1 The Honorable Barbara J. Rothstein
5 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 7
8 GEORGE M. KRAEMER, et al.,
9 Plaintiffs, Civil Action No. 2:21-CV-673-BJR v. 10
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 11 LONE STAR INDUSTRIES, et al., REMAND
12 Defendants.
14 I. INTRODUCTION 15 This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiffs George and Patricia Kraemer’s Motion to 16 Remand. Dkt. No. 15. Defendant Lone Star Industries (“Lone Star”) opposes the motion. Dkt. No. 17 20. Having reviewed the motion and opposition thereto, the record of the case, and the relevant 18 19 legal authorities, the Court will grant the motion. The reasoning for the Court’s decision follows. 20 II. BACKGROUND 21 George Kraemer is a 79-year-old retired science teacher who lives in Wenatchee, 22 Washington with his wife of over 50 years, Patricia Kraemer. In August 2020, Mr. Kraemer was 23 diagnosed with mesothelioma, a cancer of the pleura for which asbestos is a known cause. Mr. 24 Kraemer alleges that he was exposed to asbestos and asbestos-containing products manufactured 25 26 27 1 and sold by Lone Star1 that was used at Todd Shipyard (“Todd”) and Puget Sound Bridge and 2 Dredging (“Lockheed”) in Seattle, Washington where his father worked as an insulator between 3 1942 and 1945. He also alleges that he was exposed to asbestos through his own workplace. On 4 October 1, 2020, Plaintiffs instituted this action in King County Superior Court against Lone Star 5 and other defendants, alleging claims based on the theories of product liability, negligence, 6 7 premises liability, conspiracy, unsafe workplace, strict liability for abnormally dangerous, and 8 other applicable theories of liability. Plaintiffs were granted an accelerated trail date of September 9 27, 2021 based on Mr. Kraemer’s terminal illness. 10 Lone Star removed the matter to this federal district court on May 21, 2021 under the 11 federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1442(a)(1) and 1446. Dkt. No. 1. With the instant 12 motion, Plaintiffs seek to remand the case, arguing that Lone Star has failed to meet its burden to 13 establish that it is entitled to removal under the federal officer removal statute. 14 15 III. DISCUSSION 16 The federal officer removal statute authorizes removal of a civil action brought against 17 any person “acting under” an officer of the United States “for or relating to any act under color of 18 such office.” 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1). To invoke the statute, a defendant must show that (1) it is a 19 “person” within the meaning of the statute, (2) a causal nexus exists between the plaintiff’s claims 20 and the actions the defendant took pursuant to a federal officer’s direction, and (3) it has a 21 “colorable” federal defense to the plaintiff’s claim. Leite v. Crane Co., 749 F.3d 1117, 1120 (9th 22 23 Cir. 2014). A defendant seeking to remove an action under § 1442(1)(a) “may not offer mere 24 25 26 1 Lone Star is the successor to Pioneer Sand & Gravel (“Pioneer”) which was founded in 1902. For 27 ease of reference, this Court refers to Lone Star and Pioneer interchangeably. 1 legal conclusions; it must allege the underlying facts supporting each of the requirements for 2 removal jurisdiction. Id. at 1122. 3 A plaintiff may challenge the defendant’s invocation § 1442(a)(1) through a “facial” 4 attack or a “factual” attack. Id. at 1121. A “facial” attack accepts the truth of the defendant’s 5 allegations but asserts that they “are insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction.” Id. 6 7 (quoting Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). A “factual” attack 8 challenges the truth of the defendant’s factual allegations, usually by introducing evidence outside 9 the pleadings. Id. (citing Safe Air for Everyone, 373 F.3d at 1039). A court resolves a “facial” 10 attack as it would a motion to dismiss—accepting the defendant’s allegations a true and drawing 11 all reasonable inferences in defendant’s favor. Id. A court resolves a “factual” attack “under the 12 same evidentiary standard that governs in the summary judgment context” and the opposing party 13 must present competent evidence as it would on summary judgment. Id. 14 15 Here, Lone Star alleges that the federal officer removal statute is applicable to this case 16 because Lone Star is (1) a “person” within the meaning of the statute, (2) all asbestos-containing 17 products it supplied to Todd and Lockheed during the relevant timeframe were used almost 18 “exclusively on U.S. Navy ships” and supplied “pursuant to U.S. Navy contracts and 19 specifications under the control and supervision of officers of the U.S. Navy”, and (3) any 20 recovery by Plaintiffs is barred by the judicially-recognized military contractor defense. Dkt. No. 21 1 at 3-5. 22 23 Plaintiffs raise both a “facial” and a “factual” challenge to Lone Star’s invocation of § 24 1441(a)(1). They argue that Lone Star’s jurisdictional allegations cannot survive a facial attack 25 because Lone Star’s removal petition fails to sufficiently allege facts—that if taken as true— 26 would establish that Lone Star has a “colorable” federal defense to Plaintiffs’ claims. Specifically, 27 1 Plaintiffs point out that Lone Star does not allege that the asbestos-containing insulation it sold to 2 Todd and Lockheed was “military equipment”, a requirement under the military contractor 3 defense. Plaintiffs further allege that Lone Star’s jurisdiction allegations cannot survive a factual 4 attack because it has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that each of the 5 requirements for federal officer removal jurisdiction as been met. 6 7 1. Plaintiffs’ Facial Attack on Lone Star’s Jurisdictional Allegations 8 As stated above, Lone Star claims that removal is appropriate pursuant to the federal 9 officer removal statute because the military contractor defense provides it with a colorable federal 10 defense to Plaintiffs’ claims. The Supreme Court of the United States outlined the contours of the 11 military contractor defense in Boyle v. United Technologies Corp., 487 U.S. 500 (1988), stating 12 that: “[l]iability for design defects in military equipment cannot be imposed [on military 13 contractors], pursuant to state law, when (1) the United States approved reasonably precise 14 15 specifications; (2) the equipment conformed to those specifications; and (3) the supplier warned 16 the United States about the dangers in the use of the equipment that were known to the supplier 17 but not to the United States.” Boyle, 487 U.S. at 512. The Boyle Court justified the imposition of 18 the military contractor defense as a barrier to traditional state tort actions on the grounds that “the 19 selections of the appropriate design for military equipment to be used by our Armed Forces is a 20 discretional function for which the United States cannot be sued directly under the Federal Tort 21 Claims Act because the selection process involves “judgment as to the balancing of many 22 23 technical, military, and even social considerations, including specifically the trade-off between 24 greater safety and greater combat effectiveness.” Boyle, at 511.
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1 The Honorable Barbara J. Rothstein
5 IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 6 FOR THE WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT SEATTLE 7
8 GEORGE M. KRAEMER, et al.,
9 Plaintiffs, Civil Action No. 2:21-CV-673-BJR v. 10
ORDER GRANTING MOTION TO 11 LONE STAR INDUSTRIES, et al., REMAND
12 Defendants.
14 I. INTRODUCTION 15 This matter comes before the Court on Plaintiffs George and Patricia Kraemer’s Motion to 16 Remand. Dkt. No. 15. Defendant Lone Star Industries (“Lone Star”) opposes the motion. Dkt. No. 17 20. Having reviewed the motion and opposition thereto, the record of the case, and the relevant 18 19 legal authorities, the Court will grant the motion. The reasoning for the Court’s decision follows. 20 II. BACKGROUND 21 George Kraemer is a 79-year-old retired science teacher who lives in Wenatchee, 22 Washington with his wife of over 50 years, Patricia Kraemer. In August 2020, Mr. Kraemer was 23 diagnosed with mesothelioma, a cancer of the pleura for which asbestos is a known cause. Mr. 24 Kraemer alleges that he was exposed to asbestos and asbestos-containing products manufactured 25 26 27 1 and sold by Lone Star1 that was used at Todd Shipyard (“Todd”) and Puget Sound Bridge and 2 Dredging (“Lockheed”) in Seattle, Washington where his father worked as an insulator between 3 1942 and 1945. He also alleges that he was exposed to asbestos through his own workplace. On 4 October 1, 2020, Plaintiffs instituted this action in King County Superior Court against Lone Star 5 and other defendants, alleging claims based on the theories of product liability, negligence, 6 7 premises liability, conspiracy, unsafe workplace, strict liability for abnormally dangerous, and 8 other applicable theories of liability. Plaintiffs were granted an accelerated trail date of September 9 27, 2021 based on Mr. Kraemer’s terminal illness. 10 Lone Star removed the matter to this federal district court on May 21, 2021 under the 11 federal officer removal statute, 28 U.S.C. §§ 1442(a)(1) and 1446. Dkt. No. 1. With the instant 12 motion, Plaintiffs seek to remand the case, arguing that Lone Star has failed to meet its burden to 13 establish that it is entitled to removal under the federal officer removal statute. 14 15 III. DISCUSSION 16 The federal officer removal statute authorizes removal of a civil action brought against 17 any person “acting under” an officer of the United States “for or relating to any act under color of 18 such office.” 28 U.S.C. § 1442(a)(1). To invoke the statute, a defendant must show that (1) it is a 19 “person” within the meaning of the statute, (2) a causal nexus exists between the plaintiff’s claims 20 and the actions the defendant took pursuant to a federal officer’s direction, and (3) it has a 21 “colorable” federal defense to the plaintiff’s claim. Leite v. Crane Co., 749 F.3d 1117, 1120 (9th 22 23 Cir. 2014). A defendant seeking to remove an action under § 1442(1)(a) “may not offer mere 24 25 26 1 Lone Star is the successor to Pioneer Sand & Gravel (“Pioneer”) which was founded in 1902. For 27 ease of reference, this Court refers to Lone Star and Pioneer interchangeably. 1 legal conclusions; it must allege the underlying facts supporting each of the requirements for 2 removal jurisdiction. Id. at 1122. 3 A plaintiff may challenge the defendant’s invocation § 1442(a)(1) through a “facial” 4 attack or a “factual” attack. Id. at 1121. A “facial” attack accepts the truth of the defendant’s 5 allegations but asserts that they “are insufficient on their face to invoke federal jurisdiction.” Id. 6 7 (quoting Safe Air for Everyone v. Meyer, 373 F.3d 1035, 1039 (9th Cir. 2004). A “factual” attack 8 challenges the truth of the defendant’s factual allegations, usually by introducing evidence outside 9 the pleadings. Id. (citing Safe Air for Everyone, 373 F.3d at 1039). A court resolves a “facial” 10 attack as it would a motion to dismiss—accepting the defendant’s allegations a true and drawing 11 all reasonable inferences in defendant’s favor. Id. A court resolves a “factual” attack “under the 12 same evidentiary standard that governs in the summary judgment context” and the opposing party 13 must present competent evidence as it would on summary judgment. Id. 14 15 Here, Lone Star alleges that the federal officer removal statute is applicable to this case 16 because Lone Star is (1) a “person” within the meaning of the statute, (2) all asbestos-containing 17 products it supplied to Todd and Lockheed during the relevant timeframe were used almost 18 “exclusively on U.S. Navy ships” and supplied “pursuant to U.S. Navy contracts and 19 specifications under the control and supervision of officers of the U.S. Navy”, and (3) any 20 recovery by Plaintiffs is barred by the judicially-recognized military contractor defense. Dkt. No. 21 1 at 3-5. 22 23 Plaintiffs raise both a “facial” and a “factual” challenge to Lone Star’s invocation of § 24 1441(a)(1). They argue that Lone Star’s jurisdictional allegations cannot survive a facial attack 25 because Lone Star’s removal petition fails to sufficiently allege facts—that if taken as true— 26 would establish that Lone Star has a “colorable” federal defense to Plaintiffs’ claims. Specifically, 27 1 Plaintiffs point out that Lone Star does not allege that the asbestos-containing insulation it sold to 2 Todd and Lockheed was “military equipment”, a requirement under the military contractor 3 defense. Plaintiffs further allege that Lone Star’s jurisdiction allegations cannot survive a factual 4 attack because it has failed to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that each of the 5 requirements for federal officer removal jurisdiction as been met. 6 7 1. Plaintiffs’ Facial Attack on Lone Star’s Jurisdictional Allegations 8 As stated above, Lone Star claims that removal is appropriate pursuant to the federal 9 officer removal statute because the military contractor defense provides it with a colorable federal 10 defense to Plaintiffs’ claims. The Supreme Court of the United States outlined the contours of the 11 military contractor defense in Boyle v. United Technologies Corp., 487 U.S. 500 (1988), stating 12 that: “[l]iability for design defects in military equipment cannot be imposed [on military 13 contractors], pursuant to state law, when (1) the United States approved reasonably precise 14 15 specifications; (2) the equipment conformed to those specifications; and (3) the supplier warned 16 the United States about the dangers in the use of the equipment that were known to the supplier 17 but not to the United States.” Boyle, 487 U.S. at 512. The Boyle Court justified the imposition of 18 the military contractor defense as a barrier to traditional state tort actions on the grounds that “the 19 selections of the appropriate design for military equipment to be used by our Armed Forces is a 20 discretional function for which the United States cannot be sued directly under the Federal Tort 21 Claims Act because the selection process involves “judgment as to the balancing of many 22 23 technical, military, and even social considerations, including specifically the trade-off between 24 greater safety and greater combat effectiveness.” Boyle, at 511. The Boyle Court reasoned that 25 “permitting ‘second guessing’ of these judgments … through state tort suits against contractors 26 would produce the same effect sought to be avoided” by the exemptions to the Federal Tort 27 1 Claims Act. Id. Therefore, the Boyle Court concluded, “[l]iability for design defects in military 2 equipment cannot be imposed [] pursuant to state law,” when the elements of the military 3 contractor defense have been established. Id. at 512. 4 Noting that the Boyle Court “repeatedly described the military contractor defense in terms 5 limiting it to those who supply military equipment to the Government”, the Ninth Circuit has held 6 7 that the military contractor defense “immuniz[es] contractors only with respect to the military 8 equipment they produce for the United States[.]” In re Hawaii Federal Asbestos Cases, 960 F.2d 9 806, 811 (9th Cir. 1992) (emphasis added). The Ninth Circuit further clarified “that the fact that a 10 company supplies goods to the military does not, in and of itself, immunize it from liability for 11 the injuries caused by those goods. Where the goods ordered by the military are those readily 12 available, in substantially similar form, to commercial users, the military contractor defense does 13 not apply.” Id. Applying this rational, the Ninth Circuit affirmed the district court’s rejection of 14 15 the military contractor defense to asbestos manufacturers, stating: 16 We agree with the district court that the asbestos insulation alleged to have caused the plaintiffs’ injuries here does not represent military equipment entitling its 17 manufactures to the protections of the military contactor defense. The plaintiffs introduced significant evidence below that the insulation sold by Fibreboard and 18 Owens-Illinois to the Navy was the very same insulation which those companies 19 marketed to commercial buyers. This insulation was not manufactured with the special needs of the military in mind. To the contrary, the military constituted a 20 relatively insignificant purchaser of products that were primarily designed for applications by private industry. 21 Id. at 812. 22 23 Relying on the foregoing, Plaintiffs argue that Lone Star cannot “invoke the government 24 contractor defense without evidence that its product constituted ‘military equipment’”. Dkt. No. 25 15 at 14. According to Plaintiffs, while it is indisputable that Lone Star sold asbestos-containing 26 products to shipyards during World War II, “Lone Star has not alleged that the insulation [it] sold 27 1 was ‘military equipment’ or that it was not readily available in substantially similar form to non- 2 military customers.” Id. 3 Lone Star fails to address this argument in its remarkably sparse opposition to the motion 4 to remand. Instead, it focuses on the fact that the Navy allegedly issued “highly detailed 5 specifications governing [the] types of insulation products to be used on Navy ships.” Dkt. No. 20 6 7 at 3. This argument misses the point. It is not enough that the Navy issued detailed specifications 8 with respect to which insulation should be used on its ships; rather, the salient fact for the 9 purposes of the military contractors defense is whether the “insulation was manufactured with the 10 special needs of the military in mind”; in other words, whether the insulation was “developed on 11 the basis of involved judgments made by the military” because it is those judgment calls that 12 render the Federal Tort Claims Act inapplicable. In re Hawaii Federal Asbestos Cases, 960 F.2d 13 at 810-811. Lone Star does not allege that its insulation was manufactured with the special needs 14 15 of the military in mind; thus, its insulation does not constitute “military equipment” for purposes 16 of the military contractor defense. Accordingly, Lone Star has failed to rebuff Plaintiffs’ facial 17 attack to its jurisdictional allegations. 18 2. Plaintiffs’ Factual Attack on Lone Star’s Jurisdictional Allegations 19 Plaintiffs also raise a factual challenge to Lone Star’s jurisdictional allegations, 20 introducing evidence that Lone Star marketed and sold the very same insulation used on the Navy 21 ships to non-military commercial entities. Plaintiffs provided the Court with copies of 22 23 advertisements in the local telephone directories dated 1943 and 1946 as well as product 24 identification disclosure lists from prior asbestos litigation that suggest Lone Star insulation was 25 used at a paper mills, refineries, hospitals, breweries, the University of Washington, and Boeing. 26 In the face of this evidence, it is Lone Star’s obligation to counter with its own “competent 27 1 evidence” to prove “by a preponderance of the evidence” that federal jurisdiction exists. Leite, 2 749 F.3d 1122. Lone Star wholly fails to meet its burden; indeed, Lone Star fails to even 3 acknowledge Plaintiffs’ evidence. Accordingly, Lone Star has failed to rebuff Plaintiffs’ factual 4 attack to its jurisdictional allegations. 5 3. Plaintiffs’ Request for an Award of Fees and Costs 6 7 Plaintiffs argue that an award of attorney’s fees and costs is warranted in this case because 8 Lone Star removed this matter without a sound evidentiary basis to assert federal jurisdiction. 9 This Court agrees. Evidently Lone Star does as well as it did not bother to oppose the request. 10 Ordinarily the Court would instruct Plaintiffs to furnish an affidavit setting forth the reasonable 11 attorney’s fees and costs associated with this motion, but given the expediency of this matter, the 12 Court will arrive at its own conclusion of what constitutes a reasonable amount. 13 IV. CONCLUSION 14 15 For the foregoing reasons, the Court HEREBY GRANTS Plaintiffs’ motion to remand this 16 matter to King County Superior Court. In addition, the Court awards attorney’s fees and costs to 17 Plaintiffs in the amount of $1,000.00. 18 Dated this 22nd day of July 2021. 19 A 20 21 B arbara Jacobs Rothstein U.S. District Court Judge 22 23
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