Koch v. City of Santa Cruz

• Court: District Court, N.D. California
• Decided: January 16, 2025
• Docket: 4:24-cv-07684
• Status: Unknown

Opinion

1 2 3 4 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 5 NORTHERN DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA 6 7 MARK F KOCH, Case No. 24-cv-07684-HSG

8 Plaintiff, ORDER OF PARTIAL SERVICE 9 v.

10 CITY OF SANTA CRUZ, et al., 11 Defendants.

12 13 Plaintiff, who is currently housed at Monterey County Jail, has filed a pro se action 14 pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Now before the Court for review pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915A is 15 Plaintiff’s complaint, Dkt. No. 1. Plaintiff has been granted leave to proceed in forma pauperis in 16 a separate order. 17 DISCUSSION 18 A. Standard of Review 19 A federal court must conduct a preliminary screening in any case in which a prisoner seeks 20 redress from a governmental entity or officer or employee of a governmental entity. See 28 U.S.C. 21 § 1915A(a). In its review, the court must identify any cognizable claims and dismiss any claims 22 that are frivolous, malicious, fail to state a claim upon which relief may be granted or seek 23 monetary relief from a defendant who is immune from such relief. See 28 U.S.C. § 1915A(b)(1), 24 (2). Pro se pleadings must, however, be liberally construed. See United States v. Qazi, 975 F.3d 25 989, 993 (9th Cir. 2020). 26 Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2) requires only “a short and plain statement of the 27 claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). “Specific facts are not 1 grounds upon which it rests.’” Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 93 (2007) (citations omitted). 2 While Rule 8 does not require detailed factual allegations, it demands more than an unadorned, 3 the-defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation. Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 677–78 (2009). 4 A pleading that offers only labels and conclusions, or a formulaic recitation of the elements of a 5 cause of action, or naked assertions devoid of further factual enhancement does not suffice. Id. 6 To state a claim under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, a plaintiff must allege two essential elements: (1) that a 7 right secured by the Constitution or laws of the United States was violated, and (2) that the alleged 8 violation was committed by a person acting under the color of state law. See West v. Atkins, 487 9 U.S. 42, 48 (1988). 10 B. Complaint 11 The complaint names as defendants the State of California; the City and County of Santa 12 Cruz; the Santa Cruz City Police Department officers who arrested Plaintiff on April 1, 2024; the 13 Santa Cruz Superior Court Judge on duty in Department 6 during April 2024; “Head of Santa Cruz 14 (illegible) from 2020-2024;” and “Santa Cruz Probation Office from 2020-2024.” Dkt. No. 1 at 2. 15 The complaint alleges that Santa Cruz County issued an invalid arrest warrant for Plaintiff 16 for probation violation, and refused to cancel the warrant despite being repeatedly informed that 17 the warrant was invalid. The active warrant negatively impacted Plaintiff’s life, causing him to be 18 denied necessary healthcare services and compensation from the Veterans Administration; the loss 19 of his property, vehicle, and animals; and the inability to obtain housing, employment, and loans. 20 The complaint makes the following specific allegations. In 2020, Santa Cruz County 21 Probation Department was required to release Plaintiff from probation because his probation was 22 “maxed out.” Instead, an active warrant was issued for Plaintiff for probation violation from 2017 23 to April 2024. In April 2024, Plaintiff was arrested on this warrant. Plaintiff tried to tell the Santa 24 Cruz Superior Court Judge on duty in Department 6 during April 2024 that the warrant was 25 invalid but the judge violated Plaintiff’s constitutional rights by telling Plaintiff that it behooved 26 him to not speak to her. Plaintiff was eventually released from custody and the illegal warrant was 27 squashed by the courts. Over the last four years, Plaintiff has repeatedly informed the Santa Cruz 1 either Plaintiff’s probation officer or the supervisor of the AB 109 Unit. Santa Cruz City and 2 County acted maliciously and intentionally in failing to remove the invalid warrant. 3 The invalid warrant and resulting false arrest caused a cascade of negative events. 4 Plaintiff’s property, vehicle, and animals were seized, and Plaintiff ultimately lost possession of 5 them. Plaintiff lost his housing and employment. Plaintiff was unable to participate in Veterans 6 Administration (“VA”) services and programs and had his VA disability compensation cut, 7 because active warrants negatively affect veterans’ eligibility for these services and programs. On 8 three different occasions, Plaintiff was sent to VA inpatient mental health or substance abuse 9 programs, and then removed from these programs because of the active warrant. The removal 10 from these programs denied Plaintiff health care and put his life in severe danger. Two of these 11 programs were located out of state, and his removal from these programs required him to walk 12 home while severally disabled. In one instance, he left a program in Cheyenne, Wyoming in the 13 dead of winter, and when he reached Denver, he was placed in the VA Hospital for over a month 14 with life-threatening illnesses. The invalid warrant also rendered him ineligible for housing, 15 employment, and loans, as credit checks showed the invalid warrant. The invalid warrant also 16 denied Plaintiff his personal freedom as he was unjustly arrested several times. The unjust arrests 17 caused him embarrassment and harassment. The Santa Cruz County Probation Department forced 18 Plaintiff to leave an inpatient mental health facility by threatening to put a warrant out for his 19 arrest. Plaintiff was forced to leave with a colostomy bag and not allowed to pick up necessary 20 medication or colostomy supplies. Plaintiff stayed at a shelter, but the colostomy bag broke on the 21 first night. Plaintiff had to clean up the mess with his only clothes and wear these wet clothes 22 while he walked three miles in the winter to the local hospital. Plaintiff alleges that these negative 23 events violated his rights under the First, Fourth, Fifth, Sixth, Eighth, and Fourteenth 24 Amendments. 25 Plaintiff seeks monetary damages for emotional injury and property damage, as well as 26 punitive and compensatory damages. 27 C. Order of Partial Service 1 the erroneous arrest warrant despite being informed repeatedly of the warrant’s invalidity states a 2 cognizable Fourteenth Amendment claim. See Gant v. Cnty. of Los Angeles, 772 F.3d 608, 619 3 (9th Cir. 2014) (public entity can be liable under Fourteenth Amendment for failing to institute 4 readily available procedures for decreasing risk of erroneous detention). 5 The Court DISMISSES the remaining defendants – the State of California; the Santa Cruz 6 City Police Department officers who arrested Plaintiff on April 1, 2024; the Santa Cruz Superior 7 Court Judge on duty in Department 6 during April 2024; “Head of Santa Cruz (illegible) from 8 2020-2024;” and “Santa Cruz Probation Office from 2020-2024 – for from this action for the 9 following reasons. 10 1. Dismissal with Leave to Amend 11 A) Santa Cruz Police Department Officers 12 The Court DISMISSES the Santa Cruz City Police Department officers who arrested 13 Plaintiff on April 1, 2024 from this action for two reasons. 14 First, there are no factual allegations in the complaint from which it can be reasonably 15 inferred that these police officers knew that the arrest warrant was invalid. The Fourth 16 Amendment requires that an arrest be supported by probable cause. Atwater v. City of Lago Vista, 17 532 U.S. 318, 354 (2001); Michigan v. Summers, 452 U.S. 692, 700 (1981) (arrest is unlawful 18 unless probable cause to support it). In the context of a Section 1983 action, “[p]robable cause to 19 arrest exists when there is a ‘fair probability or substantial chance of criminal activity’ by the 20 arrestee based on the totality of the circumstances known to the officers at the time of arrest.” 21 Vanegas v. City of Pasadena, 46 F.4th 1159, 1164 (9th Cir. 2022) (quoting Lacey v. Maricopa 22 Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 918 (9th Cir. 2012) (en banc)). This “is not a high bar: It requires only the 23 kind of fair probability on which reasonable and prudent people, not legal technicians, act.” Kaley 24 v. United States, 571 U.S. 320, 338 (2014) (cleaned up). While the complaint alleges that Plaintiff 25 informed the Santa Cruz Probation Department and a Santa Cruz County judge that his probation 26 had been terminated and that his arrest warrant for probation violation was therefore invalid, there 27 is no allegation that the arresting officers knew of the invalidity of the arrest warrant, or that the 1 rely on such a representation from Plaintiff. 2 Second, Plaintiff has failed to identify the arresting officers. The use of “John Doe” to 3 identify a defendant is not favored in the Ninth Circuit, see Gillespie v. Civiletti, 629 F.2d 637, 4 642 (9th Cir. 1980), in part because it is effectively impossible for the United States Marshal to 5 serve an anonymous defendant. The Court’s general practice is to dismiss Doe defendants without 6 prejudice and, if the plaintiff is able to identify the unknown defendant through discovery, allow 7 the plaintiff leave to amend the complaint to name the intended defendant. See Gillespie, 629 F.2d 8 at 642. This complaint cannot proceed against “Santa Cruz City Police Department officers who 9 arrested Plaintiff on April 1, 2024.” If Plaintiff wishes to sue these individuals, he must obtain 10 their names and sue them by their names. 11 The Court dismisses the claim against the Santa Cruz City Police Department officers who 12 arrested Plaintiff on April 1, 2024 with leave to amend to address the deficiencies identified 13 above. In preparing an amended complaint, if Plaintiff seeks to replead his claim against the Santa 14 Cruz City Police Department officers who arrested Plaintiff on April 1, 2024, he must identify 15 these individuals by name, in addition to making factual allegations that state a cognizable Section 16 1983 claim. 17 B) Head of Santa Cruz (illegible) from 2020-2024 18 Plaintiff’s handwriting is hard to decipher in certain parts of the complaint, so it is unclear 19 the identity of this defendant. The Court therefore dismisses this defendant with leave to amend. 20 However, the Court notes the following deficiencies with suing the head of a Santa Cruz City or 21 County department. First, the complaint does not directly link this defendant to any of the alleged 22 violations. Second, the complaint does not appear to identify this defendant by name and, as 23 discussed above, this case cannot proceed against an unknown Doe defendant. Third, to the extent 24 that the complaint seeks to sue this defendant because he or she was the supervisor or employer of 25 the alleged wrongdoer, this fails to state a Section 1983 claim. There is no Section 1983 liability 26 simply because an individual supervised the alleged wrongdoer. See Taylor v. List, 880 F.2d 27 1040, 1045 (9th Cir. 1989) (no respondent superior liability, or supervisory liability, under Section 1 violated plaintiff’s right). Similarly, conclusory allegations that a supervisor promulgated 2 unconstitutional policies and procedures which authorized their subordinates’ unconstitutional 3 conduct are speculative and do not suffice to state a claim of supervisory liability. Keates v. Koile, 4 883 F.3d 1228, 1243 (9th Cir. 2018). Section 1983 liability may be imposed on a defendant only 5 if the plaintiff can show that the defendant proximately caused the deprivation of a federally 6 protected right. See Leer v. Murphy, 844 F.2d 628, 634 (9th Cir. 1988). 7 2. Dismissal with Prejudice 8 A) State of California 9 The Court DISMISSES with prejudice the claims against the State of California because 10 they are barred by the Eleventh Amendment. The Eleventh Amendment bars from the federal 11 courts suits against a state by its own citizens, citizens of another state or citizens or subjects of 12 any foreign state. Atascadero State Hosp. v. Scanlon, 473 U.S. 234, 237-38 (1985). With a few 13 exceptions inapplicable here,1 a state cannot be sued regardless of the relief sought. Kentucky v. 14 Graham, 473 U.S. 159, 167 n.14 (1985) (citing Alabama v. Pugh, 438 U.S. 781 (1978)); 15 Confederated Tribes & Bands v. Locke, 176 F.3d 467, 469 (9th Cir. 1999). The Court dismisses 16 the State of California from this action with prejudice as amendment would be futile. 17 B) Santa Cruz County Superior Court Judge 18 The Court DISMISSES from this action the Santa Cruz County Superior Court Judge on 19 duty in Department 6 in April 2024. The complaint does not identify any federal statute or 20 constitutional provision violated by the judge’s remark, and it is unclear how such a remark would 21 violate Plaintiff’s constitutional rights. Regardless, the judge would be entitled to judicial 22

23 1 There are certain exceptions to a state’s Eleventh Amendment immunity to suit, none of which are applicable here. A state can waive its Eleventh Amendment immunity. See, e.g., Johnson v. 24 Rancho Santiago Comm. Coll. Dist., 623 F.3d 1011, 1021 (9th Cir. 2010) (state waives Eleventh Amendment immunity if it unequivocally indicates intent to subject itself to federal court 25 jurisdiction). Congress may abrogate the states’ sovereign immunity if it (1) unequivocally expresses its intent to abrogate the immunity and (2) acts pursuant to a valid exercise of power. 26 See Seminole Tribe of Florida v. Florida, 517 U.S. 44, 55-73 (1996). States can give up their immunity from congressionally authorized suits pursuant to the Constitution. Torres v. Texas 27 Dep’t of Public Safety, 597 U.S. 580, 584 (2022). Finally, Eleventh Amendment immunity is 1 immunity for this remark because it was a comment made during judicial proceedings, and 2 therefore made in her judicial capacity. A state judge is absolutely immune from civil liability for 3 damages for acts performed in his judicial capacity. See Pierson v. Ray, 386 U.S. 547, 553-55 4 (1967) (applying judicial immunity to actions under 42 U.S.C. § 1983). “A judge will not be 5 deprived of immunity because the action he took was in error, was done maliciously, or in excess 6 of his authority; rather, he will be subject to liability only when he has acted in the ‘clear absence 7 of all jurisdiction.’” Stump v. Sparkman, 435 U.S. 349, 356-57 (1978) (citing Bradley v. Fisher, 8 80 U.S. (13 Wall.) 335, 351 (1872)); see also Mireles v. Waco, 502 U.S. 9, 11 (1991) (judicial 9 immunity not overcome by allegations of bad faith or malice). The dismissal of this defendant is 10 with prejudice because amendment would be futile. 11 C) Santa Cruz Probation Office 12 If Plaintiff is seeking to hold the Santa Cruz Probation Office liable for constitutional 13 violations, he is alleging a municipal liability claim against Santa Cruz County, and the proper 14 defendant for Plaintiff’s municipal liability claim is Santa Cruz County itself, whom Plaintiff has 15 already named. Cf. Vance v. County of Santa Clara, 928 F. Supp. 993, 996 (N.D. Cal. 1996) 16 (dismissing Santa Clara County Department of Corrections from Section 1983 action and noting 17 that “[t]he County is a proper defendant in a § 1983 claim, an agency of the County is not”); 18 Stump v. Gates, 777 F.Supp. 808, 816 (D. Colo. 1991) (noting that, “although some courts have 19 overlooked it, naming a municipal department as a defendant is not an appropriate means of 20 pleading a § 1983 action against a municipality”). The Court DISMISSES the Santa Cruz 21 Probation Office from this action with prejudice because it was incorrectly named as a defendant. 22 D. Request for Appointment of Counsel (Dkt. No. 1 at 2) 23 Plaintiff has requested that the Court appoint him counsel, arguing that counsel is 24 warranted because of the complex issues in the case, because he is a veteran who served honorably 25 in the military, and because he is disabled with two traumatic brain injuries. Dkt. No. 1 at 2. The 26 Court DENIES Plaintiff’s request for counsel for the following reasons. There is no constitutional 27 right to counsel in a civil case unless an indigent litigant may lose his physical liberty if he loses 1 an attorney to represent any person unable to afford counsel.” 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1). Appointing 2 counsel is within the court’s discretion and is granted only in exceptional circumstances. Wilborn 3 v. Escalderon, 789 F.2d 1328, 1331 (9th Cir. 1986) (referring to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(d), which was 4 subsequently renumbered to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(1)). A finding of “exceptional circumstances” 5 requires an evaluation of the likelihood of the plaintiff’s success on the merits and an evaluation of 6 the plaintiff’s ability to articulate his claims pro se in light of the complexity of the legal issues 7 involved. See Agyeman v. Corrections Corp. of America, 390 F.3d 1101, 1103 (9th Cir. 2004). 8 Both of these factors must be viewed together before reaching a decision on a request for counsel 9 under § 1915. See id. At this stage of the action, it is unclear whether Plaintiff will succeed on the 10 merits and, contrary to Plaintiff’s assertion, the issues are not complex. The request for 11 appointment of counsel is therefore DENIED for lack of exceptional circumstances without 12 prejudice to the Court sua sponte appointing counsel in the future should the circumstances so 13 require. Dkt. No. 1 at 2. 14 CONCLUSION 15 For the reasons set forth above, the Court orders as follows. 16 1. Liberally construed, the complaint states a cognizable Fourth Amendment claim 17 against the City and County of Santa Cruz. 18 2. The Court DISMISSES with prejudice the following defendants: the State of 19 California; the Santa Cruz Superior Court Judge on duty in Department 6 during April 2024; and 20 the Santa Cruz Probation Office from 2020-2024. 21 3. The Court DISMISSES with leave to amend the following defendants: defendants 22 Santa Cruz City Police Department officers who arrested Plaintiff on April 1, 2024; and “Head of 23 Santa Cruz (illegible) from 2020-2024.” If Plaintiff wishes to file an amended complaint that 24 repleads his claims against these defendants and addresses the deficiencies identified above, he 25 shall file his amended complaint within twenty-eight (28) days of the date of this order. The 26 amended complaint must include the caption and civil case number used in this order, Case No. C 27 24-07684 HSG (PR) and the words “AMENDED COMPLAINT” on the first page. If using the 1 proceed. An amended complaint completely replaces the previous complaints. See Lacey v. 2 Maricopa Cnty., 693 F.3d 896, 925 (9th Cir. 2012). Accordingly, Plaintiff must include in his 3 amended complaint all the claims he wishes to present and all of the defendants he wishes to sue, 4 including the claim(s) found cognizable above and the defendant(s) served below. Plaintiff may 5 not incorporate material from the prior complaints by reference. Failure to file an amended 6 complaint in accordance with this order in the time provided will result in Dkt. No. 1 remaining 7 the operative complaint and this action proceeding solely on the claim(s) found cognizable above 8 and against the defendant(s) ordered served below. The Clerk shall include two copies of the 9 court’s complaint form with a copy of this order to Plaintiff. 10 4. The Court DENIES Plaintiff’s request for appointment of counsel. Dkt. No. 1 at 2. 11 5. The Clerk shall issue summons and the United States Marshal shall serve, without 12 prepayment of fees, a copy of the operative complaint (Dkt. No. 1), with all attachments thereto, 13 and a copy of this order upon defendant the City and County of Santa Cruz at 701 Ocean 14 Street, Room 505, Santa Cruz, CA 95060. A courtesy copy of the operative complaint with 15 attachments and this order shall also be mailed to the Santa Cruz County Counsel, at 701 Ocean 16 Street, Room 505, Santa Cruz, CA 95060. 17 6. In order to expedite the resolution of this case, the Court orders as follows: 18 a. No later than 91 days from the date this order is filed, Defendant must file 19 and serve a motion for summary judgment or other dispositive motion. If Defendant is of the 20 opinion that this case cannot be resolved by summary judgment, Defendant must so inform the 21 Court prior to the date the motion is due. A motion for summary judgment also must be 22 accompanied by a Rand notice so that Plaintiff will have fair, timely, and adequate notice of what 23 is required of him in order to oppose the motion. Woods v. Carey, 684 F.3d 934, 939 (9th Cir. 24 2012) (notice requirement set out in Rand v. Rowland, 154 F.3d 952 (9th Cir. 1998), must be 25 served concurrently with motion for summary judgment).2 26 2 If Defendant asserts that Plaintiff failed to exhaust his available administrative remedies as 27 required by 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(a), Defendant must raise such argument in a motion for summary 1 b. Plaintiff’s opposition to the summary judgment or other dispositive motion 2 must be filed with the Court and served upon Defendant no later than 28 days from the date the 3 motion is filed. Plaintiff must bear in mind the notice and warning regarding summary judgment 4 provided later in this order as he prepares his opposition to any motion for summary judgment. 5 c. Defendant shall file a reply brief no later than 14 days after the date the 6 opposition is filed. The motion shall be deemed submitted as of the date the reply brief is due. No 7 hearing will be held on the motion. 8 7. Plaintiff is advised that a motion for summary judgment under Rule 56 of the 9 Federal Rules of Civil Procedure will, if granted, end your case. Rule 56 tells you what you must 10 do in order to oppose a motion for summary judgment. Generally, summary judgment must be 11 granted when there is no genuine issue of material fact – that is, if there is no real dispute about 12 any fact that would affect the result of your case, the party who asked for summary judgment is 13 entitled to judgment as a matter of law, which will end your case. When a party you are suing 14 makes a motion for summary judgment that is properly supported by declarations (or other sworn 15 testimony), you cannot simply rely on what your complaint says. Instead, you must set out 16 specific facts in declarations, depositions, answers to interrogatories, or authenticated documents, 17 as provided in Rule 56(c), that contradict the facts shown in a defendant’s declarations and 18 documents and show that there is a genuine issue of material fact for trial. If you do not submit 19 your own evidence in opposition, summary judgment, if appropriate, may be entered against you. 20 If summary judgment is granted, your case will be dismissed and there will be no trial. Rand v. 21 Rowland, 154 F.3d 952, 962–63 (9th Cir. 1998) (en banc) (App. A). (The Rand notice above does 22 not excuse Defendant’s obligation to serve said notice again concurrently with a motion for 23 summary judgment. Woods, 684 F.3d at 939). 24 8. All communications by Plaintiff with the Court must be served on Defendant’s 25 counsel by mailing a true copy of the document to Defendant’s counsel. The Court may disregard 26 any document which a party files but fails to send a copy of to his opponent. Until Defendant’s 27 1 counsel has been designated, Plaintiff may mail a true copy of the document directly to Defendant, 2 || but once Defendant is represented by counsel, all documents must be mailed to counsel rather than 3 || directly to Defendant. 4 9. Discovery may be taken in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. 5 No further court order under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 30(a)(2) or Local Rule 16 is required 6 || before the parties may conduct discovery. 7 10. Plaintiff is responsible for prosecuting this case. Plaintiff must promptly keep the 8 || Court informed of any change of address and must comply with the Court’s orders in a timely 9 fashion. Failure to do so may result in the dismissal of this action for failure to prosecute pursuant 10 || to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). Plaintiff must file a notice of change of address in every 11 pending case every time he is moved to a new facility. 12 11. Any motion for an extension of time must be filed no later than the deadline sought 5 13 to be extended and must be accompanied by a showing of good cause. Plaintiff is cautioned that 14 || he must include the case name and case number for this case on any document he submits to the 3 15 Court for consideration in this case. a 16 IT IS SO ORDERED. 17 || Dated: — 1/16/2025 Abaspurel 5 Mb). HAYWOOD S. GILLIAM, JR. 19 United States District Judge 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28