6 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 7 WESTERN DISTRICT OF WASHINGTON AT TACOMA 8
9 KLEIN GRIFFITH PROPERTIES GROUP, LLC, 10 Plaintiff, No. 3:22-cv-05710-BJR 11 v. 12 ORDER GRANTING IN PART AND WASHINGTON STATE DEPARTMENT DENYING IN PART DEFENDANTS 13 OF COMMERCE, HANFORD AREA CLIFTONLARSONALLEN LLP’S AND ECONOMIC INVESTMENT FUND, JOLARR MANAGEMENT 14 HANFORD AREA ECONOMIC CONSULTING, LLC’S MOTION TO INVESTMENT FUND ADVISORY DISMISS PLAINTIFF’S COMPLAINT 15 COMMITTEE, CLIFTONLARSONALLEN 16 LLP, JOLARR MANAGEMENT CONSULTING, LLC, 17 Defendants. 18
19 I. INTRODUCTION 20 Plaintiff Klein Griffith Properties Group, LLC (“Klein Griffith” or “Plaintiff”) brought this 21 lawsuit against Defendants Washington State Department of Commerce, Hanford Area Economic 22 Investment Fund, Hanford Area Economic Investment Fund Advisory Committee, 23 24 CliftonLarsonAllen LLP (“CLA”), and JoLarr Management Consulting, LLC (“JoLarr,” together 25 with CLA, “Defendants”), asserting various claims arising from the denial of a loan application 26 Plaintiff had submitted for a real estate development project. Presently before the Court are
ORDER - 1 1 Defendants CLA’s and JoLarr’s motions to dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) 2 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure. Dkt. 9 (“CLA Mot.”); Dkt. 13 (“JoLarr Mot.”). Having 3 reviewed the pleadings, the record of the case, and the relevant legal authorities, the Court 4 GRANTS in part and DENIES in part the motions. The Court’s reasoning is set forth below. 5 II. BACKGROUND1 6 A. Factual Background 7 This case centers on a loan application that Klein Griffith, a real estate investment and 8 9 development company, submitted to the Hanford Area Economic Investment Fund Advisory 10 Committee (“HAEIFAC” or the “Committee”) for purposes of funding a commercial and 11 residential project called “The Nineteen” in Kennewick, Washington. Compl. ¶ 1. HAEIFAC, 12 which operates under the control of Washington’s Department of Commerce, is an eleven-member 13 committee that administers the Hanford Area Economic Investment Fund (“HAEIF”), which in 14 turn provides funding for private and public projects in Benton and Franklin Counties. Id. ¶¶ 2-4. 15 16 In April 2017, HAEIFAC entered into a consulting agreement with CliftonLarsonAllen LLP, 17 pursuant to which CLA would, among other things, process and advise on loan applications and 18 serve as a liaison between the Committee and prospective borrowers. Id. ¶¶ 5, 10; Declaration of 19 Callie Castillo (“Castillo Decl.,” Dkt. 10), Ex. 1 at 24-27. HAEIFAC also entered into a consulting 20 agreement with JoLarr Management Consulting, LLC in October 2017, pursuant to which JoLarr 21 would, among other things, act as a liaison between HAEIFAC and prospective borrowers, 22 coordinate Committee meetings, and prepare and post the required notices to those meetings. 23 24 Compl. ¶¶ 6, 11; Declaration of Joel Comfort (“Comfort Decl.,” Dkt. 14), Ex. 1 at 2-4. 25 26 1 The facts recited below are taken from Plaintiff’s Complaint (“Compl.,” Dkt. 1-1). For the purposes of the present motions, the Court takes the factual allegations in the Complaint as true. ORDER - 2 1 In February 2020, Klein Griffith submitted to HAEIFAC a loan application for purposes 2 of developing The Nineteen on real property (the “Property”) Klein Griffith owned in downtown 3 Kennewick. Compl. ¶¶ 14-15. Over the next year, Klein Griffith secured $9,700,000 in funding 4 for the project from ICON Realty Capital (“ICON”), which conditioned that loan on Klein Griffith 5 refraining from pledging the Property as collateral for any additional loan it might receive (e.g., 6 from HAEIFAC) for The Nineteen. Id. ¶ 16. In March 2021, Plaintiff submitted to CLA and 7 JoLarr an updated loan application packet disclosing the terms of ICON’s loan, and certain private 8 9 equity holdings that Klein Griffith was pledging as collateral for any loan extended by HAEIFAC. 10 Id. ¶¶ 18-21. Plaintiff alleges that, based on that information, HAEIFAC’s Loan Review 11 Subcommittee (the “Subcommittee”) recommended that Klein Griffith be extended a loan, and 12 then, in April 2021, the Committee voted to approve a loan in the amount of $1,100,000. Id. ¶¶ 13 23-24, 28-30. 14 Notwithstanding the Committee’s approval, Klein Griffith’s loan application began to face 15 16 headwinds shortly thereafter. CLA raised questions about the sufficiency of the pledged loan 17 collateral, and eventually sent to Klein Griffith, in June 2021, loan documents that designated the 18 Property as collateral instead of Klein Griffith’s private equity holdings. Compl. ¶¶ 37-41. In 19 subsequent months, the Committee appointed three new members who, Plaintiff alleges, had 20 undisclosed conflicts of interest that caused them to oppose the loan. Id. ¶ 50. The loan application 21 began to unravel when, during a Committee meeting held in September 2021, the Committee’s 22 chair allegedly misstated that HAEIFAC’s prior approval had not been based on the use of private 23 24 equity holdings to secure the loan, leading the Committee to hold a vote disallowing the use of that 25 26
ORDER - 3 1 collateral.2 Id. ¶¶ 54-59. Klein Griffith’s loan application was consequently referred back to the 2 Subcommittee, and during a meeting held in early October, the Subcommittee recommended that 3 the loan be reduced to $345,000 and placed on the agenda for the next Committee meeting 4 scheduled for October 25. Id. ¶¶ 65, 68. 5 The loan application saw its demise soon after Plaintiff informed CLA and JoLarr, on 6 October 14, that it had managed to obtain ICON’s consent to use the Property to secure the loan, 7 thereby resolving the collateral issue. Compl. ¶ 69. In spite of that development, JoLarr notified 8 9 CLA and the Committee immediately thereafter that a special meeting would be held on October 10 20 (the “Special Meeting”) to vote on decommitting the funds. Id. ¶ 71. In the subsequent days, 11 CLA and JoLarr corresponded with the chairs of the Committee and the Subcommittee concerning 12 the newly scheduled Special Meeting, and JoLarr sent to CLA a document it had prepared 13 reflecting JoLarr’s advice against the loan. Id. ¶¶ 73-74. When the Special Meeting finally took 14 place, the Committee’s chair refused to permit any discussion on the issue of loan collateral before 15 16 calling a vote on whether to decommit the loan. Id. ¶¶ 79-82. Ultimately, the Committee voted to 17 decommit. Id. ¶ 83. Plaintiff claims that the Special meeting was improperly organized and 18 violated HAEIFAC’s bylaws because, among other things, Klein Griffith and other Committee 19 members had not been given adequate notice of the meeting3 and the vote to decommit the funds 20 was not listed on the public agenda. Id. ¶¶ 75-82. 21 B. Procedural Background 22 Plaintiff filed this lawsuit on August 19, 2022, asserting various contract-based, tort, 23 24 statutory, and constitutional claims arising from HAEIFAC’s decommitment of the loan. Compl. 25 2 Plaintiff alleges that, during this same meeting, the Committee voted to extend a $550,000 loan to a company based 26 on a referral from a former Committee member who had business ties with that company. Compl. ¶¶ 51, 61. 3 While Klein Griffith attended the Special Meeting, at least five HAEIFAC members were absent. Compl. ¶ 83. ORDER - 4 1 ¶¶ 106-78. Plaintiff asserts claims against CLA and JoLarr, in particular, for (1) breach of contract 2 (id. ¶¶ 119-33); (2) tortious interference (id. ¶¶ 150-58); (3) violation of the Washington’s 3 Consumer Protection Act (“CPA”), RCW § 19.86 (Compl. ¶¶ 159-64); (4) constitutional violations 4 under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 (id. ¶¶ 165-71); and (5) civil conspiracy (id. ¶¶ 172-78). The case was 5 removed to this Court on September 23, 2022. Dkt. 1. On September 30, 2022, CLA and JoLarr 6 separately filed motions to dismiss the Complaint. Plaintiff opposed the motions in a single 7 submission (Dkt. 19 (“Opp.”)), and CLA and JoLarr filed separate replies. Dkt. 20 (“CLA Rep.”); 8 9 Dkt. 22 (“JoLarr Rep.”). 10 III. STANDARD OF REVIEW 11 A motion to dismiss for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6) is properly granted if 12 the complaint does not “contain sufficient factual matter, accepted as true, to ‘state a claim to relief 13 that is plausible on its face.’” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678 (2009) (quoting Bell Atl. Corp. 14 v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 570 (2007)). The plaintiff must plead “factual content that allows the 15 16 court to draw the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” Id. 17 “A complaint may fail to show a right to relief either by lacking a cognizable legal theory or by 18 lacking sufficient facts alleged under a cognizable legal theory.” Woods v. U.S. Bank N.A., 831 19 F.3d 1159, 1162 (9th Cir. 2016). When considering a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6), 20 courts must accept the factual allegations in the complaint as true and construe such allegations in 21 the light most favorable to the plaintiff. Interpipe Contracting, Inc. v. Becerra, 898 F.3d 879, 886- 22 87 (9th Cir. 2018). 23 24 25 26
ORDER - 5 1 IV. DISCUSSION 2 A. Plaintiff’s Claims for Breach of Contract 3 Plaintiff claims that CLA and JoLarr, through various actions they undertook with respect 4 to Klein Griffith’s loan application, breached their consulting agreements with HAEIFAC. Compl. 5 ¶¶ 122-25, 130-22. While Plaintiff alleges that it was an intended third-party beneficiary to both 6 agreements (id. ¶¶ 120-21; 128-29), Defendants contend that Plaintiff was not, and that Plaintiff 7 therefore is not entitled to assert breach-of-contract claims based on those agreements. CLA Mot. 8 9 at 4-6; JoLarr Mot. at 3. The Court agrees with Defendants. 10 “A third-party beneficiary contract exists when the contracting parties, at the time they 11 enter into the contract, intend that the promisor will assume a direct obligation to the claimed 12 beneficiary.” Warner v. Design & Build Homes, Inc., 128 Wash. App. 34, 43 (Wn. Ct. App. 2005). 13 “[T]he critical question is whether the benefits flow directly from the contract or whether they are 14 merely incidental, indirect, or consequential.” Kim v. Moffett, 156 Wash. App. 689, 699 (Wn. Ct. 15 16 App. 2010). Generally, “a party that benefits from a government contract is presumed to be an 17 incidental beneficiary, and that presumption may not be overcome without showing a clear intent 18 to the contrary.” Caltex Plastics, Inc. v. Lockheed Martin Corp., 824 F.3d 1156, 1160 (9th Cir. 19 2016) (citation and quotation marks omitted); see Hook v. State of Ariz., Dep’t of Corr., 972 F.2d 20 1012, 1015 (9th Cir. 1992) (“third party beneficiaries of the government’s rights under a contract 21 are normally assumed to be only incidental beneficiaries and are precluded from enforcing the 22 contract absent a clear expression of a different intent”). Ultimately, a third party who stands as 23 24 only an incidental beneficiary “acquires no right to recover damages for nonperformance of the 25 contract.” Kim, 156 Wash. App. at 699. 26
ORDER - 6 1 The Court finds that Plaintiff was not a third-party beneficiary to either contract. As an 2 initial matter, given that Klein Griffith had not yet engaged with CLA, JoLarr, or HAEIFAC when 3 the consulting agreements were executed in 2017, there is no basis to claim that those agreements 4 contemplated that Klein Griffith, specifically, would acquire enforceable contract rights. 5 Moreover, Plaintiff points to no provision in the agreements even suggesting that the contract 6 parties would assume direct obligations to any third party.4 While loan applicants may have 7 benefited from certain aspects of the organizational and advisory work that CLA and JoLarr were 8 9 performing pursuant to the agreements – i.e., by their furthering of HAEIFAC’s application review 10 process – the purpose of the agreements was to govern the performance of services for HAEIFAC. 11 See, e.g., Castillo Decl., Ex. 1 at 1 (CLA contract stating that “[t]he purpose of this contract is to: 12 Provide Loan/Grant Consultant services to [HAEIFAC]”). As such, any benefits enjoyed by loan 13 applicants were “merely incidental” to CLA’s and JoLarr’s contractual obligations to HAEIFAC. 14 See Kim v. Moffett, 156 Wash. App. at 699. Accordingly, Klein Griffith was not a third-party 15 16 beneficiary to the consulting agreements and obtained no rights from them. The Court therefore 17 dismisses Plaintiff’s claims for breach of contract against CLA and JoLarr. 18 19 20
21 4 Plaintiff objects to the Court’s consideration of Defendants’ contracts with HAEIFAC, which were submitted as attachments to attorney declarations, on the ground that those contracts are hearsay. However, it is well-established 22 that “a contract – ‘a legally operative document that defines the rights and liabilities of the parties’ – is not hearsay.” Forreststream Holdings Ltd. v. Shenkman, No. 16-cv-01609, 2017 WL 1112963, at *4 (N.D. Cal. Mar. 24, 2017) 23 (citation omitted). Plaintiff also argues that the declarant attorneys lack personal knowledge of the contracts (Opp. at 5-6), but those attorneys specifically declare, under penalty of perjury, that their knowledge of the contracts is based 24 on their review of records relating to this case. See Castillo Decl. ¶ 1; Comfort Decl. ¶ 1. The Court appropriately considers the agreements given that Plaintiff premises its claims on them and does not dispute their authenticity. See 25 Benanav v. Healthy Paws Pet Ins., LLC, 495 F. Supp. 3d 987, 992 (W.D. Wash. 2020) (“Under the ‘incorporation by reference’ doctrine, a court may review documents ‘whose contents are alleged in a complaint and whose authenticity 26 no party questions, but which are not physically attached to the [plaintiff’s] pleading.’” (citation omitted)).
ORDER - 7 1 B. Plaintiff’s Claims for Tortious Interference 2 Plaintiff asserts tortious interference claims against CLA and JoLarr, premised on 3 allegations that they intentionally interfered with Klein Griffith’s business relationship with 4 HAEIFAC concerning its loan application. Compl. ¶ 154; see Opp. at 8-9. To prevail on a claim 5 for tortious interference, a plaintiff must plead the following elements: “(1) the existence of a valid 6 contractual relationship or business expectancy; (2) that defendants had knowledge of that 7 relationship; (3) an intentional interference inducing or causing a breach or termination of the 8 9 relationship or expectancy; (4) that defendants interfered for an improper purpose or used improper 10 means; and (5) resultant damage.” Leingang v. Pierce Cnty. Med. Bureau, Inc., 131 Wash. 2d 133, 11 157 (Wn. Sup. Ct. 1997). Defendants contend that Plaintiff fails to establish the first and fourth 12 elements. CLA Mot. at 6-8; JLA Mot. at 3. 13 1. Whether Plaintiff Establishes a Valid Business Expectancy 14 “A valid business expectancy includes any prospective contractual or business relationship 15 that would be of pecuniary value.” Tori Belle Cosms. LLC v. McKnight, No. 21-cv-0145, 2022 16 17 WL 3927069, at *6 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 31, 2022) (quoting Newton Ins. Agency & Brokerage, Inc. 18 v. Caledonian Ins. Grp., Inc., 114 Wn. App. 151, 158 (Wn. Ct. App. 2002)). A plaintiff need not 19 establish the existence of an enforceable contract to demonstrate a valid business expectancy. 20 CaptiveAire Sys., Inc. v. ITW Food Equip. Grp., LLC, No. 09-cv-244, 2009 WL 10676075, at *6 21 (W.D. Wash. Sept. 28, 2009) (citation omitted). “Rather, all that is required is a relationship 22 between parties contemplating a contract, with at least a reasonable expectancy of fruition.” Id.; 23 24 see Greensun Grp., LLC v. City of Bellevue, 7 Wash. App. 2d 754, 769 (Wn. Ct. App. 2019) 25 (“Washington courts require a plaintiff to show only that its future business opportunities are a 26 reasonable expectation and not merely wishful thinking.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)).
ORDER - 8 1 Plaintiff argues that it adequately alleges a valid business expectancy with respect to the 2 loan that HAEIFAC had contemplated extending to it for purposes of developing The Nineteen. 3 Opp. at 7-8. The Court agrees. There is no dispute that the contemplated loan had pecuniary value 4 to Klein Griffith. Further, as discussed above, Klein Griffith had advanced sufficiently far through 5 HAEIFAC’s loan application process to have secured the Committee’s initial approval of the loan. 6 See id. ¶¶ 23-27, 30. That approval plausibly provided Plaintiff with a reasonable expectation that 7 the sought loan would eventually come to fruition. See Woods View II, LLC v. Kitsap Cnty., 188 8 9 Wash. App. 1, 30 (Wn. Ct. App. 2015) (developer’s relationship with prospective lender, which 10 had made an initial loan commitment for a project, constituted a valid business expectancy). 11 Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff adequately alleges a valid business expectancy. 12 2. Whether Plaintiff Establishes an Improper Purpose or Means 13 As noted above, Plaintiff must also establish that Defendants “interfered for an improper 14 purpose or used improper means.” See Leingang, 131 Wash. 2d at 157. Interference for an 15 16 “improper purpose,” to start, ‘“is interference with an intent to harm’ the plaintiff.” Zunum Aero, 17 Inc. v. Boeing Co., No. 21-cv-0896, 2022 WL 3346398, at *12 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 12, 2022) 18 (quoting 6A Wash. Prac., Wash. Pattern Jury Instr. Civ. WPI 352.03 (7th ed.)); see Pleas v. City 19 of Seattle, 112 Wash. 2d 794, 803 (Wn. Sup. Ct. 1989) (an improper purpose arises from the 20 “pursuit of an improper objective of harming the plaintiff”). Here, Plaintiff alleges that numerous 21 Committee members were hostile to Klein Griffith, including the Committee’s chair, who 22 repeatedly acted capriciously with respect to the loan application,5 and three other Committee 23 24 25 5 As noted above, Plaintiff alleges that the Committee’s chair, among other things, made misrepresentations 26 concerning Plaintiff’s loan application and available collateral during Committee meetings, rushed the Committee to a vote on decommitting the loan, and disallowed Klein Griffith from explaining its ability to pledge the Property as collateral during the Special Meeting. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 56, 69, 73-75, 80. ORDER - 9 1 members, who held undisclosed conflicts of interest. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 49-50. CLA and JoLarr 2 are alleged to have represented HAEIFAC and organized its activities including, among other 3 things, orchestrating the Special Meeting. The defects alleged by Plaintiff as to the manner in 4 which the Special Meeting was organized and held makes it plausible that CLA’s and JoLarr’s 5 actions were undertaken with the intent of harming Plaintiff in accordance with the wishes or 6 instructions of certain Committee members. Accordingly, the Court finds that Plaintiff adequately 7 alleges that Defendants interfered with Plaintiff’s business opportunity for an improper purpose. 8 9 Interference by “improper means,” in turn, “is interference that violates a statute, a 10 regulation, a recognized rule of common law, or an established standard of the trade or profession.” 11 Zunum Aero, 2022 WL 3346398, at *12 (quoting 6A Wash. Prac., Wash. Pattern Jury Instr. Civ. 12 WPI 352.03). The Court finds that Plaintiff’s allegations as to Defendants’ efforts to derail 13 HAEIFAC’s prior approval of the loan and orchestrate an accelerated decommitment vote without 14 proper notice – allegedly at the behest of, and in conspiracy with, hostile Committee members – 15 16 make it plausible that Defendants, in doing so, ran afoul of a recognized rule of law or standard of 17 trade. For example, Plaintiff specifically claims that Defendants’ alleged inadequate notice of the 18 Special Meeting effected a breach of their contractual duties to serve as liaisons – a claim that 19 Defendants do not dispute in their motions.6 See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 122, 130. Accordingly, the Court 20 finds that Plaintiff has set forth a claim that Defendants used improper means to interfere with 21 Plaintiff’s business opportunity. 22 23 24 6 Defendants contend only that “violations of contractual obligations to [] a third party [] are not sufficient to establish 25 improper means as a matter of law.” Rep. at 6. In support of that proposition, however, Defendants cite only to a decision from a New Mexico court that held, under New Mexico law, that a breach of contract with a third party is 26 not ordinarily sufficient to support a tortious interference claim. See Quintana v. First Interstate Bank of Albuquerque, 105 N.M. 784, 787 (N.M. Ct. App. 1987). The Court declines to follow that decision absent any indication that Washington law similarly precludes tortious interference claims premised on certain types of contract breaches. ORDER - 10 1 Therefore, the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims for tortious interference. 2 C. Plaintiff’s Claims for Violation of the Washington Consumer Protection Act 3 Plaintiff claims that Defendants violated the CPA in connection with their handling of 4 Plaintiff’s loan application. Compl. ¶¶ 159-64. To prevail on a CPA claim, “the plaintiff must 5 prove (1) an unfair or deceptive act or practice, (2) occurring in trade or commerce, (3) affecting 6 the public interest, (4) injury to a person’s business or property, and (5) causation.” Panag v. 7 Farmers Ins. Co. of Washington, 166 Wash. 2d 27, 37 (Wn. Sup. Ct. 2009). Defendants argue that 8 9 the Complaint’s allegations fail to establish the third element: an effect on the public interest. CLA 10 Mot. at 8-10; JoLarr Mot. at 3. 11 In determining whether an act or practice affects the public interest, Washington courts 12 ordinarily inquire whether the plaintiff’s CPA claim presents “essentially a consumer transaction” 13 or “essentially a private dispute.” Hangman Ridge Training Stables, Inc. v. Safeco Title Ins. Co., 14 105 Wash. 2d 778, 790 (Wn. Sup. Ct. 1986). However, the Washington Supreme Court has made 15 16 clear that, in certain cases, “a neat distinction between consumer and private disputes is not 17 workable.” Nordstrom, Inc. v. Tampourlos, 107 Wash. 2d 735, 742 (Wn. Sup. Ct. 1987) (CPA 18 claim premised on trade name infringement satisfied public interest element given potential for 19 public confusion). This is one such case. While Defendants’ alleged practices may not have been 20 directed to the public at large, they clearly implicate a public interest. Defendants’ consulting 21 services were provided to HAEIFAC – a governmental body, established by statute, and composed 22 of public servants appointed by Washington’s Department of Commerce, see RCW § 43.31.425 – 23 24 for purposes of administering the disbursement of public funds for both public and private projects. 25 See Compl. ¶¶ 3-4, 10. Plaintiff’s allegations, if true, would demonstrate that CLA and JoLarr, 26 through their handling of Klein Griffith’s loan application, became integral participants to an effort
ORDER - 11 1 to subvert HAEIFAC’s fair and impartial administration of a public fund established for the 2 public’s benefit. The Court finds that those allegations satisfy the public interest element. 3 Accordingly, the Court will not dismiss Plaintiff’s CPA claims. 4 D. Plaintiff’s Section 1983 Claims 5 Plaintiff asserts claims under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 premised on allegations that Defendants, 6 through their organization of the October 20 Special Meeting, violated Klein Griffith’s procedural 7 due process rights by failing to provide it with sufficient notice of that meeting and depriving it of 8 9 the opportunity to be heard. Compl. ¶ 170. Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s claim fails on the 10 ground that CLA and JoLarr are not adequately alleged to have been “state actors” subject to 11 Section 1983 claims. CLA Mot. at 10-13; JoLarr Mot. at 3. The Court disagrees. 12 “Section 1983 liability extends to a private party where the private party engaged in state 13 action under color of law and thereby deprived a plaintiff of some right, privilege, or immunity 14 protected by the Constitution or the laws of the United States.” Brunette v. Humane Soc’y of 15 16 Ventura Cnty., 294 F.3d 1205, 1209 (9th Cir. 2002). “[A] private entity can qualify as a state actor 17 in a few limited circumstances – including, for example, (i) when the private entity performs a 18 traditional, exclusive public function; (ii) when the government compels the private entity to take 19 a particular action; or (iii) when the government acts jointly with the private entity.” Manhattan 20 Cmty. Access Corp. v. Halleck 139 S. Ct. 1921, 1928 (2019) (citations omitted). The state actor 21 requirement will be satisfied if any of these circumstances are present. See Wright v. Serv. Emps. 22 Int’l Union Loc. 503, 48 F.4th 1112, 1122 (9th Cir. 2022). 23 24 Plaintiff first contends that CLA and JoLarr qualify as state actors under the so-called “joint 25 action” test by virtue of their alleged joint conduct with HAEIFAC, a governmental body. Opp. 26 at 12-13. “The joint action test asks ‘whether state officials and private parties have acted in
ORDER - 12 1 concert in effecting a particular deprivation of constitutional rights.’” Tsao v. Desert Palace, Inc., 2 698 F.3d 1128, 1140 (9th Cir. 2012) (quoting Franklin v. Fox, 312 F.3d 423, 445 (9th Cir. 2002)) 3 (quotation marks omitted). “This requirement can be satisfied either ‘by proving the existence of 4 a conspiracy or by showing that the private party was ‘a willful participant in joint action with the 5 State or its agents.’” Id. (quoting Franklin, 312 F.3d at 445). “Ultimately, joint action exists when 6 the state has so far insinuated itself into a position of interdependence with [the private entity] that 7 it must be recognized as a joint participant in the challenged activity.” Id. (citation and quotation 8 9 marks omitted); see Pasadena Republican Club v. W. Just. Ctr., 985 F.3d 1161, 1167 (9th Cir. 10 2021) (“A private entity may be considered a state actor only if its particular actions are 11 ‘inextricably intertwined’ with those of the government.” (citation and quotation marks omitted)). 12 While the Court makes no finding as to whether Plaintiff’s allegations establish 13 constitutional violations arising from the October 20 Special Meeting, the Court finds that Plaintiff 14 adequately alleges joint action with respect to the events upon which its claims are based. The 15 16 Complaint alleges, and the consulting agreements reflect, that CLA and JoLarr had served as the 17 liaisons between HAEIFAC and Klein Griffith. See Compl. ¶¶ 10-11; Castillo Decl., Ex. 1 at 24- 18 27; Comfort Decl., Ex. 1 at 2-4. A fair inference can be drawn from the allegations that CLA and 19 JoLarr had been made solely responsible for providing notice of, and coordinating with Klein 20 Griffith about, upcoming Committee meetings. See, e.g., Compl. ¶ 67 (alleging that a HAEIFAC 21 member missed the October 7, 2021 Subcommittee meeting because JoLarr did not respond to his 22 email asking where it would be held); see also Frazier v. Aramark, No. 10-cv-0610, 2011 WL 23 24 3847188, at *2-3 (E.D. Cal. Aug. 30, 2011) (private company operating jail cafeteria was state 25 actor because jail had “completely delegate[d] this duty to a private company” such that the 26 company’s “conduct [was] fairly attributable to the state”). Moreover, Plaintiff alleges that CLA
ORDER - 13 1 and JoLarr were both integral to the orchestration of the Special Meeting. As noted above, the 2 Complaint alleges that Defendants, upon learning that Klein Griffith had obtained ICON’s consent 3 to use the Property as loan collateral, worked together and with the Committee’s chair to rush the 4 Committee into a vote on decommitting the funds before the appropriate notices to Klein Griffith 5 and Committee members could be given. See, e.g., Compl. ¶¶ 69, 71, 73-74. The Court finds that 6 these allegations are sufficient to establish that CLA’s and JoLarr’s conduct was “inextricably 7 intertwined” with HAEIFAC’s conduct with respect to the provision of notice to, and organization 8 9 of, the Special Meeting. See Pasadena Republican Club, 985 F.3d at 1167. As such, CLA and 10 JoLarr may be deemed “joint participants” in the events upon which the alleged constitutional 11 violations are based, and therefore qualify as state actors under the joint actor test.7 12 Accordingly, the Court declines to dismiss Plaintiff’s Section 1983 claim. 13 E. Plaintiff’s Claims for Civil Conspiracy 14 Plaintiff asserts civil conspiracy claims premised on allegations that CLA and JoLarr, 15 16 together with the other defendants in this case, conspired to decommit the loan without providing 17 Klein Griffith the appropriate notice and opportunity to be heard concerning that decision. Compl. 18 ¶¶ 172-78. To establish a civil conspiracy, the plaintiff “must prove by clear, cogent and 19 convincing evidence that (1) two or more people combined to accomplish an unlawful purpose, or 20 combined to accomplish a lawful purpose by unlawful means; and (2) the conspirators entered into 21 an agreement to accomplish the object of the conspiracy.” Wilson v. State, 84 Wash. App. 332, 22 350-51 (Wn. Sup. Ct. 1996). The alleged coconspirators “must have reached a unity of purpose 23 24 or a common design and understanding, or a meeting of the minds in an unlawful arrangement.” 25 26 7 In light of this finding, the Court need not reach Plaintiff’s argument that Defendants also qualify as state actors on the second ground that they perform a traditionally public function. See Opp. at 13-14. ORDER - 14 1 Curow-Ray v. City of Tumwater, No. 09-cv-5633, 2010 WL 3222505, at *13 (W.D. Wash. Aug. 2 12, 2010). Further, “[b]ecause the conspiracy must be combined with an unlawful purpose, civil 3 conspiracy does not exist independently – its viability hinges on the existence of a cognizable and 4 separate underlying claim.” Williams v. Geico Gen. Ins. Co., 497 F. Supp. 3d 977, 985 (W.D. 5 Wash. 2020). 6 Defendants’ arguments supporting dismissal of Plaintiff’s claims lack merit. First, 7 Defendants contend that Plaintiff’s claims fail because “Klein Griffith’s other claims are subject 8 9 to dismissal,” such that Plaintiff has no separate claim upon which to premise its conspiracy claims. 10 CLA Mot. at 13; JoLarr Mot. at 4. However, as discussed above, the Court has not found that all 11 of Plaintiff’s claims are subject to dismissal. In particular, Plaintiff’s Section 1983 claims, like its 12 conspiracy claims, are premised on allegations that it was deprived of proper notice to, and the 13 opportunity to be heard at, the Special Meeting. See supra at 12-14. Thus, for example, Plaintiff 14 can potentially premise its conspiracy claims on the unlawful violation of its procedural due 15 16 process rights. Therefore, Defendants’ contention that Plaintiff’s conspiracy claims fail for lacking 17 a viable underlying claim is unavailing. 18 Second, Defendants argue that Plaintiff has not pled with particularity “the who, what, 19 where, when, why, or how of any supposed agreement to conspire against Klein Griffith.” CLA 20 Mot. at 13. In making this argument, Defendants incorrectly assume that Plaintiff is required to 21 plead the existence of a conspiratorial agreement with particularity, as for a claim for fraud, 22 pursuant to Rule 9(b) of the Civil Rules of Civil Procedure. Rather, it is only “if the object of the 23 24 conspiracy is fraudulent” that a plaintiff must comply with Rule 9(b) and plead with particularity. 25 Kreidler v. Pixler, No. 06-cv-0697, 2006 WL 3539005, at *10 (W.D. Wash. Dec. 7, 2006) (quoting 26 Wasco Prods., Inc. v. Southwall Techs., Inc., 435 F.3d 989, 990-91 (9th Cir. 2006)). Given that
ORDER - 15 1 || Plaintiff's conspiracy claims are not premised on allegations of fraud, Plaintiff must only satisfy 2 || the “plausibility” standard set forth in Twombly and Iqbal. 3 In all events, the Court finds that Plaintiff adequately alleges a conspiratorial agreement. 4 As discussed above, Plaintiff alleges that JoLarr and CLA worked directly with each other, and ° with the chairs of the Committee and Subcommittee, to orchestrate a rushed vote to decommit the loan without providing adequate advance notice to Klein Griffith and other Committee members.
g || See Compl. {| 69, 71, 73-74. Indeed, Plaintiffs allegation that at least five Committee members 9 || were ultimately absent from the Special Meeting — ensuring that the Committee’s hostile chair and 10 || three conflicted members would constitute the majority of members present (see id. J 83) — suggests that the plot was not only effective, but also coordinated. These allegations make 12 plausible Plaintiff's theory that CLA and JoLarr each reached, with at least one coconspirator, a “unity of purpose or a common design,” to wit: to organize the Special Meeting in such a way that
1s would quickly result in the loan commitment’s rescission while denying Plaintiff any real 16 || Opportunity to object. Therefore, the Court will not dismiss Plaintiff's conspiracy claim. 17 V. CONCLUSION 18 For the foregoing reasons, Defendants’ motions to dismiss the Complaint (Dkts. 9, 13) are 19 GRANTED in part and DENIED in part. The Court DISMISSES with prejudice Plaintiff's claims *0 for breach of contract, but declines to dismiss Plaintiff’s claims for tortious interference, violation of the CPA, violation of constitutional rights under Section 1983, and civil conspiracy. 3 SO ORDERED. 24 Dated: December 22, 2022 Arto Moctixein 26 Barbara Jacobs Rothstein U.S. District Court Judge ORDER - 16