IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEVADA
DAVID PAUL KLINGENSMITH, D.O., No. 82403 INDIVIDUALLY; AND US ANESTHESIA PARTNERS OF NEVADA [ERRONEOUSLY NAMED AS US ANESTHESIA PARTNERS OF FILE NEVADA, INC.], Petitioners, SEP 1 7 2021 VS. A. BROWN EME COME-- THE EIGHTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT BY COURT OF THE STATE OF NEVADA, DEPUTY CLERK
IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF CLARK; AND THE HONORABLE DAVID M. JONES, DISTRICT JUDGE, Respondents, and JUSTINE TARZIAN, INDIVIDUALLY; AND SUNRISE FLAMINGO SURGERY CENTER, LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Real Parties in Interest.
ORDER GRANTING PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS This is an original petition for a writ of mandamus challenging a district court order denying a motion to dismiss in a medical malpractice action. Real party in interest Justine Tarzian filed a medical malpractice action against David Paul Klingensmith, D.O., and US Anesthesia Partners of Nevada, Inc. (collectively, Klingensmith). To comply with NRS 41A.071s requirement that a medical malpractice complaint be accompanied by an affidavit of merit, Tarzian attached an "Expert Repore that was not in the form of an affidavit or an unsworn declaration made under penalty of perjury. Klingensmith moved to dismiss based on the omission and Tarzian then filed an errata to her complaint with a "cured" report, made under penalty of perjury and dated after the complaint was filed. The district court denied the motion to dismiss, finding that, pursuant to Baxter v. Dignity Health, 131 Nev. 759, 357 P.3d 927 (2015), Tarzian's report Zi-Z41SC substantially complied with NRS 41A.071 because it was signed, prepared before the complaint was filed, made with a reasonable degree of medical probability, and the errata's opinions were identical to those originally filed with the complaint. Klingensmith now seeks a writ of mandamus directing the district court to dismiss the complaint. Whether this court should entertain the writ petition "A writ of mandamus is available to compel the performance of an act that the law requires as a duty resulting from an office, trust, or station or to control an arbitrary or capricious exercise of discretion." Intl Game Tech., Inc. v. Second Judicial Dist. Court, 124 Nev. 193, 197, 179 P.3d 556, 558 (2008) (addressing a denial of a motion to dismiss). While we generally decline to consider writ petitions challenging denials of motions to dismiss, we will consider such petitions when "no factual dispute exists and the district court is obligated to dismiss an action pursuant to clear authority under a statute or rule." Id. at 197-98, 179 P.3d at 558-59. We agree to entertain the writ petition because, as explained further below, there are no factual disputes; the legal issue is dispositive; and the district court was obligated to dismiss the complaint pursuant to both NRS 41A.071 and our caselaw interpreting this statute. Whether the district court erred by denying the motion to disrniss Klingensmith argues that the district court erroneously applied Baxter, in finding that Tarzian's substantial compliance with NRS 41A.071s affidavit requirement precluded dismissal. We review de novo, see Intl Garne Tech., Inc., 124 Nev. at 198, 179 P.3d at 559 (addressing the denial of a motion to dismiss and holding that "[s]tatutory interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo, even in the context of a writ petition"), and agree.
SUPREME COURT OF NEVADA 2 (t)i 3947A NRS 41A.071 provides that if a medical malpractice action is filed without an affidavit of merit, the district court shall dismiss the action. Additionally, a complaint that does not comply with NRS 41.071s affidavit requirement is void ab initio and does not legally exist. See Washoe Med. Ctr. v. Second Judicial Dist. Court, 122 Nev. 1298, 1304, 148 P.3d 790, 794 (2006). In Baxter, we addressed whether a declaration sworn under penalty of perjury before the plaintiff filed his complaint, but not filed until the morning after the complaint, complied with NRS 41A.071s affidavit requirement. 131 Nev. at 760, 357 P.3d at 928. We held that NRS 41A.071 did not require that the sworn declaration be physically attached to or filed with the complaint and that a preexisting sworn declaration should he read together with the complaint. Id. at 764-65, 357 P.3d at 931. Thus, NRS 41A.071 did not require dismissal even though the plaintiff did not file the sworn declaration with the complaint. Id. at 766, 357 P.3d at 931. In a similar vein, we have also held that a defective declaration may be "cured" by other evidence that the expert's statements "constitute an unsworn declaration made under penalty of perjury."' MountainView Hosp., Inc. v. Eighth Judicial Dist, Court, 128 Nev. 180, 186, 273 13.3d 861, 865 (2012). Here, unlike in Baxter, it is undisputed that Tarzian's initial expert report was not accompanied by an affidavit or sworn declaration made under penalty of perjury. And, Tarzian made no argument, below or to this court, that the expert swore to the statements made in the report
'We reject Tarzian's argument that this court need not consider MountainView. The record reflects that Klingensmith relied on the case in moving for reconsideration and that the district court entertained the motion on its merits. See Arnold v. Kip, 123 Nev. 410, 417, 168 P.3d 1050, 1054 (2007) (noting that this court may consider arguments raised in a motion for reconsideration if the district court entertained the motion on its SUPREME COURT merits). OF
NEVADA 3 al) 1947A under penalty of perjury before she filed her complaint. See MountainView, 128 Nev. at 186, 273 P.3d at 865 (recognizing that, when a party challenges the validity or lack of a jurat in an expert report, the plaintiff may present evidence that the statements were made under oath or sworn under penalty of perjury). Furthermore, the district court's reliance on the facts that the initial declaration was substantively identical to the "cured" declaration, that the expert reviewed Tarzian's medical file before she filed her complaint, and that the expert's opinions were stated to a reasonable degree of medical certainty was in error because these facts are inconsequential. Indeed, none of this evidence shows that the initial declaration ti constitute[s] an unsworn declaration made under penalty of perjury."2 See
id. Because there is no evidence to show that there was a timely report made under penalty of perjury, the complaint is void ab initio. Thus,
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IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF NEVADA
DAVID PAUL KLINGENSMITH, D.O., No. 82403 INDIVIDUALLY; AND US ANESTHESIA PARTNERS OF NEVADA [ERRONEOUSLY NAMED AS US ANESTHESIA PARTNERS OF FILE NEVADA, INC.], Petitioners, SEP 1 7 2021 VS. A. BROWN EME COME-- THE EIGHTH JUDICIAL DISTRICT BY COURT OF THE STATE OF NEVADA, DEPUTY CLERK
IN AND FOR THE COUNTY OF CLARK; AND THE HONORABLE DAVID M. JONES, DISTRICT JUDGE, Respondents, and JUSTINE TARZIAN, INDIVIDUALLY; AND SUNRISE FLAMINGO SURGERY CENTER, LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, Real Parties in Interest.
ORDER GRANTING PETITION FOR WRIT OF MANDAMUS This is an original petition for a writ of mandamus challenging a district court order denying a motion to dismiss in a medical malpractice action. Real party in interest Justine Tarzian filed a medical malpractice action against David Paul Klingensmith, D.O., and US Anesthesia Partners of Nevada, Inc. (collectively, Klingensmith). To comply with NRS 41A.071s requirement that a medical malpractice complaint be accompanied by an affidavit of merit, Tarzian attached an "Expert Repore that was not in the form of an affidavit or an unsworn declaration made under penalty of perjury. Klingensmith moved to dismiss based on the omission and Tarzian then filed an errata to her complaint with a "cured" report, made under penalty of perjury and dated after the complaint was filed. The district court denied the motion to dismiss, finding that, pursuant to Baxter v. Dignity Health, 131 Nev. 759, 357 P.3d 927 (2015), Tarzian's report Zi-Z41SC substantially complied with NRS 41A.071 because it was signed, prepared before the complaint was filed, made with a reasonable degree of medical probability, and the errata's opinions were identical to those originally filed with the complaint. Klingensmith now seeks a writ of mandamus directing the district court to dismiss the complaint. Whether this court should entertain the writ petition "A writ of mandamus is available to compel the performance of an act that the law requires as a duty resulting from an office, trust, or station or to control an arbitrary or capricious exercise of discretion." Intl Game Tech., Inc. v. Second Judicial Dist. Court, 124 Nev. 193, 197, 179 P.3d 556, 558 (2008) (addressing a denial of a motion to dismiss). While we generally decline to consider writ petitions challenging denials of motions to dismiss, we will consider such petitions when "no factual dispute exists and the district court is obligated to dismiss an action pursuant to clear authority under a statute or rule." Id. at 197-98, 179 P.3d at 558-59. We agree to entertain the writ petition because, as explained further below, there are no factual disputes; the legal issue is dispositive; and the district court was obligated to dismiss the complaint pursuant to both NRS 41A.071 and our caselaw interpreting this statute. Whether the district court erred by denying the motion to disrniss Klingensmith argues that the district court erroneously applied Baxter, in finding that Tarzian's substantial compliance with NRS 41A.071s affidavit requirement precluded dismissal. We review de novo, see Intl Garne Tech., Inc., 124 Nev. at 198, 179 P.3d at 559 (addressing the denial of a motion to dismiss and holding that "[s]tatutory interpretation is a question of law that we review de novo, even in the context of a writ petition"), and agree.
SUPREME COURT OF NEVADA 2 (t)i 3947A NRS 41A.071 provides that if a medical malpractice action is filed without an affidavit of merit, the district court shall dismiss the action. Additionally, a complaint that does not comply with NRS 41.071s affidavit requirement is void ab initio and does not legally exist. See Washoe Med. Ctr. v. Second Judicial Dist. Court, 122 Nev. 1298, 1304, 148 P.3d 790, 794 (2006). In Baxter, we addressed whether a declaration sworn under penalty of perjury before the plaintiff filed his complaint, but not filed until the morning after the complaint, complied with NRS 41A.071s affidavit requirement. 131 Nev. at 760, 357 P.3d at 928. We held that NRS 41A.071 did not require that the sworn declaration be physically attached to or filed with the complaint and that a preexisting sworn declaration should he read together with the complaint. Id. at 764-65, 357 P.3d at 931. Thus, NRS 41A.071 did not require dismissal even though the plaintiff did not file the sworn declaration with the complaint. Id. at 766, 357 P.3d at 931. In a similar vein, we have also held that a defective declaration may be "cured" by other evidence that the expert's statements "constitute an unsworn declaration made under penalty of perjury."' MountainView Hosp., Inc. v. Eighth Judicial Dist, Court, 128 Nev. 180, 186, 273 13.3d 861, 865 (2012). Here, unlike in Baxter, it is undisputed that Tarzian's initial expert report was not accompanied by an affidavit or sworn declaration made under penalty of perjury. And, Tarzian made no argument, below or to this court, that the expert swore to the statements made in the report
'We reject Tarzian's argument that this court need not consider MountainView. The record reflects that Klingensmith relied on the case in moving for reconsideration and that the district court entertained the motion on its merits. See Arnold v. Kip, 123 Nev. 410, 417, 168 P.3d 1050, 1054 (2007) (noting that this court may consider arguments raised in a motion for reconsideration if the district court entertained the motion on its SUPREME COURT merits). OF
NEVADA 3 al) 1947A under penalty of perjury before she filed her complaint. See MountainView, 128 Nev. at 186, 273 P.3d at 865 (recognizing that, when a party challenges the validity or lack of a jurat in an expert report, the plaintiff may present evidence that the statements were made under oath or sworn under penalty of perjury). Furthermore, the district court's reliance on the facts that the initial declaration was substantively identical to the "cured" declaration, that the expert reviewed Tarzian's medical file before she filed her complaint, and that the expert's opinions were stated to a reasonable degree of medical certainty was in error because these facts are inconsequential. Indeed, none of this evidence shows that the initial declaration ti constitute[s] an unsworn declaration made under penalty of perjury."2 See
id. Because there is no evidence to show that there was a timely report made under penalty of perjury, the complaint is void ab initio. Thus,
2Instead, this evidence goes toward the lack of prejudice to Klingensmith and to the purposes underlying NRS 41A.071. While Baxter suggests that these issues are relevant in determining whether the district court must dismiss a case under NRS 41A.071, see 131 Nev. at 765-66, 357 P.3d at 931, it did not hold that such issues could overcome a failure to show, as a threshold issue, that the supporting expert swore to his statements under penalty of perjury before the plaintiff filed a medical malpractice complaint. Tarzian also argues that where the complaint incorporates by reference a preexisting affidavit of merit, which is thereafter filed and served with the complaint, and no party contests the authenticity of the affidavit or its date, a court may consider the affidavit as part of the pleadings in evaluating a motion to dismiss. But that argument fails in this case as it is undisputed that there was no "preexisting affidavit"; Tarzian's expert did not provide a sworn declaration under penalty of perjury until after she filed her complaint.
4 Tarzian's subsequent errata could not save the complaint and the district court erred in not dismissing it.3 We therefore, ORDER the petition GRANTED AND DIRECT THE CLERK OF THIS COURT TO ISSUE A WRIT OF MANDAMUS instructing the district court to dismiss the case.4
, C.J. Hardesty
jeasy.:4-0 , J. Stiglich
GIBBONS, Sr. J, dissenting: I would not intervene at this time and therefore dissent.
cc: Hon. David M. Jones, District Judge Messner Reeves LLP McBride Hall Claggett & Sykes Law Firm Eighth District Court Clerk
3Based on the discussion herein, we also reject Tarzian's argument
that we should deny writ relief because she substantially complied with NRS 41A.071.
4The Honorable Mark Gibbons, Senior Justice, participated in the SUPREME COURT decision of this matter under a general order of assignment. OF NEVADA 5 Wu 1947A