IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA KNIGHT SPECIALTY INSURANCE No. 4:24-CV-00465 COMPANY, (Chief Judge Brann) Plaintiff,
INSA, INC., Defendant. WNSAING, Third Party Plaintiff,
QUADSCORE INSURANCE SERVICES, Third Party Defendant. MEMORANDUM OPINION JULY 25, 2025 I. BACKGROUND On February 17, 2025, Insa, Inc. (“Insa’’) filed a Motion to Compel Discovery, which the Court partially disposed of in its May 20, 2025 Memorandum Opinion. The Court then ordered Knight Specialty Insurance Company (“Knight Specialty”) to file various documents for in camera review. As the Court is in receipt of those documents and has now performed that review, the remaining aspects of Insa’s
Motion to Compel are ripe for disposition. For the reasons that follow, the Motion to Compel is granted in part and denied in part.
II. DISCUSSION A. The Attorney-Client Privilege “The attorney-client privilege is a statutory right afforded to clients in civil cases.”1 “Its purpose is to protect communications between a client and the client’s
legal counsel so that information can be conveyed freely during the preparation of a legal matter.”2 When the client is a corporate entity, “the privilege extends to ‘communications between [the entity’s] attorneys and agents or employees
authorized to act’ on the entity’s behalf.”3 The Pennsylvania Superior Court has identified the following elements for the privilege to apply: (1) “The asserted holder of the privilege is or sought to become a client; (2) [t]he person to whom the
communication was made is a member of the bar of a court or his subordinate; (3) [t]he communication relates to a fact of which the attorney was informed by his client, without the presence of strangers, for the purpose of securing either an opinion of law, legal services or assistance in a legal matter, and not for the purpose of
1 King v. Kappa Sigma Fraternity, 331 A.3d 695, 701 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2025). 2 Id. 3 Id. (quoting BouSamra v. Excela Health, 210 A.3d 967, 983 (Pa. 2019)). committing a crime or tort; and (4) [t]he privilege has been claimed and is not waived by the client.”4
“[T]he party asserting the attorney-client privilege has the initial burden of showing that the privilege has been properly invoked.”5 “If the trial court finds that the proponent of the privilege has set forth facts which make it applicable, then the
burden shifts to the party seeking disclosure of the communication to produce facts which would make it discoverable.”6 B. The Work Product Doctrine Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(3)(A) provides that materials “prepared
in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or its representative” are not “[o]rdinarily” discoverable.7 “The purpose of the work-product doctrine differs from that of the attorney-client privilege.”8 “Protecting attorneys’ work
product promotes the adversary system by enabling attorneys to prepare cases without fear that their work product will be used against their clients.”9 “Under either Rule 26 or [Hickman v. Taylor], the party invoking the work product doctrine has
4 Id. at 701-702 (citing Ford-Bey v. Pro. Anesthesia Servs. of N. Am., LLC, 229 A.3d 984, 990- 91 (Pa. Super. 2020)). 5 Id. 6 Id. 7 FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(3)(A). 8 Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. Republic of Philippines, 951 F.2d 1414, 1427-28 (3d Cir. 1991). 9 Id. (citing Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 510-11, 67 S. Ct. 385, 393-94, 91 L.Ed. 451 (1947) and United States v. AT&T, 642 F.2d 1285, 1299 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). the burden of proving it applies.”10 “Once that burden has been met, protected work prepared in anticipation of litigation must be produced only under very limited
circumstances and opinion work product is ‘afforded near absolute protection from discovery.’”11 But “[t]he question [of] whether a document was prepared in anticipation of litigation is often a difficult factual matter.”12 The United States Court of Appeals
for the “Third Circuit has stated that a document is created in anticipation of litigation when, ‘in light of the nature of the document and the factual situation in the particular case, the document can be fairly said to have been prepared or obtained
because of the prospect of litigation.’”13 “In applying this test, courts must look to ‘the state of mind of the party preparing the document or . . . the party ordering preparation of the document.’”14 “This inquiry is limited by the requirement that the party’s anticipation of litigation be objectively reasonable.”15
C. Analysis Despite affording Knight Specialty an additional opportunity to explain its claims of privilege, it has declined to do so to any degree of specificity. Due to this,
10 EFG BNK AG v. Lincoln National Life Ins. Co., 593 F. Supp. 3d 225, 229 (E.D. Pa. 2022) (citing Serrano v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC, 298 F.R.D. 271, 277 (W.D. Pa. 2014)). 11 Serrano, 298 F.R.D. at 277 (quoting In re Cendant Corp. Sec. Litig., 343 F.3d 658, 663 (3d Cir. 2003)). 12 United States v. Rockwell Int’l, 897 F.2d 1255, 1266 (3d Cir. 1990). 13 Sullivan v. Warminister Tp., 274 F.R.D. 147, 152 (E.D. Pa. 2011) (quoting Rockwell Int’l, 897 F.2d at 1266). 14 Id. (quoting Martin v. Bally’s Park Place Hotel & Casino, 983 F.2d 1252, 1260 (3d Cir. 1993)). 15 Id. the Court will only deem the redactions appropriate where it is facially apparent from the document that it is protected by either the attorney-client privilege or work
product doctrine. 1. The Subrogation Files The Court previously concluded that the subrogation files are relevant to
Insa’s discovery needs in this case as articulated in its May 20, 2025 Memorandum Opinion. Knight Specialty has not raised any argument that persuasively alters this Court’s conclusion, and I will proceed directly to evaluating the validity of the asserted privileges.
a. Bates Nos. 7-9 Knight Specialty redacted the material in the claim notes founds on Bates Nos. 7-9 as work product and due to a lack of relevance. Without any additional
information from Knight Specialty, the Court declines to view these documents as facially protected under the work product doctrine. Despite lacking this protection, the Court agrees that the redacted material is not relevant. b. Bates No. 10
Knight Specialty properly redacted the material on Bates No. 10 as it concerns a privileged communication between Knight Specialty and its subrogation counsel. c. Bates No. 11 Knight Specialty asserts that the redacted information in the 10/05/23 Claim
Note regarding reserves is not relevant. But Insa has filed a bad faith counterclaim, thus rendering this information relevant. The Court will therefore order the disclosure of the redacted material on Bates No. 11.
d. Bates No. 12 Knight Specialty has redacted information on Bates Note 12 from its October 11, 2023 and October 20, 2023 Claim Notes. The redacted portion of the October 11, 2023 Claim Note is proper as it concerns a privileged communication between
Plaintiff and its subrogation counsel. The same is true regarding the second redaction of the October 20, 2023 Claim Note. But Knight Specialty only justifies the first redaction of the October 20, 2023
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE MIDDLE DISTRICT OF PENNSYLVANIA KNIGHT SPECIALTY INSURANCE No. 4:24-CV-00465 COMPANY, (Chief Judge Brann) Plaintiff,
INSA, INC., Defendant. WNSAING, Third Party Plaintiff,
QUADSCORE INSURANCE SERVICES, Third Party Defendant. MEMORANDUM OPINION JULY 25, 2025 I. BACKGROUND On February 17, 2025, Insa, Inc. (“Insa’’) filed a Motion to Compel Discovery, which the Court partially disposed of in its May 20, 2025 Memorandum Opinion. The Court then ordered Knight Specialty Insurance Company (“Knight Specialty”) to file various documents for in camera review. As the Court is in receipt of those documents and has now performed that review, the remaining aspects of Insa’s
Motion to Compel are ripe for disposition. For the reasons that follow, the Motion to Compel is granted in part and denied in part.
II. DISCUSSION A. The Attorney-Client Privilege “The attorney-client privilege is a statutory right afforded to clients in civil cases.”1 “Its purpose is to protect communications between a client and the client’s
legal counsel so that information can be conveyed freely during the preparation of a legal matter.”2 When the client is a corporate entity, “the privilege extends to ‘communications between [the entity’s] attorneys and agents or employees
authorized to act’ on the entity’s behalf.”3 The Pennsylvania Superior Court has identified the following elements for the privilege to apply: (1) “The asserted holder of the privilege is or sought to become a client; (2) [t]he person to whom the
communication was made is a member of the bar of a court or his subordinate; (3) [t]he communication relates to a fact of which the attorney was informed by his client, without the presence of strangers, for the purpose of securing either an opinion of law, legal services or assistance in a legal matter, and not for the purpose of
1 King v. Kappa Sigma Fraternity, 331 A.3d 695, 701 (Pa. Super. Ct. 2025). 2 Id. 3 Id. (quoting BouSamra v. Excela Health, 210 A.3d 967, 983 (Pa. 2019)). committing a crime or tort; and (4) [t]he privilege has been claimed and is not waived by the client.”4
“[T]he party asserting the attorney-client privilege has the initial burden of showing that the privilege has been properly invoked.”5 “If the trial court finds that the proponent of the privilege has set forth facts which make it applicable, then the
burden shifts to the party seeking disclosure of the communication to produce facts which would make it discoverable.”6 B. The Work Product Doctrine Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 26(b)(3)(A) provides that materials “prepared
in anticipation of litigation or for trial by or for another party or its representative” are not “[o]rdinarily” discoverable.7 “The purpose of the work-product doctrine differs from that of the attorney-client privilege.”8 “Protecting attorneys’ work
product promotes the adversary system by enabling attorneys to prepare cases without fear that their work product will be used against their clients.”9 “Under either Rule 26 or [Hickman v. Taylor], the party invoking the work product doctrine has
4 Id. at 701-702 (citing Ford-Bey v. Pro. Anesthesia Servs. of N. Am., LLC, 229 A.3d 984, 990- 91 (Pa. Super. 2020)). 5 Id. 6 Id. 7 FED. R. CIV. P. 26(b)(3)(A). 8 Westinghouse Elec. Corp. v. Republic of Philippines, 951 F.2d 1414, 1427-28 (3d Cir. 1991). 9 Id. (citing Hickman v. Taylor, 329 U.S. 495, 510-11, 67 S. Ct. 385, 393-94, 91 L.Ed. 451 (1947) and United States v. AT&T, 642 F.2d 1285, 1299 (D.C. Cir. 1980)). the burden of proving it applies.”10 “Once that burden has been met, protected work prepared in anticipation of litigation must be produced only under very limited
circumstances and opinion work product is ‘afforded near absolute protection from discovery.’”11 But “[t]he question [of] whether a document was prepared in anticipation of litigation is often a difficult factual matter.”12 The United States Court of Appeals
for the “Third Circuit has stated that a document is created in anticipation of litigation when, ‘in light of the nature of the document and the factual situation in the particular case, the document can be fairly said to have been prepared or obtained
because of the prospect of litigation.’”13 “In applying this test, courts must look to ‘the state of mind of the party preparing the document or . . . the party ordering preparation of the document.’”14 “This inquiry is limited by the requirement that the party’s anticipation of litigation be objectively reasonable.”15
C. Analysis Despite affording Knight Specialty an additional opportunity to explain its claims of privilege, it has declined to do so to any degree of specificity. Due to this,
10 EFG BNK AG v. Lincoln National Life Ins. Co., 593 F. Supp. 3d 225, 229 (E.D. Pa. 2022) (citing Serrano v. Chesapeake Appalachia, LLC, 298 F.R.D. 271, 277 (W.D. Pa. 2014)). 11 Serrano, 298 F.R.D. at 277 (quoting In re Cendant Corp. Sec. Litig., 343 F.3d 658, 663 (3d Cir. 2003)). 12 United States v. Rockwell Int’l, 897 F.2d 1255, 1266 (3d Cir. 1990). 13 Sullivan v. Warminister Tp., 274 F.R.D. 147, 152 (E.D. Pa. 2011) (quoting Rockwell Int’l, 897 F.2d at 1266). 14 Id. (quoting Martin v. Bally’s Park Place Hotel & Casino, 983 F.2d 1252, 1260 (3d Cir. 1993)). 15 Id. the Court will only deem the redactions appropriate where it is facially apparent from the document that it is protected by either the attorney-client privilege or work
product doctrine. 1. The Subrogation Files The Court previously concluded that the subrogation files are relevant to
Insa’s discovery needs in this case as articulated in its May 20, 2025 Memorandum Opinion. Knight Specialty has not raised any argument that persuasively alters this Court’s conclusion, and I will proceed directly to evaluating the validity of the asserted privileges.
a. Bates Nos. 7-9 Knight Specialty redacted the material in the claim notes founds on Bates Nos. 7-9 as work product and due to a lack of relevance. Without any additional
information from Knight Specialty, the Court declines to view these documents as facially protected under the work product doctrine. Despite lacking this protection, the Court agrees that the redacted material is not relevant. b. Bates No. 10
Knight Specialty properly redacted the material on Bates No. 10 as it concerns a privileged communication between Knight Specialty and its subrogation counsel. c. Bates No. 11 Knight Specialty asserts that the redacted information in the 10/05/23 Claim
Note regarding reserves is not relevant. But Insa has filed a bad faith counterclaim, thus rendering this information relevant. The Court will therefore order the disclosure of the redacted material on Bates No. 11.
d. Bates No. 12 Knight Specialty has redacted information on Bates Note 12 from its October 11, 2023 and October 20, 2023 Claim Notes. The redacted portion of the October 11, 2023 Claim Note is proper as it concerns a privileged communication between
Plaintiff and its subrogation counsel. The same is true regarding the second redaction of the October 20, 2023 Claim Note. But Knight Specialty only justifies the first redaction of the October 20, 2023
Claim Note by asserting its lack of relevancy and claiming it as work product. The Court views the information as relevant, and again, without any information from Knight Specialty as to when litigation objectively became contemplated, the Court does not view this document as protected by the work product doctrine. Accordingly,
the Court will order the disclosure of the material in the first redaction in the October 20, 2023 Claim Note. e. Bates No. 13 The redactions found on Bates No. 13 concern the October 20, October 24,
and October 25, 2023 Claim Notes. Each is discussed separately below. The redacted portion from the October 20, 2023 Claim Note is not protected by the attorney-client privilege as it merely discussed the existence of an attorney-
client relationship and the identity of the specific attorneys involved. As this Court has previously observed, “[t]he attorney-client privilege does not automatically extend to a peripheral fact regarding an attorney-client communication or the attorney-client relationship in general.”16 “In general, the facts of legal consultation
or employment, client identities, attorney’s fees, and the scope and nature of employment are not deemed privilege.”17 But it is irrelevant to the issues in this case and therefore the Court will not order its disclosure.
The redaction from the October 24, 2023 Claim Note is proper as it directly concerns a communication protected by the attorney-client privilege. But the redaction of the October 25, 2023 Claim Note is improper. The material is relevant, and the Court cannot conclude that litigation was contemplated when the document
was prepared such that it is protected under the work product doctrine. Accordingly,
16 Valenti v. Allstate Ins. Co., 243 F. Supp.2d 200, 218 (M.D. Pa. 2003). 17 Id. (citing Humphreys v. Donovan, 755 F.2d 1211, 1219 (6th Cir. 1985)). See also H.T. Development, LLC v. Imperial Properties, Inc., No. 2007-CV-0109, 2008 WL 5657594 (D.V.I. July 29, 2008) (Cannot, Jr., M.J.) (“The name of any attorney consulted and the date of the initial consultation do not constitute privileged information.”). the Court will order the disclosure of this previously withheld portion of the October 25, 2023 Claim Note.
f. Bates No. 14 The redacted material from October 27, 2023 Claim Note is protected by the attorney-client privilege as it directly describes a protected communication between
Knight Specialty and its counsel. g. Bates No. 15 On Bates No. 15, Knight Specialty redacts four separate sections of the November 1, 2023 Claim Note. The Court agrees that the first, third, and fourth are
protected by the attorney-client privilege. These redactions protect documentation of covered communications between Knight Specialty and its counsel. The material in the second redaction is simply not relevant to Insa’s discovery needs.
h. Bates Nos. 23-24 Knight Specialty proposed three redactions on Bates No. 23 to Claim Notes from November 15 and November 16, 2023. The first redaction from the November 15, 2023 Claim Note is not protected by the attorney-client privilege as it merely
identified the specific attorney involved, but again this material is irrelevant to Insa’s discovery needs in this case. The second and third redactions are clearly protected by the attorney-client privilege; the redacted material directly documents Knight
Specialty’s communications with its counsel regarding requested legal advice and the ongoing representation. Finally, the redactions to the November 16, 2023 Claim Note and November 20, 2023 Claim Note that are solely found on Bates No. 24 are
similarly protected by the attorney-client privilege. i. Bates Nos. 24-25 The November 21, 2023 Claim Note has proposed redactions on Bates Nos.
24 and 25, but Knight Specialty did not submit Bates No. 25 for in camera review. Accordingly, the Court assumes that Knight Specialty is only asserting its privilege claim for the portion of the November 21, 2023 Claim Note found on Bates No. 24; the redaction in that section is proper as it once again protects information
documenting privileged communications between Knight Specialty and its counsel. j. Bates No. 2140 The redacted material on Bates No. 2140 is not relevant to Insa’s discovery
needs in this case as it merely identified the attorneys involved. k. Bates Nos. 2149-2150, 2247-2248, and 2256 There are three separate redactions on Bates No. 2149 and one additional redaction on Bates No. 2150. This material is identical to the proposed redactions on
Bates Nos. 2247-2248 and 2256. The first proposed redaction on Bates No. 2149 is protected by the attorney- client privilege as Knight Specialty’s counsel is providing legal advice in this
section. But the second proposed redaction merely protects from disclosure the fee arrangement, which “[g]enerally” is not privileged.18 With no explanation from Knight Specialty as to why that is not the case, the Court orders the disclosure of
this portion of Bates Nos. 2149 and 2247. Finally, the third proposed redaction on Bates No. 2149 and the only proposed redaction on Bates No. 2150 are identical to the redacted information found on Bates No. 2140, which the Court deemed not relevant.19
l. Bates Nos. 2158-2159, 2161-2162, 2166-2167, 2265- 2266, and 2336-2337 The proposed redactions on Bates Nos. 2158-2159 are proper under the attorney client privilege. This communication details Knight Specialty’s counsel’s evaluation of the status of the matter.20 The redactions in this section are identical to the ones found at Bates Nos. 2161-2162, 2166-2167 2265-2266, and 2336-2337.
m. Bates Nos. 2160, 2165, 2264, and 2335 The proposed redaction on Bates No. 2160 is proper as the material is protected by the attorney client privilege. It is also identical to the proposed
redactions on Bates Nos. 2165, 2264 and 2335. Like the material redacted on Bates
18 United States v. Cedeno, 496 F. Supp. 2d 562, 567 (E.D. Pa. 2007) (citing In re Grand Jury Investigation (Tinari), 631 F.2d 17, 19 (3d Cir. 1980)). 19 This information is also properly redacted on Bates No. 2256. 20 E.g., In re Investigating Grand Jury of Phila. Cty. No. 88-00-3503, 539 A.2d 402, 440 (Pa. 1991) (“The impact of the confidential communications is not diminished by the client’s action of reducing the discussions in summary to writing for his own use and for that of his attorney.”). No. 2158-2159, this communication concerns an update on counsel’s view of the case to the client.
n. Bates Nos. 2163-2164 and 2263 There are five proposed redactions on Bates Nos. 2163-2164. Each is properly protected by the attorney client privilege as they concern communications regarding
the status of the matter and counsel’s characterization of the developments. The redaction on Bates No. 2263 is identical to one proposed on Bates No. 2164, which the Court has already concluded is proper. o. Bates Nos. 2169 and 2270
The proposed redactions on Bates No. 2169 are proper under the attorney client privilege as the redacted information concerns communications between Knight Specialty and its counsel regarding legal advice on this matter. This redacted
material is identical to that on Bates No. 2270. p. Bates Nos. 2174, 2177, 2179,2183, and 2190 The proposed redactions on Bates Nos. 2174, 2177, 2179, 2183, and 2190 contain attorney client communications that concern legal advice.
q. Bates Nos. 2192-2195 Knight Specialty has properly redacted attorney client communications on Bates Nos. 2192-2193 that concerned the investigation. The redacted information on Bates Nos. 2194-2195 is identical to the redacted information on Bates Nos. 2192- 2193.
r. Bates No. 2196 The redacted sections of Bates No. 2196 are proper as they contain legal advice and counsel’s characterization of the case to the client.
s. Bates No. 2200 The first redaction on Bates No. 2200 concerns an attorney-client communication that is privileged, and the second and third set of redactions are identical to those on Bates No. 2196, which the Court already determined were
proper. t. Bates Nos. 2202-2203, 2223 On Bates Nos. 2202-2203, Knight Specialty has redacted attorney client
privileged information that concerns protected conversations between the subrogation counsel and the client. These redactions are identical to those found on Bates No. 2223. u. Bates Nos. 2236-2237, 2239-2240, and 2243-2246
The proposed redactions on Bates No. 2236-2237 are proper under the attorney client privilege as it encompasses a confidential communication that concerns legal advice. This observation is also true regarding the first redaction on
Bates No. 2239. The remaining information redacted on Bates Nos. 2239-2240 and the information redacted on Bates Nos. 2243-2246 is identical to that found on Bates Nos. 2236-2237 and 2239.
v. Bates No. 2286 The redacted portion of Bates No. 2286 is protected by the attorney client privilege as it is a communication between counsel that disclosed legal advice and
litigation strategy. w. Bates Nos. 2323-2325, 2326-2328, and 2330-2333 The March 18, 2025 Email Chain found at Bates Nos. 2323-2325 is protected by the attorney client privilege as it involves communications for legal advice
between counsel and Knight Specialty. Most of the redactions on Bates Nos. 2326- 2328 and Bates Nos. 2231-2333 are identical to those found on Bates Nos. 2323- 2325. The only additional redactions on Bates Nos. 2326 and 2330 are similarly
proper under the attorney client privilege as they are a continuation of the conversation between counsel and Knight Specialty concerning legal advice. 2. The Coverage Opinion Knight Specialty asserts that the coverage opinion is protected under the
attorney client privilege. The Court’s review of the coverage opinion at Bates Nos. 2351-2370 confirms that it is a privileged attorney client communication.21 The Court further agrees with Knight Specialty’s observation that the late Honorable R.
21 From the Court’s review, it also appears that this coverage opinion would be protected as attorney work product. Stanton Wettick Jr.’s Mueller v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co. opinion is informative,22 and that without an assertion of an advice of counsel defense, there is no basis to
compel disclosure. Nor do I view Knight Specialty’s forwarding of a Law 360 article as sufficient to waive its claim to privilege for the coverage opinion. Accordingly, the Court will deny this portion of Insa’s Motion to Compel.
III. CONCLUSION In line with the analysis above, the remaining aspects of Insa’s Motion to Compel are granted in part and denied in part. An appropriate Order follows.
BY THE COURT:
s/ Matthew W. Brann Matthew W. Brann Chief United States District Judge
22 Mueller v. Nationwide Mut. Ins. Co., 31 Pa. D. & C. 4th 23 (Com. Pls. 1996).