O’Brien, J.:
Against the right of the plaintiffs, as assignees, to recover the credit balance which appeared in the account of the defendant bank [376]*376standing in the name of the Marion Deposit Bank, four grounds of defense were interposed: First. A denial that there was any credit given to the plaintiffs’ assignor hy the defendant. Second. - An offset on the draft of $5,000, the discount of which by the defend: ant had been procured by fraudulent representations. Third. An equitable set-off to such draft. Fourth. That the plaintiffs were not the owners of the claim in suit.
As to the right of equitable set-off, urged as the third ground of defense, this we must regard as disposed of by the case of Fera v. Wickham, (135 N. Y. 223), adversely to the defendant. Nor did the learned trial judge, in disposing of the motion for the direction of a verdict, attach much weight to the fourth ground, that the plaintiffs are not the owners of the claim in suit; but the' basis of his ruling was that, as the application for the discount was made in the name of the bank, purporting to be a bank of deposit,- and the defendant had no notice to the contrary,, the form of the application was calculated to deceive, and in point of fact did deceive, the defendant; and, in addition thereto, it appeared that Thomas P. Wallace, who was the solé owner of said bank, and did business under the name of a corporation which had no legal existence at the time of the application for the discount, was insolvent, and that this gave the defendant, upon discovering the true state of affairs, the right to rescind the discount and charge the.amount back.
As there was no request to go to the jury, both parties haYing moved for the direction of a verdict, the case was thus submitted to the court, and any facts which the jury would have been 'warranted from the evidence in finding, or any inference that they might, under proper instructions, have drawn from those facts, may be deemed to have been found and drawn by the court in favor of the defendant. (Clason v. Baldwin, 152 N. Y. 207.) If the conclusions which the court drew were reasonably inferable from.the evidence^ or were such as the jury could have drawn, then the vei" diet directed should not be disturbed.
The facts as above summarized will show that, considering the methods adopted by Wallace, plaintiffs’ assignor, the defendant and its officers might well have been led to believe, as they testified they did, that they were dealing with an incorporated banking institution, and that it was only because of that belief that they gave the credit [377]*377to recover the balance of which this action was brought. Thus, the name itself, “ Marion Deposit Bank,” ivas consistent with the idea that it represented a banking corporation, and this was enforced by the form of the letter head used, beginning with the words “ Established June 10, 1854,” and having printed thereon the names of persons designated as cashier, assistant cashier and teller, which is the usual way of designating the officers of a corporation and not the employees of an individual.
On the other hand, it was contended that no express representations were ever made by Wallace that the Marion Deposit Bank was a corporation; that not only the form of the letter head was consistent with the real state of facts, but when considered^ in the light of the provisions of the Ohio statute requiring corporation names to begin with the word “ The ” and end with the word “ Company,” the presumption was that the Marion Deposit Bank was not an incorporated institution, and that the letter head in substantially the same form had been used by Wallace for thirty-five years.
This latter evidence, even if fortified by the testimony sought to be introduced and which was excluded, tending to show-that individuals in Ohio did business under similar names and style, cannot destroy the inference fairly to be deduced from the defendant’s evidence, that it was misled and deceived by the manner in which Wallace conducted his business into the belief that it was dealing, not with him individually, but with an incorporated bank. If Wallace conducted his business in form so as to make it reasonably to be inferred by persons dealing with him that he was an officer of an incorporated bank, and if his manner of conducting the business strengthened this belief, and one relying upon these appearances acted to his injury, he would be justified, upon learning the true state of affairs, in refusing to be bound by any contract into which he might have entered, or in continuing a credit that he might have given.- Nor is the effect to be ascribed to such á misrepresentation lessened by any showing that it was justified by reason of the laxity of the banking laws of the State of Ohio. For, while it may be true that a person may use the name bank -in connection with an individual business, it must not be so used as to deceive or induce one who loans money to believe that he is loaning it to a bank, when in fact he is loaning to an individual. The ■ lender is entitled to [378]*378know to whom his money is going, and if induced to part with it under the belief that it is going to a banking corporation, when in fact it is going to an individual, the right of rescission, upon knowledge of the true facts, will upon well-settled principles of law • be. sustained; because there is a great difference between placing money at the hazard of individual responsibility and intrusting it to a bank, -which is hedged around by laws controlling its conduct, tending to compel prudence and uprightness on the part of its man-' agement. Thus, by the laws of nearly all, if not all, the States, including Ohio, there is a requirement as to semi-annual statements, of financial condition which must be made by banking corporations, and which to some extent furnishes a safeguard against an institution continuing business after it is insolvent. ■ But beyond this, in' a contract involving a credit, a misrepresentation as to the party assuming the indebtedness is a fraud. (Collins v. Ralli, 20 Hun, 246; affd., 85 N. Y. 637.) Pollock -on Contracts (Wahl’s 2d Am. ed. p. 190) states the rule to be: “ The original parties to a contract must be persons ascertained when the contract is made.” “ The creditor can demand performance from the debtor or his representatives.” He “cannot demand, nor can the debtor require him to accept, performance from any third persons.” ' And again, at page 420: “ Another kind of fundamental error is that which relates to the person with whom, one is contracting. Where it is material for the one party to know who the other is, this prevents any real agreement from being formed. Such knowledge is, in fact, not material in a great part- of the daily transactions' of life, as, for instance, when goods are sold for ready money, or when a railway traveler takes his ticket; and' then a mere absence of knowledge caused by complete . indifference -as to the person of the other party cannot be considered as a mistake, and there can hardly be any question of this kind. • In principle, however, the intention of a contracting party is to create án obligation between himself and another certain person, and if that intention fails to take-its proper effect, it cannot be allowed to take the different effect of involving him without his consent in a contract with" some one else.” (See Boston Ice Co. v. Potter, 123 Mass. 28; Winchester v. Howard, 97 id. 303.)
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O’Brien, J.:
Against the right of the plaintiffs, as assignees, to recover the credit balance which appeared in the account of the defendant bank [376]*376standing in the name of the Marion Deposit Bank, four grounds of defense were interposed: First. A denial that there was any credit given to the plaintiffs’ assignor hy the defendant. Second. - An offset on the draft of $5,000, the discount of which by the defend: ant had been procured by fraudulent representations. Third. An equitable set-off to such draft. Fourth. That the plaintiffs were not the owners of the claim in suit.
As to the right of equitable set-off, urged as the third ground of defense, this we must regard as disposed of by the case of Fera v. Wickham, (135 N. Y. 223), adversely to the defendant. Nor did the learned trial judge, in disposing of the motion for the direction of a verdict, attach much weight to the fourth ground, that the plaintiffs are not the owners of the claim in suit; but the' basis of his ruling was that, as the application for the discount was made in the name of the bank, purporting to be a bank of deposit,- and the defendant had no notice to the contrary,, the form of the application was calculated to deceive, and in point of fact did deceive, the defendant; and, in addition thereto, it appeared that Thomas P. Wallace, who was the solé owner of said bank, and did business under the name of a corporation which had no legal existence at the time of the application for the discount, was insolvent, and that this gave the defendant, upon discovering the true state of affairs, the right to rescind the discount and charge the.amount back.
As there was no request to go to the jury, both parties haYing moved for the direction of a verdict, the case was thus submitted to the court, and any facts which the jury would have been 'warranted from the evidence in finding, or any inference that they might, under proper instructions, have drawn from those facts, may be deemed to have been found and drawn by the court in favor of the defendant. (Clason v. Baldwin, 152 N. Y. 207.) If the conclusions which the court drew were reasonably inferable from.the evidence^ or were such as the jury could have drawn, then the vei" diet directed should not be disturbed.
The facts as above summarized will show that, considering the methods adopted by Wallace, plaintiffs’ assignor, the defendant and its officers might well have been led to believe, as they testified they did, that they were dealing with an incorporated banking institution, and that it was only because of that belief that they gave the credit [377]*377to recover the balance of which this action was brought. Thus, the name itself, “ Marion Deposit Bank,” ivas consistent with the idea that it represented a banking corporation, and this was enforced by the form of the letter head used, beginning with the words “ Established June 10, 1854,” and having printed thereon the names of persons designated as cashier, assistant cashier and teller, which is the usual way of designating the officers of a corporation and not the employees of an individual.
On the other hand, it was contended that no express representations were ever made by Wallace that the Marion Deposit Bank was a corporation; that not only the form of the letter head was consistent with the real state of facts, but when considered^ in the light of the provisions of the Ohio statute requiring corporation names to begin with the word “ The ” and end with the word “ Company,” the presumption was that the Marion Deposit Bank was not an incorporated institution, and that the letter head in substantially the same form had been used by Wallace for thirty-five years.
This latter evidence, even if fortified by the testimony sought to be introduced and which was excluded, tending to show-that individuals in Ohio did business under similar names and style, cannot destroy the inference fairly to be deduced from the defendant’s evidence, that it was misled and deceived by the manner in which Wallace conducted his business into the belief that it was dealing, not with him individually, but with an incorporated bank. If Wallace conducted his business in form so as to make it reasonably to be inferred by persons dealing with him that he was an officer of an incorporated bank, and if his manner of conducting the business strengthened this belief, and one relying upon these appearances acted to his injury, he would be justified, upon learning the true state of affairs, in refusing to be bound by any contract into which he might have entered, or in continuing a credit that he might have given.- Nor is the effect to be ascribed to such á misrepresentation lessened by any showing that it was justified by reason of the laxity of the banking laws of the State of Ohio. For, while it may be true that a person may use the name bank -in connection with an individual business, it must not be so used as to deceive or induce one who loans money to believe that he is loaning it to a bank, when in fact he is loaning to an individual. The ■ lender is entitled to [378]*378know to whom his money is going, and if induced to part with it under the belief that it is going to a banking corporation, when in fact it is going to an individual, the right of rescission, upon knowledge of the true facts, will upon well-settled principles of law • be. sustained; because there is a great difference between placing money at the hazard of individual responsibility and intrusting it to a bank, -which is hedged around by laws controlling its conduct, tending to compel prudence and uprightness on the part of its man-' agement. Thus, by the laws of nearly all, if not all, the States, including Ohio, there is a requirement as to semi-annual statements, of financial condition which must be made by banking corporations, and which to some extent furnishes a safeguard against an institution continuing business after it is insolvent. ■ But beyond this, in' a contract involving a credit, a misrepresentation as to the party assuming the indebtedness is a fraud. (Collins v. Ralli, 20 Hun, 246; affd., 85 N. Y. 637.) Pollock -on Contracts (Wahl’s 2d Am. ed. p. 190) states the rule to be: “ The original parties to a contract must be persons ascertained when the contract is made.” “ The creditor can demand performance from the debtor or his representatives.” He “cannot demand, nor can the debtor require him to accept, performance from any third persons.” ' And again, at page 420: “ Another kind of fundamental error is that which relates to the person with whom, one is contracting. Where it is material for the one party to know who the other is, this prevents any real agreement from being formed. Such knowledge is, in fact, not material in a great part- of the daily transactions' of life, as, for instance, when goods are sold for ready money, or when a railway traveler takes his ticket; and' then a mere absence of knowledge caused by complete . indifference -as to the person of the other party cannot be considered as a mistake, and there can hardly be any question of this kind. • In principle, however, the intention of a contracting party is to create án obligation between himself and another certain person, and if that intention fails to take-its proper effect, it cannot be allowed to take the different effect of involving him without his consent in a contract with" some one else.” (See Boston Ice Co. v. Potter, 123 Mass. 28; Winchester v. Howard, 97 id. 303.)
It is .true that the president of the defendant testified that the draft in question was discounted on the strength of the Marion [379]*379Deposit Bank’s account, and from this it is urged that no reliance was placed by the defendant upon the assumption that it was dealing with a regularly organized banking institution, and' that it accorded a credit solely because of a sufficient credit balance to justify it. It would not be proper, however, to take this testimony, alone, but it must be read in connection with other testimony of the president, that he believed that the Marion Deposit Bank was a banking corporation, and that this, together with the fact of the condition of the account, was the controlling cause leading to his granting the discount, he having no reason to suspect the insolvency of the Marion Dejmsit Bank. This misrepresentation on. the part of Wallace, coupled as it was with testimony from which the court had a right to draw the inference that Wallace was hopelessly insolvent, with liabilities of more than $100,000 in excess of assets at the time the discount was obtained, was sufficient to support the ruling made in directing a verdict for the defendant.
It is insisted, however, by the appellants that it was error to admit certain evidence introduced by the defendant from which the inference of insolvency was drawn. Thus, objection was made tó the statement of the liabilities of Wallace made by the assignees in November, 1896, upon the ground that it failed to show, or tend to show, the condition of Wallace in July, 1896, when the draft was discounted. This statement was one made by these plaintiffs and referred -to the condition of Wallace as of a date four months subsequent, it is true, to the time of the discount, yet fixing a period when with some certainty a conclusion could be reached as to his then condition; and there is no claim but that, at the time the assignment was made, Wallace was hopelessly insolvent. This, with some testimony tending to show that there were no losses between July and November, and no extraordinary shrinkage in assets or increase of liabilities between the dates named, laid some foundation from which, in the absence of evidence to the contrary, the court could infer that in July Wallace was irretrievably involved. The evidence objected to, as to the statement made by the assignees in November, supplemented by other testimony showing, the condition from that period back to July, was not incompetent.
It was not error to exclude evidence showing the custom of other banks in Ohio in the matter of the form of letter heads, because the [380]*380question was, not whether Wallace had the right legally to-use such a form of letter head and do business under ¡such a name, but whether he had or had not so conducted his business as to produce the belief, which was relied upon by the’defendant in making the discount, that it was dealing with a banking corporation. Such evidence, to be competent, should necessarily be coupled with evidence of knowledge on the part of the defendant’s officers of such a practice among Ohio bankers; because otherwise the rule is that, without proof of knowledge- on the part of both the contracting parties of a local trade custom, they are not affected thereby. Neither Would it make any difference as to the.length of time that the defendant had been the correspondent of'Wallace, provided that during all that time the business had been done ill the same-Way, in the name of the Marion Deposit Bank, unless it was intehded to be followed up (wdiich is not claimed) by further evidence that the defendant knew that such name was employed in the individual business of Wallace.
What we have- already said with reference to the ruling as to admitting in evidence the statement of liabilities filed by the plaintiffs on November 16, 1896, is equally applicable to the inventory and account of the assignees filed on November tenth. We have examined other rulings upon evidence which have been questioned, and while some of the exceptions might be technically right as respects the form of the questions which the court permitted to be answered, they are not of sufficient moment to justify our reversing a judgment which was entered upon a verdict, as this was, directed by the court; because here we have, outside of any objectionable evidence, facts established by competent proof from which the learned judge had the right to infer, not only the misrepresentation as to the person with whom the defendant was dealing, but also that, at the time the discount was made, Wallace was in such a state of insolvency that he could not have had aiiy reasonable ground to assume when he obtained the discount that he would ever- repay the amount.
Our conclusion, therefore, is that the judgment should. be affirmed, with costs.
Van Brunt, P. J., Rumsey, Patterson ■ and Parker, JJ., concurred. .
Judgment affirmed, with costs. -