STATON, Judge.
Charles B. Kleinrichert was convicted of possession of cocaine, a class C felony,
at a trial by jury in the Kosciusko Circuit Court. He was sentenced to eight (8) years and fined $2500.00.
Kleinrichert has submitted ten (10) issues on appeal. Only one will be discussed since we reverse: Whether the trial court erred by curtailing
in limine
and throughout the trial, a line of questioning which may have given the jury reason to infer that a State witness was biased against Kleinrichert.
Prior to trial, the court granted two motions
in limine
ordering that:
no reference or evidence, relating to any alleged personal animosity between this defendant and any member of the Kosciusko County Sheriffs Department shall be presented before the jury ... [and that] no reference or evidence, relating to the burglary and theft chrges [sic] presently pending against this Defendant in this Court ... or any tort action for false arrest or any other tort action that might be connected therewith shall be presented before the jury....
R. 101, 104. These motions were based on a Tort Claim Notice
asserted by Kleinric-hert against members of the Kosciusko County Sheriffs Department and his alleged intention to sue Detective Thomas Kitch personally. At trial all offers to prove outside the motions
in limine
pertained to Kitch. Therefore, our determination will be based on the exclusion of bias evidence in regard to Kitch only.
At trial, Kitch testified that he had been contacted by a confidential informant offering to set up a cocaine buy from Kleinric-hert. Kitch then organized the operation resulting in Kleinrichert’s arrest. During the State’s rebuttal, Kleinrichert asked Kitch on cross-examination if he was biased against Kleinrichert, or had any interest in seeing him convicted. Kitch answered that he did not. Kleinrichert then made an offer to prove, outside the presence of the jury, which would show that Kleinrichert had filed a Tort Claim Notice against the Kosciusko County Sheriff's Department for false arrest. During Kleinrichert’s case in chief he made three more offers to prove, through three different witnesses, which would have put evidence of the lawsuit before the jury. It was clearly stated in each offer to prove that the purpose of the evidence was to show bias, prejudice and interest in the outcome of the case. The trial court barred all evidence of the lawsuit.
The confidential informant, who had initially contacted Kitch, testified for Kleinric-hert. During his cross-examination by the State he testified that the cocaine Kleinric-hert was alleged to have possessed was actually supplied by Officer Kitch. During the State’s rebuttal Kitch denied this.
In
Haeger v. State
(1979), 181 Ind.App. 5, 390 N.E.2d 239, 241, this Court adopted a standard of review first set out in
Springer v. United States
(D.C.1978), 388 A.2d 846, 856:
“[w]here the record reflects a curtailment of a requested line of bias cross-examination
in limine,
so that the jury is unable properly to perform its fact-finding function in inferring bias from the testimony as a whole, we will assess cross-examination errors by a per se error standard.”
Haeger
at 390 N.E.2d 241 (quoting
Springer).
Here, the trial court excluded
in limine,
all evidence of pending or contemplated lawsuits and evidence of animosity between Kleinrichert and Kitch that may have arisen as a result of these suits. In
United States v. Gambler
(D.C.Cir.1981), 662 F.2d 834, the court said:
[a] general rule has evolved from this case and others to the effect that the trial court should allow cross-examination and the airing of evidence with respect to a witness’s pending, or even contemplated, suit against the defendant ... By allowing a probe into the circumstances of a pending or contemplated lawsuit, it is believed that a defendant
may bring to light two factors reflecting the possible bias of the witness: his pecuniary interest in the outcome of the criminal trial and the existence and degree of animosity he may harbor against the defendant.
Gambler
at 837 (citations omitted) (referring to
Villaroman v. United States
(D.C. Cir.1950), 184 F.2d 261).
In this case, Kleinrichert wanted to show that Kitch harbored animosity against him because of his lawsuit. There could also have been a pecuniary interest involved because the Tort Claim Notice claimed Kle-inrichert had been damaged in the sum of $300,000.00. A probe into the mere fact of the lawsuit could give the jury reason to infer bias, thus affecting their evaluation of Kitch’s credibility.
Here, there is a conflict in the testimony of Kitch and the confidential informant. Resolution of conflicts in the evidence is within the province of the jury.
Bieghler v. State
(1985), Ind., 481 N.E.2d 78, 84,
reh. denied, cert. denied
(1986), 475 U.S. 1031, 106 S.Ct. 1241, 89 L.Ed.2d 349. Evidence of bias and prejudice is critical in resolving such conflicts. In the case at bar it is especially important because the credibility of one witness has been impugned, while information relevant to the credibility of another never reached the jury.
Kleinrichert cites
Pfefferkorn v. State
(1980), Ind.App., 413 N.E.2d 1088, in support of his argument. In
Pfefferkorn
this court reversed a conviction applying the per se error standard used in
Haeger.
Defendant Pfefferkom was convicted of theft and burglary. Pfefferkom contended that as a result of a civil suit filed against the Sheriff's Department by his brothers there may have been “bias or hostility against him and his family and a motive to overzea-lously investigate defendant.”
Id.
at 1089. In that case the charges had not been filed by the defendant, they had been dropped by the time of the trial, and the testifying officer no longer worked for the Sheriffs Department. Nevertheless, this court said that “[a] witness’s bias, prejudice or ulteri- or motives are always relevant in that they may discredit him or affect the weight of his testimony.”
Id.
The court found reversible error and stated that there was “a curtailment of a requested line of bias cross-examination
in limine.
The jury would not be able to properly perform its function of determining whether bias affected the testimony as a whole.”
Id.
at 1090.
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STATON, Judge.
Charles B. Kleinrichert was convicted of possession of cocaine, a class C felony,
at a trial by jury in the Kosciusko Circuit Court. He was sentenced to eight (8) years and fined $2500.00.
Kleinrichert has submitted ten (10) issues on appeal. Only one will be discussed since we reverse: Whether the trial court erred by curtailing
in limine
and throughout the trial, a line of questioning which may have given the jury reason to infer that a State witness was biased against Kleinrichert.
Prior to trial, the court granted two motions
in limine
ordering that:
no reference or evidence, relating to any alleged personal animosity between this defendant and any member of the Kosciusko County Sheriffs Department shall be presented before the jury ... [and that] no reference or evidence, relating to the burglary and theft chrges [sic] presently pending against this Defendant in this Court ... or any tort action for false arrest or any other tort action that might be connected therewith shall be presented before the jury....
R. 101, 104. These motions were based on a Tort Claim Notice
asserted by Kleinric-hert against members of the Kosciusko County Sheriffs Department and his alleged intention to sue Detective Thomas Kitch personally. At trial all offers to prove outside the motions
in limine
pertained to Kitch. Therefore, our determination will be based on the exclusion of bias evidence in regard to Kitch only.
At trial, Kitch testified that he had been contacted by a confidential informant offering to set up a cocaine buy from Kleinric-hert. Kitch then organized the operation resulting in Kleinrichert’s arrest. During the State’s rebuttal, Kleinrichert asked Kitch on cross-examination if he was biased against Kleinrichert, or had any interest in seeing him convicted. Kitch answered that he did not. Kleinrichert then made an offer to prove, outside the presence of the jury, which would show that Kleinrichert had filed a Tort Claim Notice against the Kosciusko County Sheriff's Department for false arrest. During Kleinrichert’s case in chief he made three more offers to prove, through three different witnesses, which would have put evidence of the lawsuit before the jury. It was clearly stated in each offer to prove that the purpose of the evidence was to show bias, prejudice and interest in the outcome of the case. The trial court barred all evidence of the lawsuit.
The confidential informant, who had initially contacted Kitch, testified for Kleinric-hert. During his cross-examination by the State he testified that the cocaine Kleinric-hert was alleged to have possessed was actually supplied by Officer Kitch. During the State’s rebuttal Kitch denied this.
In
Haeger v. State
(1979), 181 Ind.App. 5, 390 N.E.2d 239, 241, this Court adopted a standard of review first set out in
Springer v. United States
(D.C.1978), 388 A.2d 846, 856:
“[w]here the record reflects a curtailment of a requested line of bias cross-examination
in limine,
so that the jury is unable properly to perform its fact-finding function in inferring bias from the testimony as a whole, we will assess cross-examination errors by a per se error standard.”
Haeger
at 390 N.E.2d 241 (quoting
Springer).
Here, the trial court excluded
in limine,
all evidence of pending or contemplated lawsuits and evidence of animosity between Kleinrichert and Kitch that may have arisen as a result of these suits. In
United States v. Gambler
(D.C.Cir.1981), 662 F.2d 834, the court said:
[a] general rule has evolved from this case and others to the effect that the trial court should allow cross-examination and the airing of evidence with respect to a witness’s pending, or even contemplated, suit against the defendant ... By allowing a probe into the circumstances of a pending or contemplated lawsuit, it is believed that a defendant
may bring to light two factors reflecting the possible bias of the witness: his pecuniary interest in the outcome of the criminal trial and the existence and degree of animosity he may harbor against the defendant.
Gambler
at 837 (citations omitted) (referring to
Villaroman v. United States
(D.C. Cir.1950), 184 F.2d 261).
In this case, Kleinrichert wanted to show that Kitch harbored animosity against him because of his lawsuit. There could also have been a pecuniary interest involved because the Tort Claim Notice claimed Kle-inrichert had been damaged in the sum of $300,000.00. A probe into the mere fact of the lawsuit could give the jury reason to infer bias, thus affecting their evaluation of Kitch’s credibility.
Here, there is a conflict in the testimony of Kitch and the confidential informant. Resolution of conflicts in the evidence is within the province of the jury.
Bieghler v. State
(1985), Ind., 481 N.E.2d 78, 84,
reh. denied, cert. denied
(1986), 475 U.S. 1031, 106 S.Ct. 1241, 89 L.Ed.2d 349. Evidence of bias and prejudice is critical in resolving such conflicts. In the case at bar it is especially important because the credibility of one witness has been impugned, while information relevant to the credibility of another never reached the jury.
Kleinrichert cites
Pfefferkorn v. State
(1980), Ind.App., 413 N.E.2d 1088, in support of his argument. In
Pfefferkorn
this court reversed a conviction applying the per se error standard used in
Haeger.
Defendant Pfefferkom was convicted of theft and burglary. Pfefferkom contended that as a result of a civil suit filed against the Sheriff's Department by his brothers there may have been “bias or hostility against him and his family and a motive to overzea-lously investigate defendant.”
Id.
at 1089. In that case the charges had not been filed by the defendant, they had been dropped by the time of the trial, and the testifying officer no longer worked for the Sheriffs Department. Nevertheless, this court said that “[a] witness’s bias, prejudice or ulteri- or motives are always relevant in that they may discredit him or affect the weight of his testimony.”
Id.
The court found reversible error and stated that there was “a curtailment of a requested line of bias cross-examination
in limine.
The jury would not be able to properly perform its function of determining whether bias affected the testimony as a whole.”
Id.
at 1090.
The facts in the case at bar are more indicative of bias than those in
Pfefferkorn.
Kleinrichert filed the Tort Claim Notice; animosity toward Kleinrichert would not be diluted because it arose from the actions of a family member, as in
Pfefferkorn.
The lawsuit that was the cause of the bias in
Pfefferkom
was dropped before trial. There is no indication in the record before us that Kleinrichert had dropped his tort action. At the time of Kleinrichert’s trial Kitch was a fifteen (15) year veteran of the Kosciusko County Sheriffs Department. At the time of the trial in
Pfefferkorn
the testifying officer no longer worked for the Sheriffs Department. In addition to these factors which would point to a likelihood of bias, the record before us shows that the Kosciusko County Sheriffs Department was small, and that Kleinrichert knew most of the officers. The small size of the Department would support the view that a lawsuit against one member of the Department might bias another.
We recognize, of course, that upon hearing the bias evidence the jury might well conclude that officer Kitch was the truthful witness and his version of the events should be believed. The point is that the jury was denied the opportunity to make that assessment.
The jury was not able to properly perform its fact finding function because relevant evidence of bias was excluded by the trial court. The per se error standard must be applied.
REVERSED.
GARRARD, P.J., and SULLIVAN, J., concur.