S. 532, 538-41 (1985). Thus, Kraus must look for a statutory right to a hearing because he cannot rely on a constitutional protection on the facts of this case.
C. Due Process Hearing For Reduction In Rank— Statutory Claim
¶ 58. Kraus asserts the right to a hearing under Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5). This provision spells out the procedure for "Disciplinary Action Against Subordinates." Wisconsin Stat. § 62.13(5)(em) provides, in part, that "No subordinate may be suspended, reduced in rank, suspended and reduced in rank, or removed by the board under par. (e), based on charges filed. . . unless the board determines whether there is just cause, as described in this paragraph, to sustain the charges." Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em) (emphasis added).
¶ 59. In Antisdel, we analyzed the factors in the statute to determine if probationary sergeant James Antisdel was entitled to § 62.13(5)(em) protections. Tracking the statute's language, we stated, "Wisconsin Stat. § 62.13(5)(em) requires that an employee seeking the procedural protections of that section [1] be a 'subordinate' [2] who 'is suspended, reduced in rank, . . . or removed ... [3] based on charges [4] filed ... by the chief.'" Antisdel, 234 Wis. 2d 154, ¶ 19. We concluded that Antisdel satisfied all the factors.
[515]*515¶ 60. Antisdel was on probation, but there was no dispute that he was disciplined.18 This court determined that an officer who is subjected to "a disciplinary charge" fits within the boundaries of Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em), even if the officer has probationary status. Antisdel, 234 Wis. 2d 154, ¶ 25. This conclusion is consistent with the observation in Larson v. City of Tomah, 193 Wis. 2d 225, 532 N.W.2d 726 (1995), that:
Under sec. 62.13(5), every police officer who is disciplined by a superior in the department is entitled to have the disciplinary action reviewed by the city's police and fire commission. If the commission sustains the disciplinary action, it must make written findings and determinations. Sec. 62.13(5)(f). The aggrieved officer may then appeal from the commissioner's order to the circuit court. Sec. 62.13(5)(i).
Id. at 231-32. It is also consistent with the need to provide an opportunity to vindicate an employee's "liberty" interest, as discussed in Roth. Roth, 408 U.S. at 573.
¶ 61. Kraus contends that he, too, satisfies the factors in Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em) and should have been afforded a "just cause" hearing.
¶ 62. As to the first factor, Kraus was clearly a "subordinate," as that term has come to mean all police officers besides the chief of police. See Kaiser, 104 Wis. 2d at 503; see also Antisdel, 234 Wis. 2d 154, ¶ 20. Second, Kraus was "reduced in rank" as that phrase is [516]*516understood in the context of § 62.13(5)(em). See Antisdel, 234 Wis. 2d 154, ¶¶ 21-22. In addition, Kraus's demotion was recommended in writing by the Chief. Consequently, if the Chiefs letter constituted a "charge," the fourth factor was met. In short, the applicability of the statute appears to hinge on whether "charges" were filed against Kraus.
¶ 63. Wisconsin Stat. § 62.13(5)(a), (b), (c), (d), (e), (em), (h), (i), and (j) all refer to "charges." The term is not defined, but Kraus contends that it should be interpreted expansively to include all determinations leading to demotion or a negative job action. We disagree.
¶ 64. The term "charges" commonly denotes an accusation of misconduct or of a violation of laws, rules, or policies. The contextually relevant dictionary definition of the term is "a claim of wrongdoing; an accusation." The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language 322 (3d ed. 1992). Evaluating a person's job performance as unsatisfactory or not up to expectation, or otherwise determining that a person is not fully suited to a supervisory position, is quite different from "charging" a person with some breach of duty or violation of a rule or order.
¶ 65. The statute itself is captioned "Disciplinary Actions Against Subordinates." This title implies a distinction between disciplinary actions and nondisciplinary actions. In Kaiser, we noted that "Kaiser was not disciplined; he was terminated as not suited for service as a police officer." Kaiser, 104 Wis. 2d at 503.19 We went on to say that Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5) "applies to disciplin[517]*517ary actions." Id. at 502; see also Eastman v. City of Madison, 117 Wis. 2d 106, 115, 342 N.W.2d 764 (Ct. App. 1983) ("Section 62.13(5) on its face only applies to proceedings of a disciplinary nature.").20
[518]*518¶ 66. The statute speaks of adverse personnel actions that may be taken "as a penalty" when "charges are sustained" against "the accused." Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(a), (c), (e). Paragraph (em) then outlines the standards for finding "just cause" to sustain the charges, and it repeatedly refers to whether rules and orders were "violated" by the disciplined subordinate.21 This language clearly points to proceedings based upon allegations of misconduct or rule violation. Hence, while [519]*519Kraus argues that the Antisdel decision cannot be cited for the proposition that officers demoted for nondisciplinary reasons are not protected by § 62.13(5), the statute itself can be cited for that proposition..22
¶ 67. Quite simply, Kraus was not "charged" with violating any rule. He was returned to his former rank before his probationary period ended for performance reasons. This action was taken because Kraus did not satisfy his chiefs expectations for him as a police sergeant. Similar to the officer in Kaiser, Kraus was judged as unsuited for service as a police sergeant. See Kaiser, 104 Wis. 2d at 503 ("Kaiser . . . was terminated as not suited for service as a police officer").
¶ 68. After Antisdel, we cannot interpret every suspension, reduction in rank, or removal as "discipline" without emasculating the concept of probation and [520]*520making logically inexplicable an officer's removal without hearing on such grounds as a budgetary shortfall. Hearings are required for some negative job actions that are not disciplinary, especially for subordinates who have an established property interest, but these hearings are not governed by Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em).
¶ 69. In sum, disciplinary charges were not levied against Kraus. Upon recommendation of the Chief, the PFC determined that Kraus's performance was not equal to the performance it expected of its supervisory officers. This largely unstated assessment was not a disciplinary "charge" and thus Kraus's reduction in rank was not a "penalty." Consequently, Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5) did not apply to the PFC's decision, and no "just cause" hearing under Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em) was required.
D. The Waukesha PFC Rule
¶ 70. Even if PFCs have the general authority to promote on a probationary basis, Kraus disputes that the Waukesha PFC sufficiently invoked this authority in its rules.
¶ 71. The Waukesha PCF has promulgated a set of Departmental Rules to govern its actions, including Rule 25, entitled "Appointment and Promotional Procedures."23 Rule 25 delineates each of the available ranks within the department. Then, under a section headed "General Information," the Rule provides: "1 Probationary periods for each of the above positions, [521]*521except for 'Temporary Assignments,1 will be in accordance with current labor contracts and/or as prescribed by the Chief of Police." Police sergeants in Waukesha are not subject to a collective bargaining agreement. Thus, Rule 25 provides that probationary periods for sergeants and other supervisory ranks will be "as prescribed by the Chief of Police."
¶ 72. Kraus maintains that the preceding language from PFC Rule 25 is insufficient to serve as a rule governing probationary promotions. He notes that a separate Departmental Policy on the subject of promotion makes no mention of probationary periods. According to Kraus, this Policy states: "The Chief of Police shall determine the effective date of the promotion and the specific assignment if not previously announced in the vacancy notice. Each promotion shall be contingent upon the candidate(s) successfully passing a physical examination and a drug screen as well as being approved by the Fire and Police Commission."
¶ 73. The Departmental Policy statement that promotions are contingent upon successfully completing a physical exam and drug test is not an exhaustive enumeration of the criteria upon which promotion may be conditioned. It may not and does not supersede the PFC rule. Furthermore, the Policy statement requires that promotions be approved by the PFC, and may be read as incorporating any approved examination requirements outlined in Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4)(c) and (d). Finally, although Rule 25 is not detailed, it unambiguously states that the Chief may prescribe the terms of probation when promotions are made. Consequently,-Kraus's contention that the Waukesha PFC rule is inadequate is without merit. The fact that the rule gives very broad discretion to the Chief of Police does not render the rule insufficient.
[522]*522¶ 74. We are sensitive to the concern that Rule 25 provides no time limit to the probationary periods set by the Chief. Considering that the authority to promote on a probationary basis is inherent in the appointment power and fairly implied by Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4), rather than expressly provided in the statute, the authority exercised must be reasonable. One factor of reasonableness is the duration of the probationary period. Clearly, a probationary period that extends indefinitely, or for an inordinate length of time, or that may be renewed indefinitely, could effectively restrict an officer from ever achieving the permanent rank of sergeant. Such a practice could take the inherent appointment authority too far. How reasonableness will operate on the margins, we need not and do not decide. We conclude only that a one-year probationary period for an officer who is newly promoted to the rank of sergeant is a reasonable use of the appointment authority in Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4).
¶ 75. In sum, we conclude that Rule 25 of the Waukesha PFC Rules sufficiently invokes the authority granted under Wis. Stat. § 62.13(4) for chiefs of police and PFCs to promote on a probationary basis.
IV CONCLUSION
¶ 76. Wisconsin Stat. § 62.13(4)(a) and (c) grant Wisconsin police chiefs and police and fire commissions the authority to promote subordinates subject to. a probationary period that is reasonable in duration. The authority is buttressed by the broad rule-making authority given to PFCs under Wis. Stat. § 62.13(6). Using this statutory authority, the Waukesha Police and Fire Commission has developed Departmental Rule 25, [523]*523which grants its police chief the ability to establish probationary periods for supervisory personnel.
¶ 77. We hold that Wis. Stat. § 62.13(5)(em), by its very terms, applies only to disciplinary actions that lead to the suspension, reduction in rank, or removal of police officers. Steven Kraus was not disciplined. In addition, a municipal police officer promoted on a probationary basis has no more than a unilateral expectation of being permanently appointed to that higher rank and, therefore, does not possess a property interest in that position. A chief and PFC may demote a probationary promotee for nondisciplinary reasons without either a hearing under § 62.13(5)(em) or a hearing that satisfies constitutional due process. Therefore, the PFC was not obligated to afford Steven Kraus a just cause hearing when it approved the Chiefs determination that Kraus did not successfully complete his probationary period as a newly promoted sergeant.
By the Court. — The decision of the circuit court is affirmed.