Kottler v. New York Bargain House, Inc.

150 N.E. 591, 242 N.Y. 28, 1926 N.Y. LEXIS 957

• Court: New York Court of Appeals
• Decided: January 12, 1926
• Status: Published

Opinion

Cardozo, J.

The plaintiff, the lessee of a building in the city of New York, made a sublease, beginning May 1, 1920, and ending January 31, 1925, to S. Kleinman & Co., a partnership. Almost at once, S. Kleinman &' Co. assigned all their assets, including the lease, to New York Bargain House, Inc., the defendant, which went into possession. There is evidence that the defendant in consideration of the assignment assumed the debts and liabilities. There is a finding, unanimously affirmed by the Appellate Division, that it “ expressly assumed all the obligations ” of the lease. Under the rule of Lawrence v. Fox (20 N. Y. 268) the plaintiff may enforce the promise (Thorp v. Keokuk Coal Co., 48 N. Y. 253; Vrooman v. Turner, 69 N. Y. 280, 285).

The defendant became bankrupt on May 12, 1922, with rent for five months already in arrears. A receiver in bankruptcy took possession, but went out a few days later. In going out, he made a written agreement with the plaintiff, which we shall have occasion to summarize hereafter. The building being vacant, the plaintiff placed upon it a sign “ to let,” but did not resume possession otherwise. As agent for the defendant, he relet the premises on August 15, 1922, for a term of years. The reletting was at a lower rental, and, after collections had been credited, there Was a deficiency month by month.

In thus diminishing the loss, the plaintiff acted or assumed to act in accordance with authority conferred by one of the covenants of the lease. This covenant provides that “ if the said premises, or any part thereof, shall become vacant during the said term, the landlord or his representatives may re-enter the same, either by force or otherwise, without being liable to prosecution therefor; and relet the said premises as 'the agents of the said tenants, and receive the rent thereof; applying the same, first to the payment of such expenses as they may be put to in re-entering, and then to the payment of the rent due by these presents; the balance, if any, to be paid over to the tenants, who shall remain liable for any deficiency.”

Plaintiff, having thus relet, collected rent from the new tenants till December 1, 1923. On December 14, 1923, he surrendered his own lease, and the surrender was accepted. Since then the new tenants have made payment to the owner of the fee. There is no contention by either party that they should have made it to any one else.

This action is for rent at the rate reserved in the defendant’s lease from June 1, 1922, to August 15, 1922, the date of the reletting, and thereafter for the monthly deficiency up to March. 31, 1924, when the action was begun. The trial judge gave judgment for the full amount claimed, adding by amendment an item of rent accruing later. The item thus added was struck out by the Appellate Division as well as an allowance for expense incurred for commissions to a broker. As so modified, the judgment was unanimously affirmed.

The defendant argues that the action, in so far as it includes a claim for a deficiency upon reletting, was premature when begun and even when decided (July 15, 1924). The claim for the deficiency, it is said, is in truth a claim for damages, and the damages, it is said, could not be known until January 31, 1925, when the lease to the defendant was to expire by its terms (citing Harding v. Austin, 93 App. Div. 564, and Darmstadt v. Knickerbocker C. & El. Supply Co., 104 Misc. Rep. 547; reversed, 188 App. Div. 129, and distinguishing Mann v. Munch Brewery, 225 N. Y. 189). We think the claim for a deficiency under the provisions of this covenant is not for damages, but for rent. There is a distinction between a reletting by a landlord after the expiration of a term, and a reletting as agent for the tenant during the existence of the term. In the one case, the tenant, even though chargeable by force of covenant with a subsequent deficiency, is liable for damages (Hall v. Gould, 13 N. Y. 127). The term is at an end. In the other, he is liable for rent, what is received through a reletting being merely a payment on account. The term is still in being (Underhill v. Collins, 132 N. Y. 269, 272; Jones v. Rushmore, 67 N. J. L. 157; 3 Williston on Contracts, § 1403).

The covenant in this lease does not say that the tenant is to be chargeable with a deficiency after the lease shall be terminated by re-entry for condition broken (compare the covenants in Darmstadt v. Knickerbocker C. & El. Supply Co. and Hall v. Gould, supra). It covers a single situation. If the premises become vacant “ during the term,” the landlord is empowered to re-enter and relet (Fleisher v. Friob, 97 Misc. Rep. 343, 346, 350; affd., 177 App. Div. 921; Wolf v. Rudinsky, 135 App. Div. 172; Chaude v.

3 Shepard, 122 N. Y. 397, 402, 403). In so doing, he is not forfeiting the lease or putting an end to its existence. There is no provision that vacancy, the mere abandonment of possession, shall be the breach of a condition. He acts when so reletting as agent for the tenant, who is liable for any deficiency, and gets the benefit of any surplus. We are not to confuse a vacancy thus occasioned with a vacancy arising after the term is at an end. Premises do not become vacant “ during the term ” when they are made vacant because a tenant had been ejected after a forfeiture of the term. The landlord’s rights in that contingency are defined in another subdivision (Fleisher v. Friob, supra). If default has been made in the performance of a covenant, he is privileged “ to re-enter the said premises, and the same to have again, repossess and enjoy.” The privilege goes no further. Upon re-entry for condition broken, he is without authority to relet for the account of the lessee. The lease might, of course, have made provision for a reletting even then. We take its covenants as we find them. The lessee is chargeable with a deficiency in one event only, and then the term is kept alive. As long as it remains alive, there is a liability for rent (Underhill v. Collins, supra).

Óur decision in Matter of Hevenor (144 N. Y. 271) is pressed upon us by counsel to uphold a different ruling. The covenant in that case was ambiguous. The vacancy was described as one arising during the term, and at the' same time as a vacancy existing because of nonpayment of rent (p. 272). There was here the implication of a forfeiture. A vacancy could not exist because rent was overdue unless the term had been ended because of the default. The word “ term,” unless qualified, will commonly be taken to mean “ interest ” or “ estate ” (Black Comm., bk. 2, ch. 9, p. 144), yet the context may show that it is synonymous with “ time ” (Finkelmeier v. Bates, 92 N. Y. 172, 178; 1 Washburn Real Prop. [6th ed.] § 609). But aside from these differences, the Hevenor case does not exact of us a ruling that the claim is one for damages. What was said in that opinion as to the effect of a reletting was unnecessary to the decision (cf. Gray v. Kaufman Dairy & Ice Cream Co., 9 App. Div. 115, 118; reversed, but on other grounds, in 162 N. Y. 388). The controversy was one between a landlord and an assignee for the benefit of creditors. The landlord claimed the right to participate in the assets by reason of a deficiency of rents accruing after the assignment. In such circumstances, it was immaterial whether he proved for rent or for damages. His claim must have been rejected whether classified one way or the other. Rent due at the date of the assignment must be paid with other debts and liabilities out of the assets of the estate. Not so, however, of rent falling due thereafter (Matter of Roth, 181 Fed. Rep. 667; Watson v. Merrill, 136 Fed. Rep. 359; Matter of Link, 14 Daly, 148; Deane v. Caldwell, 127 Mass. 242). Even the actual ruling in Matter of Hevenor, not to speak of the dicta, has been kept within narrow limits (People v. St. Nicholas Bank, 151 N. Y. 592). The dicta have not destroyed the authority of Underhill v. Collins.

The question remains whether by force of agreement between the landlord and the bankruptcy receiver, the term had been ended before the reletting was attempted, with the result that what was done thereafter was of no effect against the tenant. There are provisions in that agreement which read by themselves and without reference to the context would give support to that conclusion. The receiver agrees to surrender possession of the premises to the landlord, and the landlord accepts the surrender so made by the receiver. But a surrender of “ possession ” is not always a surrender of a “ lease ” or of the “ estate ” thereby created (2 Tiffany Landlord & Tenant, p. 1307). A surrender of possession, if accepted, is evidence indeed from which a surrender of the estate may be inferred, yet it will not have that effect if the parties otherwise agree (Jones v. Rushmore, 67 N. J. L. 157). We think it plain from other provisions of the agreement between the landlord and the receiver that they did otherwise agree. What they were bargaining for was a surrender of possession, and no more. The landlord expressly reserves the right to prove against the bankrupt for any deficiency in rent that may be incurred by reletting as his agent. This is coupled with a provision that nothing contained in the agreement “ shall be construed in prejudice or relinquishment ” of the landlord’s rights against the tenant or the tenant’s assignors. These provisions would be frustrated by a holding that the lease was at an end. All that the receiver did was to evidence an election that the lease was not accepted as an asset for the benefit of creditors (Dushane v. Beall, 161 U. S. 513). The election did not divest the bankrupt's title to the estate for years, which remained where it had been before. So, indeed, the defendant itself interpreted the transaction. It made an assignment of the Tease a few days later, and thereby indicated its understanding that the lease was still in force. The landlord, it is true, was in possession, but not because the estate was at an end. He was in possession because the premises had become vacant, and the tenant had consented that he should have power to relet.

The defendant objects because the plaintiff has been permitted to recover a deficiency accruing after December 14, 1923, when the plaintiff surrendered his own lease to the owner of the fee. The objection points to error which modification can correct. The plaintiff after such surrender had no longer a cause of action against the defendant for rent subsequently accruing. His position was no better than it would have been if his interest or estate had been divested by assignment. The deficiency for January, February and March, 1924, $549.99, with interest, $12.74, must be deducted from the judgment.

The defendant also objects to the omission to deduct from the recovery $1,200 deposited as security. This deposit was to be applied to the payment of rent for the last two months of the lease if the covenants of the lease had then been fully performed. If they had not been performed, it was to be applied upon account of any damages sustained. There is no suggestion that any covenant has been broken except the one for rent.

We think the deposit should be allowed as a credit on the debt. Undoubtedly, the plaintiff might have held it as security against defaults affecting him thereafter so long as there was a possibility that such defaults could occur. We think the possibility ceased when he surrendered his own lease to the owner of the fee. So far as the subleases were concerned, the effect of this surrender was equivalent to a transfer of the reversion (Eten v. Luyster, 60 N. Y. 252, 259; 2 Tiffany on Landlord & Tenant, pp. 1348, 1351). Undoubtedly by apt words, the parties might have agreed that the deposit should be retained until the expiration of the term though the landlord by assignment or otherwise had no longer an interest in the enforcement of the covenants (Mauro v. Alvino, 90 Misc. Rep. 328). Such an agreement will not readily be gathered from words of doubtful meaning. By a fair reading of this covenant, the parties did not contemplate that the deposit should be retained after the need for security had ended. There is no occasion to dwell upon the pleadings, or possible defects in them. Defects, if there were any, were waived, for the facts were proved without objection, and are established by the findings. The judgment must be reduced accordingly.

The defendant makes a point that its oral agreement to assume the obligations of the lease was void under the Statute of Frauds for the reason that by its terms it could not be performed within a year. We do not need to inquire whether the defense would have been good if seasonably urged (Durand v. Curtis, 57 N. Y. 7, 11; Kellogg v. Clark, 23 Hun, 393; Marcy v. Marcy, 9 Allen, 8; Kelley v. Thompson, 175 Mass. 427). The defense of the Statute of Frauds was not presented by the answer. It was not even presented upon the trial by objection to the evidence when offered. The objection came too late when the agreement was established and the trial was at an end.

The judgment should be modified by deducting therefrom the sum of $1,762.73, and, as so modified, affirmed, without costs to either party.

Hiscock, Ch. J., Pound, McLaughlin, Crane, Andrews and Lehman, JJ., concur.

Judgment accordingly.