Laughlin, J.:
The action is brought under the statute (Code Civ. Proc. § 1902 eb seq.) to recover for the death of John Koehler. The defendant is a domestic corporation, engaged' in supplying steam through its pipes laid in the public streets of the city of New York, to private consumers for mechanical power and for other purposes. At the time of the accident the defendant had a three-inch main in use along Nassau street, crossing Cedar street. It was engaged in laying a six-inch main through Cedar street from Broadway across Nassau street. The decedent had been in its employ for upwards of two years as a laborer, excavating trenches and laying and connecting pipe. He and a fellow-workman commenced excavating the trench across Nassau street on Friday, September 21,1900. At the point where the new and old line would have intersected there was in the three-inch pipe what is known as a swing joint, to accommodate expansion and contraction. The defendant’s mechanical engineer ordered this swing joint taken out and another one inserted, about four feet to the north of the line of new pipes.- The old swing joint was taken out late on Saturday afternoon or Sunday morning, and a new cast iron elbow put [224]*224in, as directed, to carry the old line over the new line of pipe. The three-inch pipe line was run from, the bottom of the trench perpendicularly for about twenty inches, and was there connected with the horizontal continuation by an elbow. The,six-inch main had been laid along the bottom of the trench, which was five or six f eef deep, but there was something wrong with its construction and it had to be disconnected again, removed, fixed and replaced. This last-mentioned work was undertaken Sunday morning, September 23, 1900, by decedent and one or two other employees and their foreman. Live steam had been passing through the three-inch pipe during all the time this work had been in progress down to Sunday morning, except possibly late on Saturday, if these elbows were put in then; but the consumers not needing steam that morning, the decedent’s foreman shut it off by turning a valve at a manhole situ■atcd just north of the new line of pipe and four or five blocks from the plant and boilers. About two o’clock in the afternoon some •customers desired steam and the foreman turned it on again full pressure. At this time the decedent and the men with whom he was working were about to connect the six-inch main at a point under or nearly under the three-inch pipe. The decedent, by direction of his foreman, was in the bottom of the trench, assisting in making the connection. A device known as a chain tongs,- consisting of steel bars put through a chain passing round the pipe, was used for the purpose of screwing the pipe together. After the steam had been turned on about one hour the new upper elbow burst, first at the under side and' immediately thereafter at the npper side, and fell to the bottom of the trench. The escaping steam severely scalded decedent’s face, head and body. He was taken to the Roosevelt Hospital, where he died six days later. • He •doubtless died: of the injuries thus sustained, but no evidence other than these facts to establish it appears in the record, although attention was called to the insufficiency of the evidence in that regard by the respondent’s motion for a nonsuit.
The order does not state the grounds upon which the motion for a mew trial Was made, and we are, therefore, not at liberty to consider the weight of the evidence or to review the facts except so far as necessary to pass upon the exceptions. The defendant duly moved for a nonsuit and for a direction of a verdict upon the grounds, [225]*225among others, that no negligence on its part had been shown, and that plaintiff had failed to establish the cause of action alleged or any cause of action; and exception was taken to the refusal of the court to grant the same'.
The negligence with which the .defendant is charged, in substance, is in using a defective elbow without properly inspecting and testing it, and failing to make and promulgate necessary rules for the guidance of its employees. There was considerable evidence given on the part of the appellant tending to show that the bursting of the elbow might have been caused by water hammer, resulting from the formation of water in the pipe by the condensation of steam upon the flow of steam being cut off and this water being set in motion by the live steam, turned on again and drawn through the pipe and up this perpendicular pipe against the elbow when the valves in the buildings where steam was used were opened. If water hammer was the cause, plaintiff doubtlesss was not entitled to recover.
No negligence is assigned in .respect to the general construction of the line in failing to provide against water hammer, and defendant would not be responsible for the negligence of the foreman. It appeared that the foreman disobeyed his instructions in turning the steam off and on again without notifying the chief engineer- or the superintendent in charge of the steam plant. Water hammer might have been avoided by turning the steam on slowly instead of full head. But plaintiff does not claim that the accident was due to water hammer, and an expert called by her testified that it could not have been so caused. It is, therefore, unnecessary to consider this question further. The plaintiff’s theory of the case upon the trial, as shown by the evidence adduced and the record, was that the accident was caused by a defect in the elbow which could have been discovered had it been properly tested, and that is the contention of her counsel upon the appeal.
There was a defect in the under side of the elbow at one point disclosed by the break, but it did not extend to the surface and was not discoverable by mere inspection. The elbow was an extra heavy three-inch casting forty-five one-hundreths -of an inch in thickness at the thinnest part, and was one of many similar elbows manufac[226]*226tured for defendant from its own moulds by founders of high standing. These elbows were from forty to fifty per cent heavier and stronger than the standard elbows in common use for such purposes.
An expert called by the plaintiff testified that this defect weakened the casting somewhat, and that it could have been discovered by what is known as the hammer test. After it appeared that the steam pressure was about eighty pounds to the square inch, many experienced, competent experts — some of whom had no relations with 'the defendant■—testified that the defect was slight and common to such castings; that it did not materially impair the strength of the elbow and would not justify its rejection ; that it could not have been discovered by the hammer'test or by any practical test: that the factor of safety for which allowance had been made was such that this elbow would readily stand a pressure of more than double the pressure in the pipe on this occasion. As has been seen, the vital point litigated upon the trial was whether the defect in the casting caused the accident. The plaintiff introduced no competent evidence on that subject, unless proof of this slight defect be itself deemed such. However, we think that incompetent evidence was erroneously received upon this question. After it had been shown that this elbow exploded, but before it was shown what pressure of steam was in the pipe, or whether the steam was being drawn off by consumers, which would put it in motion, an.
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Laughlin, J.:
The action is brought under the statute (Code Civ. Proc. § 1902 eb seq.) to recover for the death of John Koehler. The defendant is a domestic corporation, engaged' in supplying steam through its pipes laid in the public streets of the city of New York, to private consumers for mechanical power and for other purposes. At the time of the accident the defendant had a three-inch main in use along Nassau street, crossing Cedar street. It was engaged in laying a six-inch main through Cedar street from Broadway across Nassau street. The decedent had been in its employ for upwards of two years as a laborer, excavating trenches and laying and connecting pipe. He and a fellow-workman commenced excavating the trench across Nassau street on Friday, September 21,1900. At the point where the new and old line would have intersected there was in the three-inch pipe what is known as a swing joint, to accommodate expansion and contraction. The defendant’s mechanical engineer ordered this swing joint taken out and another one inserted, about four feet to the north of the line of new pipes.- The old swing joint was taken out late on Saturday afternoon or Sunday morning, and a new cast iron elbow put [224]*224in, as directed, to carry the old line over the new line of pipe. The three-inch pipe line was run from, the bottom of the trench perpendicularly for about twenty inches, and was there connected with the horizontal continuation by an elbow. The,six-inch main had been laid along the bottom of the trench, which was five or six f eef deep, but there was something wrong with its construction and it had to be disconnected again, removed, fixed and replaced. This last-mentioned work was undertaken Sunday morning, September 23, 1900, by decedent and one or two other employees and their foreman. Live steam had been passing through the three-inch pipe during all the time this work had been in progress down to Sunday morning, except possibly late on Saturday, if these elbows were put in then; but the consumers not needing steam that morning, the decedent’s foreman shut it off by turning a valve at a manhole situ■atcd just north of the new line of pipe and four or five blocks from the plant and boilers. About two o’clock in the afternoon some •customers desired steam and the foreman turned it on again full pressure. At this time the decedent and the men with whom he was working were about to connect the six-inch main at a point under or nearly under the three-inch pipe. The decedent, by direction of his foreman, was in the bottom of the trench, assisting in making the connection. A device known as a chain tongs,- consisting of steel bars put through a chain passing round the pipe, was used for the purpose of screwing the pipe together. After the steam had been turned on about one hour the new upper elbow burst, first at the under side and' immediately thereafter at the npper side, and fell to the bottom of the trench. The escaping steam severely scalded decedent’s face, head and body. He was taken to the Roosevelt Hospital, where he died six days later. • He •doubtless died: of the injuries thus sustained, but no evidence other than these facts to establish it appears in the record, although attention was called to the insufficiency of the evidence in that regard by the respondent’s motion for a nonsuit.
The order does not state the grounds upon which the motion for a mew trial Was made, and we are, therefore, not at liberty to consider the weight of the evidence or to review the facts except so far as necessary to pass upon the exceptions. The defendant duly moved for a nonsuit and for a direction of a verdict upon the grounds, [225]*225among others, that no negligence on its part had been shown, and that plaintiff had failed to establish the cause of action alleged or any cause of action; and exception was taken to the refusal of the court to grant the same'.
The negligence with which the .defendant is charged, in substance, is in using a defective elbow without properly inspecting and testing it, and failing to make and promulgate necessary rules for the guidance of its employees. There was considerable evidence given on the part of the appellant tending to show that the bursting of the elbow might have been caused by water hammer, resulting from the formation of water in the pipe by the condensation of steam upon the flow of steam being cut off and this water being set in motion by the live steam, turned on again and drawn through the pipe and up this perpendicular pipe against the elbow when the valves in the buildings where steam was used were opened. If water hammer was the cause, plaintiff doubtlesss was not entitled to recover.
No negligence is assigned in .respect to the general construction of the line in failing to provide against water hammer, and defendant would not be responsible for the negligence of the foreman. It appeared that the foreman disobeyed his instructions in turning the steam off and on again without notifying the chief engineer- or the superintendent in charge of the steam plant. Water hammer might have been avoided by turning the steam on slowly instead of full head. But plaintiff does not claim that the accident was due to water hammer, and an expert called by her testified that it could not have been so caused. It is, therefore, unnecessary to consider this question further. The plaintiff’s theory of the case upon the trial, as shown by the evidence adduced and the record, was that the accident was caused by a defect in the elbow which could have been discovered had it been properly tested, and that is the contention of her counsel upon the appeal.
There was a defect in the under side of the elbow at one point disclosed by the break, but it did not extend to the surface and was not discoverable by mere inspection. The elbow was an extra heavy three-inch casting forty-five one-hundreths -of an inch in thickness at the thinnest part, and was one of many similar elbows manufac[226]*226tured for defendant from its own moulds by founders of high standing. These elbows were from forty to fifty per cent heavier and stronger than the standard elbows in common use for such purposes.
An expert called by the plaintiff testified that this defect weakened the casting somewhat, and that it could have been discovered by what is known as the hammer test. After it appeared that the steam pressure was about eighty pounds to the square inch, many experienced, competent experts — some of whom had no relations with 'the defendant■—testified that the defect was slight and common to such castings; that it did not materially impair the strength of the elbow and would not justify its rejection ; that it could not have been discovered by the hammer'test or by any practical test: that the factor of safety for which allowance had been made was such that this elbow would readily stand a pressure of more than double the pressure in the pipe on this occasion. As has been seen, the vital point litigated upon the trial was whether the defect in the casting caused the accident. The plaintiff introduced no competent evidence on that subject, unless proof of this slight defect be itself deemed such. However, we think that incompetent evidence was erroneously received upon this question. After it had been shown that this elbow exploded, but before it was shown what pressure of steam was in the pipe, or whether the steam was being drawn off by consumers, which would put it in motion, an. expert called by plaintiff was permitted, under defendant’s objection and exception, properly taken, to give his opinion as to the cause of the explosion in answer to a hypothetical question containing no assumption as to the pressure of steam in the pipe and no assumption based on the appearance of the broken elbow, but assuming that the Steam had been passing through it for an hour. His answer was that the elbow or the installing of the connections of the pipe with the elbow must have been defective, or that the connection of the elbow with the pipe was not right — “ maybe one end of the pipe' wás too fast screwed in than the other end of the elbow.” The Court denied defendant’s motion to strike out the answer, made upon the ground that it was immaterial, remote and speculative and had no bearing upon the issues, being substantially the same objection as was interposed to the reception of the evidence, and an exception was taken to this ruling.
[227]*227It is manifest that this testimony was not evidence and could be of no value. • The facts assumed did not in any aspect of the case warrant the answers given by the witness. For aught shown by the question, there may have been sufficient pressure of steam to have exploded the elbow if it contained.no flaw. Again, the explosion might have been caused by water hammer, or by a blow upon the pipe while the steam was on ; and, as the elbow was indented, this was the opinion of several experts. Yet these answers of the witness were allowed to go before the jury and have been permitted in their estimation to outweigh all the evidence given by the other experts based on the material facts proven in the case. This testimony was damaging in the extreme, and the jury may, upon it, have found that the elbow was not properly connected, and may have held the defendant upon that false theory not presented by the issues.
The judgment and order should be reversed and a new trial granted, with costs to the appellant to abide the event.
Van Brunt, P. J., O’Brien and McLaughlin, JJ, concurred; Hatch, J., dissented.
Judgment and order reversed, new trial ordered, costs to appellant to abide event.