MaRsi-iall, J.
The trial court decided this case, regardless .of whether either of the respondents violated duty as to the personal safety of appellant, upon the theory that he assumed the risk which resulted in his injury, and that the [10]*10railway company, with which he had no contract relations, was relieved by such assumption the same as the brewing company.
The undisputed evidence shows a very clear case of assumption of the risk. Plaintiff — in working for the brewing company with full knowledge of the custom of shunting cars across the alley intersection with the railway track without warning, either by the railway employees or any one provided by the brewing company — voluntarily subjected himself to that danger. Such voluntary act, in the relations between master and servant, is denominated assumption of the risk. By the common law, which had not been varied by statute, when the accident happened, so as to abolish the defense of assumption of the risk, a master may conduct his business as he sees fit, subject to the legal consequences. His employees are presumed to assume all the risks which are ordinarily incident to their work, and, in the absence of special circumstances not material to this case, one must be assumed to be familiar with such dangers and also all unusual dangers which are obvious or known to him and he voluntarily subjects himself to. As indicated, at the time of the injury this common-law rule was in full force, and entitled the brewing ■ company to the decision complained of.
Whether the assumption of risk as to the brewing company, applies to the' railway company, is a question of more importance than the learned trial court seems to have thought.
It has often been said by this court, that assumption of the risk is a form of contributory negligence; but that does not mean there is no distinction between the two. The former, in the technical sense, can only exist, as an incident of contractual relations. Being a purely voluntary act, it does not involve violation of duty by the employee, for one is at liberty to subject himself to danger if he sees fit, and, if he does so, in the absence of some written law to the contrary, it is at his own risk. Contributory negligence on the contrary, is a vio[11]*11lation of a common-law duty; and.there is the distinction between what may be said to be the two forms of negligence. One may be negligent in voluntarily subjecting himself to the dangers of work, as the master, sees 'fit to carry it on, which are out of the ordinary; but that is matter of his own concern. Dodge v. Kaufman, 152 Wis. 171, 176, 139 N. W. 741. It does not involve violation of any legal duty. But contributory negligence, strictly so called, springs from such a violation. So the former, in the'strict sense, only arises as an incident of contractual relations, while the latter in such sense, does not so arise. The two are treated as distinct in the written law, in that one as a defense by some legislative enactments, has been taken away and the other preserved.
Thus it was said of ch. 303, Laws of 1905, that it takes away the defense of assumption of. the risk, in certain cases specified, but not that of contributory negligence. Pulk v. Churchill, 146 Wis. 477, 131 N. W. 906. Also the court has held that assumption of the risk and absence of contributory negligence may co-exist. Campshure v. Standard Mfg. Co. 137 Wis. 155, 118 N. W. 633; Van Dinter v. Worden-Allen Co. 153 Wis. 533, 138 N. W. 1016, 142 N. W. 122; Murray v. Paine L. Co. 155 Wis. 409, 415, 144 N. W. 982.
In the first case cited a pretty complete history is given of the identification, in the decisions of this court, of assumption of the risk with contributory negligence, and it is quite clearly shown that apparent confusion grows out of the treatment of the two in one class in respect to equivalency as a defense, and the features of there being the act of the injured person himself. It is said that real identity has never been asserted and does not exist; but on the contrary that a distinction has always been recognized. That is strikingly apparent in the legislative dealing with the two matters. It is likewise apparent by the fact that, in decisions of this court where assumption of the risk has heen dealt with as an efficient defense, it has invariably been between employer and [12]*12employee. The logical distinction between the two has not been often stated here. It has been many times pointed out elsewhere to be that, in contributory negligence there is inad-. vertence, strictly so called, in stepping aside from a legal duty one owes to himself, while in assumption of the risk there is a voluntary subjection to the risk as an express or implied incident of the contract. 1 Words & Phrases, 589. It is not difficult to see that the two may co-exist, as between employee and employer, and absence of one and presence of the other may also co-exist, and that assumption of the risk, in its technical sense, does not apply as between persons having no contractual relations.
We might support the foregoing by numerous citations from foreign adjudications and text-books. We venture to say there is harmony, in general, on the subject. It is thought that the clear logic of the matter and the manner of dealing therewith in the written and unwritten law of this state, renders support elsewhere unnecessary.
We have not failed to consider, carefully, the interesting presentation by counsel for the railway company, supporting the idea that assumption of the risk and contributory negligence are practically synonymous; but neither loose expressions here and there, nor individual judicial declarations,, now and then, by eminent men, make the law as it must be considerately stated in harmony with our judicial system, when a question in respect thereto arises. Unless that is comprehended and adhered to, there would be few reliable rules in respect to matters which have some points in common. That is well illustrated by the declaration in Central Vt. R. Co. v. Bethune, 206 Fed. 868, 875, that assumption of the risk does not, in any sense, rest in contract but rests “in a rule of common sense;” while in Seaboard A. L. R. Co. v. Horton, 233 U. S. 492, 34 Sup. Ct. 635, the distinction between assumption of the risk and contributory negligence is said to be simple, though sometimes overlooked, and is stated [13]*13ag bere. Judges wbo have overlooked suck distinction bave done so, mainly, it seems, because tbe conduct involved, wbetber called one name or tbe other, is practically tbe same, in tbe absence of written law to tbe contrary, as regards efficiency for defense tbougb, as indicated, tbe federal supreme court bas declared, as tbe fact is, that there is a distinction and that it is plain and simple.
Perhaps it might be said that our^ own court is not free from fault as to tbe confusion referred to. Koepcke v. Wis. B. & I. Co. 116 Wis. 92, 92 N. W. 558.
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MaRsi-iall, J.
The trial court decided this case, regardless .of whether either of the respondents violated duty as to the personal safety of appellant, upon the theory that he assumed the risk which resulted in his injury, and that the [10]*10railway company, with which he had no contract relations, was relieved by such assumption the same as the brewing company.
The undisputed evidence shows a very clear case of assumption of the risk. Plaintiff — in working for the brewing company with full knowledge of the custom of shunting cars across the alley intersection with the railway track without warning, either by the railway employees or any one provided by the brewing company — voluntarily subjected himself to that danger. Such voluntary act, in the relations between master and servant, is denominated assumption of the risk. By the common law, which had not been varied by statute, when the accident happened, so as to abolish the defense of assumption of the risk, a master may conduct his business as he sees fit, subject to the legal consequences. His employees are presumed to assume all the risks which are ordinarily incident to their work, and, in the absence of special circumstances not material to this case, one must be assumed to be familiar with such dangers and also all unusual dangers which are obvious or known to him and he voluntarily subjects himself to. As indicated, at the time of the injury this common-law rule was in full force, and entitled the brewing ■ company to the decision complained of.
Whether the assumption of risk as to the brewing company, applies to the' railway company, is a question of more importance than the learned trial court seems to have thought.
It has often been said by this court, that assumption of the risk is a form of contributory negligence; but that does not mean there is no distinction between the two. The former, in the technical sense, can only exist, as an incident of contractual relations. Being a purely voluntary act, it does not involve violation of duty by the employee, for one is at liberty to subject himself to danger if he sees fit, and, if he does so, in the absence of some written law to the contrary, it is at his own risk. Contributory negligence on the contrary, is a vio[11]*11lation of a common-law duty; and.there is the distinction between what may be said to be the two forms of negligence. One may be negligent in voluntarily subjecting himself to the dangers of work, as the master, sees 'fit to carry it on, which are out of the ordinary; but that is matter of his own concern. Dodge v. Kaufman, 152 Wis. 171, 176, 139 N. W. 741. It does not involve violation of any legal duty. But contributory negligence, strictly so called, springs from such a violation. So the former, in the'strict sense, only arises as an incident of contractual relations, while the latter in such sense, does not so arise. The two are treated as distinct in the written law, in that one as a defense by some legislative enactments, has been taken away and the other preserved.
Thus it was said of ch. 303, Laws of 1905, that it takes away the defense of assumption of. the risk, in certain cases specified, but not that of contributory negligence. Pulk v. Churchill, 146 Wis. 477, 131 N. W. 906. Also the court has held that assumption of the risk and absence of contributory negligence may co-exist. Campshure v. Standard Mfg. Co. 137 Wis. 155, 118 N. W. 633; Van Dinter v. Worden-Allen Co. 153 Wis. 533, 138 N. W. 1016, 142 N. W. 122; Murray v. Paine L. Co. 155 Wis. 409, 415, 144 N. W. 982.
In the first case cited a pretty complete history is given of the identification, in the decisions of this court, of assumption of the risk with contributory negligence, and it is quite clearly shown that apparent confusion grows out of the treatment of the two in one class in respect to equivalency as a defense, and the features of there being the act of the injured person himself. It is said that real identity has never been asserted and does not exist; but on the contrary that a distinction has always been recognized. That is strikingly apparent in the legislative dealing with the two matters. It is likewise apparent by the fact that, in decisions of this court where assumption of the risk has heen dealt with as an efficient defense, it has invariably been between employer and [12]*12employee. The logical distinction between the two has not been often stated here. It has been many times pointed out elsewhere to be that, in contributory negligence there is inad-. vertence, strictly so called, in stepping aside from a legal duty one owes to himself, while in assumption of the risk there is a voluntary subjection to the risk as an express or implied incident of the contract. 1 Words & Phrases, 589. It is not difficult to see that the two may co-exist, as between employee and employer, and absence of one and presence of the other may also co-exist, and that assumption of the risk, in its technical sense, does not apply as between persons having no contractual relations.
We might support the foregoing by numerous citations from foreign adjudications and text-books. We venture to say there is harmony, in general, on the subject. It is thought that the clear logic of the matter and the manner of dealing therewith in the written and unwritten law of this state, renders support elsewhere unnecessary.
We have not failed to consider, carefully, the interesting presentation by counsel for the railway company, supporting the idea that assumption of the risk and contributory negligence are practically synonymous; but neither loose expressions here and there, nor individual judicial declarations,, now and then, by eminent men, make the law as it must be considerately stated in harmony with our judicial system, when a question in respect thereto arises. Unless that is comprehended and adhered to, there would be few reliable rules in respect to matters which have some points in common. That is well illustrated by the declaration in Central Vt. R. Co. v. Bethune, 206 Fed. 868, 875, that assumption of the risk does not, in any sense, rest in contract but rests “in a rule of common sense;” while in Seaboard A. L. R. Co. v. Horton, 233 U. S. 492, 34 Sup. Ct. 635, the distinction between assumption of the risk and contributory negligence is said to be simple, though sometimes overlooked, and is stated [13]*13ag bere. Judges wbo have overlooked suck distinction bave done so, mainly, it seems, because tbe conduct involved, wbetber called one name or tbe other, is practically tbe same, in tbe absence of written law to tbe contrary, as regards efficiency for defense tbougb, as indicated, tbe federal supreme court bas declared, as tbe fact is, that there is a distinction and that it is plain and simple.
Perhaps it might be said that our^ own court is not free from fault as to tbe confusion referred to. Koepcke v. Wis. B. & I. Co. 116 Wis. 92, 92 N. W. 558. Tbe court did not intend there to decide that tbe fault, denominated contributory negligence, and the voluntary act pursuant to consent as between employer and employee and not so involving fault at all, in a legal sense, denominated assumption of tbe risk, are synonymous; only that tbe latter does not bave that distinct element of contract which' a minor bas not competency to make, but so far falls within tbe pale of contributory negligence,-as regards matter of defense, as to be efficient where tbe assumption is by a minor, as well as in other cases. If any idea inconsistent with this is found there it is plainly superseded by tbe general review of tbe subject in Campshure v. Standard Mfg. Co. 137 Wis. 155, 118 N. W. 633.
So tbe assumption of risk between appellant and tbe brewing company was not that, nor, necessarily, contributory negligence as to the railway company. There was no violation of duty in tbe former relation. Appellant may bave submitted to tbe danger, as to tbe brewing company, because of tbe duty of tbe railway company to exercise ordinary care not to unreasonably imperil bis safety. Duty of tbe brewing company, in respect to tbe matter; was superseded by tbe implied agreement to take the risk. Duty in respect to such matter on the part of the railway company, was not so superseded. Tbe relations between the former did not absolve tbe railway company from its obligations to exercise ordinary care. As to it, tbe assumption of the risk is immaterial, ex[14]*14cept, perhaps, as regards the quality of vigilance requisite to ordinary care.
The evidence is undisputed that the manner in which the car was shunted across the intersection of the way out of the alley and the railway track, was very dangerous to persons lawfully using such way. No precautions whatever were taken for their safety. Assuming that the railway company knew users of the way were aware of the custom of moving cars and, in general, that they looked out, efficiently, for their own safety, and even were bound to do so as regards the brewing company, and, still, it seems that whether it breached its duty or not was, at least, a jury question.
If appellant had taken no precautions to guard against the danger he would clearly have been guilty of contributory negligence. But according to his testimony, just before entering the zone of danger, he asked a co-employee who had just emerged therefrom, driving into the alley, if everything was “0. K.” and the'reply came, “Yes, no car there,” and then that he proceeded and, in an instant or two, was in the pathway of a moving car which he heard coming around the corner from a point outside of his line of sight, and made the best effort he could to get off the track; that he did not hear the car in time to avoid it owing to noises from operations in the vicinity. Under those circumstances it seems that whether he exercised due care was for the jury. Probably the trial court would have so decided had it been appreciated that assumption of risk which was fatal to plaintiff’s claim against the brewing company, did not involve characteristics necessarily fatal as to the railway company.
By the Court. — The judgment as to respondent brewing company is affirmed with costs; and as to respondent railway company it is reversed with costs, and the cause remanded for a new trial.