Beck, J.
I. The plaintiff claims to recover for injuries sustained by him while exercising proper care in the discharge of his duty as engineer. The petition alleges that the injuries were caused by defective and rotten ties, by reason of which the engine operated by plaintiff was thrown from the track. The allegations of the petition are denied by defendant’s answer. .Other matters found in the pleadings need not be more particularly referred to here. ¥e will consider the grounds of objection to the judgment in the order they are discussed by defendant’s counsel.
l. Measure of damages : injury to locomotive engineer. II. It is first insisted that the verdict is excessive. It is for $9,500. The injury caused a permanent disability of plaintiff’s right arm. While the disability is not total, plaintiff being able to use his.arm for some light work, he is incapable of following his business of an engineer, and cannot work on a farm, at which he was'employed before he commenced working upon railroads. He has not sufficient education to teach school, and the condition of his arm is such that he cannot write, so that he can engage in no clerical occupation. The evidence fails [44]*44to show that, with his disability, he can engage in any business in which he could earn a living. His case is simply that of a man of less than forty years of age, who is qualified to perform manual labor requiring skill and experience, commanding compensation of more than $100 per month, permanently thrown out of employment through the negligence of defendant, and required to seek other employment which can be followed by one having a disabled right arm, and which, will yield but inconsiderable compensation compared with his earnings before the injury. He is prevented by defendant’s negligence from pursuing the life business he had chosen; his plans and purposes are defeated; he cannot now earn one-third the sum he received for his services before his injury; he must go through life a cripple, with blighted hopes and disappointed ambition. His employment as an engineer shows that he is sober, prudent and trusty, and therefore a good citizen. Surely the usefulness of such a citizen ought not to be lightly esteemed, and his sufferings already endured, and the life of humiliation before him, ought not to be forgotten in determining the compensation he should receive. We think the sum awarded by the verdict of the jury is not excessive.
2. Railroads : injury to engineer : proximate cause. III. It is next insisted that the verdict is unsupported by the evidence. This claim is based upon the position that ' the injury to plan tiff resulted from his arm or hand being caught in the latch of the lever, when he reversed it quickly in order to stop the train after it had left the track, and not from his arm or elbow coming in contact with the side or end of the cab, when making the movement, as claimed by plaintiff in his testimony. We. need not inquire which of these theories is correct. There was evidence to support plaintiff’s theory, and the jury may well have found it to be correct. But if it be assumed that defendant’s theory as to the cause of the injury be correct, the direct cause was defendant’s negligence in failing to keep the track in proper condition, which [45]*45caused tlie engine to leave the rails, and required plaintiff to reverse the lever in order to arrest the movement of the engine. If this was done in the exercise of due care, and injury resulted, the proximate cause was defendant’s negligence which demanded the reversal of the lever in the manner in which it was done by plaintiff. This conclusion was reached by us when the case was here before, and is announced and supported by satisfactory arguments in our opinion then filed. 65 Iowa, 91. Th > evidence clearly supports the conclusion, which the jury evidently reached,,that the track was not in proper repair, which caused the engine to leave it. We are well satisfied that the verdict is sufficiently supported by the evidence.
3._._. medical attendance : " what included in. IV. The court, in the eighth instruction, directed the jury that plaintiff was authorized to recover for the sums which “lie expended in procuring medical assist- and medicines.” It is insisted that plaint- . . . . , . ,. . in makes no claim m Ins petition tor medicines, and cannot recover therefor. But in his petition he seeks to recover for “nursing and medical attendance;” and he testifies to the amount of his expenses incurred in visiting three or four cities for medical treatment; including physicians” bills. He also testifies to the expense incurred by the treatment he received from the physician first employed by him'. In our opinion, the claim in the petition for expenses incurred for “ medical attendance ” covers expenditures for medicine used by the physician in giving such medical attendance. The evidence shows that plaintiff incurred such expenses. In one instance, the expense for treatment, which includes medicine, is distinctly proved. In others, such expenses are included with outlays for travel, etc., in visiting the physicians treating the plaintiff. We think the instruction complained of was applicable to this evidence, and the jury could well have allowed plaintiff all the expenses which, as shown by the evidence, lie incurred for “medical assistance and medicine.” Gardner v. Burlington, C. R. & N. [46]*46R'y Co., 68 Iowa, 588 ; Stafford v. City of Oskaloosa, 57 Id., 748 ; and Reed v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R’y Co., Id., 23, —cited by defendant’s counsel, are not applicable to the question involved in this point, for the reason that, in each, there was an entire absence of evidence showing expenses for medicine and attendance of physicians which the jury were authorized by instructions to allow in each case. These instructions were held to be erroneous, for the reason that there was no evidence to which they were applicable.
4. -: risks assumed by engineer : instruction. Y. An instruction in the following language was given to the jury: “(2) When plaintiff entered the service of defendant as a locomotive engineer, he- ° ' assumed all the risks which are incident to the prosecution of that emplo3’ment in the usual and ordinary way, and under the circumstances usually surrounding the running of a locomotive engine in the operation of a railway; and he cannot recover for an3r injury which may have come to him in the usual and ordinary prosecution of that business. Rut the plaintiff, when he entered such employment, had a right to assume that defendant would use all reasonable care in the keeping of its road and appliances in good order and repair; and if any injury came to him by reason of any negligence of the defendant or its employes, other than his own negligence, this would not be a risk which he assumed as one incident to his employment.” A criticism of this - instruction is made by defendant’s counsel, on the ground that the last sentence holds defendant liable for damages resulting from all negligence of defendant’s employes. The whole instruction must be read together, and especially must the last sentence be interpreted by the consideration of all its parts. It plainly means that defendant was required to use reasonable care in order to keep its road bed in. good repair, and was liable for “ any ” [all] negligence in this regard. It is surely unfair criticism to insist that the negligence referred to in the last sentence is other than the absence of care in keeping [47]
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Beck, J.
I. The plaintiff claims to recover for injuries sustained by him while exercising proper care in the discharge of his duty as engineer. The petition alleges that the injuries were caused by defective and rotten ties, by reason of which the engine operated by plaintiff was thrown from the track. The allegations of the petition are denied by defendant’s answer. .Other matters found in the pleadings need not be more particularly referred to here. ¥e will consider the grounds of objection to the judgment in the order they are discussed by defendant’s counsel.
l. Measure of damages : injury to locomotive engineer. II. It is first insisted that the verdict is excessive. It is for $9,500. The injury caused a permanent disability of plaintiff’s right arm. While the disability is not total, plaintiff being able to use his.arm for some light work, he is incapable of following his business of an engineer, and cannot work on a farm, at which he was'employed before he commenced working upon railroads. He has not sufficient education to teach school, and the condition of his arm is such that he cannot write, so that he can engage in no clerical occupation. The evidence fails [44]*44to show that, with his disability, he can engage in any business in which he could earn a living. His case is simply that of a man of less than forty years of age, who is qualified to perform manual labor requiring skill and experience, commanding compensation of more than $100 per month, permanently thrown out of employment through the negligence of defendant, and required to seek other employment which can be followed by one having a disabled right arm, and which, will yield but inconsiderable compensation compared with his earnings before the injury. He is prevented by defendant’s negligence from pursuing the life business he had chosen; his plans and purposes are defeated; he cannot now earn one-third the sum he received for his services before his injury; he must go through life a cripple, with blighted hopes and disappointed ambition. His employment as an engineer shows that he is sober, prudent and trusty, and therefore a good citizen. Surely the usefulness of such a citizen ought not to be lightly esteemed, and his sufferings already endured, and the life of humiliation before him, ought not to be forgotten in determining the compensation he should receive. We think the sum awarded by the verdict of the jury is not excessive.
2. Railroads : injury to engineer : proximate cause. III. It is next insisted that the verdict is unsupported by the evidence. This claim is based upon the position that ' the injury to plan tiff resulted from his arm or hand being caught in the latch of the lever, when he reversed it quickly in order to stop the train after it had left the track, and not from his arm or elbow coming in contact with the side or end of the cab, when making the movement, as claimed by plaintiff in his testimony. We. need not inquire which of these theories is correct. There was evidence to support plaintiff’s theory, and the jury may well have found it to be correct. But if it be assumed that defendant’s theory as to the cause of the injury be correct, the direct cause was defendant’s negligence in failing to keep the track in proper condition, which [45]*45caused tlie engine to leave the rails, and required plaintiff to reverse the lever in order to arrest the movement of the engine. If this was done in the exercise of due care, and injury resulted, the proximate cause was defendant’s negligence which demanded the reversal of the lever in the manner in which it was done by plaintiff. This conclusion was reached by us when the case was here before, and is announced and supported by satisfactory arguments in our opinion then filed. 65 Iowa, 91. Th > evidence clearly supports the conclusion, which the jury evidently reached,,that the track was not in proper repair, which caused the engine to leave it. We are well satisfied that the verdict is sufficiently supported by the evidence.
3._._. medical attendance : " what included in. IV. The court, in the eighth instruction, directed the jury that plaintiff was authorized to recover for the sums which “lie expended in procuring medical assist- and medicines.” It is insisted that plaint- . . . . , . ,. . in makes no claim m Ins petition tor medicines, and cannot recover therefor. But in his petition he seeks to recover for “nursing and medical attendance;” and he testifies to the amount of his expenses incurred in visiting three or four cities for medical treatment; including physicians” bills. He also testifies to the expense incurred by the treatment he received from the physician first employed by him'. In our opinion, the claim in the petition for expenses incurred for “ medical attendance ” covers expenditures for medicine used by the physician in giving such medical attendance. The evidence shows that plaintiff incurred such expenses. In one instance, the expense for treatment, which includes medicine, is distinctly proved. In others, such expenses are included with outlays for travel, etc., in visiting the physicians treating the plaintiff. We think the instruction complained of was applicable to this evidence, and the jury could well have allowed plaintiff all the expenses which, as shown by the evidence, lie incurred for “medical assistance and medicine.” Gardner v. Burlington, C. R. & N. [46]*46R'y Co., 68 Iowa, 588 ; Stafford v. City of Oskaloosa, 57 Id., 748 ; and Reed v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R’y Co., Id., 23, —cited by defendant’s counsel, are not applicable to the question involved in this point, for the reason that, in each, there was an entire absence of evidence showing expenses for medicine and attendance of physicians which the jury were authorized by instructions to allow in each case. These instructions were held to be erroneous, for the reason that there was no evidence to which they were applicable.
4. -: risks assumed by engineer : instruction. Y. An instruction in the following language was given to the jury: “(2) When plaintiff entered the service of defendant as a locomotive engineer, he- ° ' assumed all the risks which are incident to the prosecution of that emplo3’ment in the usual and ordinary way, and under the circumstances usually surrounding the running of a locomotive engine in the operation of a railway; and he cannot recover for an3r injury which may have come to him in the usual and ordinary prosecution of that business. Rut the plaintiff, when he entered such employment, had a right to assume that defendant would use all reasonable care in the keeping of its road and appliances in good order and repair; and if any injury came to him by reason of any negligence of the defendant or its employes, other than his own negligence, this would not be a risk which he assumed as one incident to his employment.” A criticism of this - instruction is made by defendant’s counsel, on the ground that the last sentence holds defendant liable for damages resulting from all negligence of defendant’s employes. The whole instruction must be read together, and especially must the last sentence be interpreted by the consideration of all its parts. It plainly means that defendant was required to use reasonable care in order to keep its road bed in. good repair, and was liable for “ any ” [all] negligence in this regard. It is surely unfair criticism to insist that the negligence referred to in the last sentence is other than the absence of care in keeping [47]*47the road in good order referred to in the .preceding part of the sentence. The instruction is correct.
6. Railroads : injury to engineer : cause : question of law. VI. An instruction (the fifth) contains the following language: “ If the evidence shows that the injury to plaintiff was received by him in the reversing of the , ; . engine: that the reversing or his engine at that ° 7 ° ° Pedicular time was rendered, necessary or prupy tpe faet tlaat part of the train was leaving the track; and that the train, or part of it, was leaving the track on account of the negligence of defendant in keeping the track in repair, — this showing would trace the cause of the injury directly to the negligence of defendant. But unless this train of connection is shown by the evidence, as above stated, it will not- be shown that the negligence of defendant was the proximate cause of the injury; and if there is a failure on this point, the plaintiff cannot recover, even though the defendant may have been negligent in the maintaining of its track.” This instruction is in harmony with the doctrine recognized by this court in the opinion in this case when it was here before. 65 Iowa, 91. Counsel insist that the question involving the proximate cause of the injury sustained by plaintiff should have been left for determination by the jury, and, in support of this position, declare that the cause, when here before, was reversed for the reason that the court did not submit the question to the jury. The question is clearly one of law, and is so recognized in our prior decision in this case. The cause was reversed for the reason that the court below held that the negligence of the defendant was not the proximate cause of the injury, and not because the question of proximate cause was not submitted to the jury.
6. - : - contributory negligence : risks assumed. VII. The sixth instruction, in effect, directs the jury that, if plaintiff acted with reasonable skill'and prudence in reversing the level’, in view of the haste and sudden emergency in which he was required to act, pe not contribute to the injury. Counsel insist that, as his employment required him to act in haste [48]*48in such sudden emergencies, he assumed all risk thereof. This may, for the purposes of the case, be admitted. But then he did not assume the risk from the negligence of defendant in failing to keep the road bed in good order, which required prompt action, and which, as we have seen, was the proximate cause of the injury. Counsel insist that this instruction directs the jury as to the weight to be given evidence introduced by defendant tending to show that plaintiff’s act in reversing the engine was not prudent. We think the instruction has no such effect. Counsel’s objection is therefore groundless.
7. __ : care in inspection of track. VIII. The refusal of an instruction in the following language is made the ground of another complaint of defendant’s counsel: “(3) If the jury find from the testimony that the officers of the defendant employed skillful and competent men to look after and keep in repair its track, and furnished the requisite men and material to do the work and keep the track in good repair, and if you further find from the testimony that the track was frequently inspected by them, and that the old ties were taken out and replaced by new ties as often as there was any apparent necessity for so doing, you cannot find that the defendant was negligent in keeping and maintaining its track.” The instruction was rightly refused, for the reason that it fails to present the thought that defendant’s employes used proper care in the inspection of the road, and, in the exercise of such care, there was “an apparent necessity” discovered by them to make the repairs required.
8 Damages : personal injury : life tables. IX.. The Carlyle tables were admitted in evidence, to show plaintiff’s expectancy of life. Plaintiff’s injury was permanent, and rendered him incapable of earn-compensation which he would have i-eceived had he escaped the injury. The damage is continuing, and will end only with his life, or with his ability to labor on account of age. It is very plain that his expectancy of life must be considered in order to determine the [49]*49actual damages lie sustained. The decisions of this court upon this point are conflicting. The evidence is held admissible in McDonald v. Chicago & N. W. R'y Co., 26 Iowa, 124, after due consideration of the question. In Nelson v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R'y Co., 38 Iowa, 564, a contrary doctrine is announced, but no reference is made to the prior case, and no attempt is made to support the decision, announced upon principle or precedent. It was evidently reached without consideration. We follow the first case, deeming it in accord with sound reason and justice. See Simonson v. Chicago, R. I. & P. R'y Co., 49 Iowa, 87.
X. Defendant complains that a witness was permitted to testify to the condition of the ties at places along the road other than at the place where the accident occurred. An amended abstract, which is not denied by defendant, shows that the witness testified as to the condition of the ties at the place of the accident. Defendant’s objection is not based upon facts.
9. railroads: engineer; tie-incompetent' evidence of repairs. XI. A witness, who was the section foreman, and had charge of the road at the place of the accident, testified that he put in new ties not long before plaintiff was injured. He was then asked several questions touching liis report to the road master as to this . work, which he was not permitted to answer. There is no error in this ruling of the court below, for the reason that the evidence sought to be elicited would not tend to show that the repairs had been made at the place of the accident. The evidence, to be competent, should have that effect.
We have considered all objections urged in argument by defendant’s counsel, and reach the conclusion that the judgment of the court below ought to be'
Affirmed.