September 22, 1993 [NOT FOR PUBLICATION]
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
No. 93-1250
MICHAEL J. KINGSLEY,
Petitioner,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Frank H. Freedman, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Breyer, Chief Judge,
Selya and Boudin, Circuit Judges.
Michael J. Kingsley on brief pro se.
A. John Pappalardo, United States Attorney, and Kevin
O'Regan, Assistant United States Attorney, on brief for appellee.
-2-
Per Curiam. Petitioner Michael Kingsley challenges the
legality of special parole terms imposed as part of his
sentence for multiple drug violations. He argues that,
because such sanctions were abolished between the time of his
offenses and the time of his sentencing, the district court
should have applied the law in effect on the latter date. We
disagree and therefore affirm the denial of his motion to
correct sentence under 28 U.S.C. 2255 and/or Fed. R. Crim.
P. 35(a).
From March 1977 to May 1985, petitioner was the leader
of a twenty-three member organization engaged in distributing
cocaine and marijuana in western Massachusetts. In January
1987, he pled guilty to 22 separate offenses as follows: one
count of conspiracy to distribute cocaine, 21 U.S.C. 846,
one count of conspiracy to distribute marijuana, id., ten
counts of cocaine distribution, 21 U.S.C. 841(a), three
counts of marijuana distribution, id., one count of
conducting a continuing criminal enterprise, 21 U.S.C. 848,
and six related tax offenses. Sentencing occurred on
February 17, 1987. At the government's recommendation
pursuant to a plea bargain, the district court imposed twelve
ten-year prison terms (for the continuing criminal enterprise
offense and each of the cocaine offenses) and ten five-year
prison terms (for each of the marijuana and tax offenses)--
all to be served concurrently. The court also imposed three
-3-
years of special parole for each of the eleven cocaine
offenses (the conspiracy count and ten substantive counts)
and two years of special parole for each of the three
substantive marijuana offenses.
In October 1992, petitioner filed the instant motion
seeking to vacate the special parole terms. From his reading
of various amendments to 21 U.S.C. 841(b) that occurred in
the mid-1980s, he argued that the statute in its 1987
configuration imposed no type of post-confinement monitoring
for the offenses at issue here. He further contended that
the district court was required to impose this allegedly more
"lenient" penalty provision, rather than the one in effect at
the time the offenses occurred. The district court properly
rejected this analysis.1 Contrary to petitioner's view, the
1987 version of 841(b) actually contained more stringent
penalties, including enhanced prison sentences and terms of
supervised release. Applying that provision at sentencing
thus would have violated the ex post facto clause. We
explain briefly.
The various modifications that 841(b) underwent
between 1984 and 1987 have been exhaustively detailed
elsewhere, see, e.g., Gozlon-Peretz v. United States, 498
1. The district court did modify one aspect of the judgment sua sponte. Pursuant to Bifulco v. United States, 447 U.S.
381 (1980), it vacated the special parole term imposed for the cocaine conspiracy count.
-4-
U.S. 395, 399-403 (1991); Padilla Palacios v. United States,
932 F.2d 31, 32-33 (1st Cir. 1991) (per curiam); United
States v. Ocasio Figueroa, 898 F.2d 825, 826-28 (1st Cir.
1990), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 1001 (1993); United States v.
Ferryman, 897 F.2d 584, 586-88 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 498
U.S. 830 (1990), and so need only be summarized here. Prior
to October 12, 1984, 841(b) mandated a three-year term of
special parole for cocaine offenses and a two-year term for
marijuana offenses. Between that date and October 27, 1986,
an anomalous situation existed. The statute imposed no
special parole term for large-scale offenses (e.g., those
involving one kilogram or more of cocaine), but retained such
sanctions for lesser offenses. Compare 21 U.S.C.
841(b)(1)(A) (Supp. 1984) with id. 841(b)(1)(B)-(C); see,
e.g., United States v. Santamaria, 788 F.2d 824, 829 (1st
Cir. 1986). Finally, it is now clear that the statute
requires a term of supervised release for all offenses
occurring on or after October 27, 1986 (not November 1, 1987,
as petitioner suggests). See, e.g., Gozlon-Peretz, 498 U.S.
at 409; United States v. Morris, 977 F.2d 677, 686 (1st Cir.
1992), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 1588 (1993). Both the 1984
and 1986 amendments, of course, also enhanced the prison
terms prescribed by 841(b).
Defendant is therefore mistaken in maintaining that the
statutory penalties existing prior to October 12, 1984 were
-5-
more stringent than those existing in 1987. Had he been
sentenced under the latter, he would have been exposed to
longer terms of imprisonment.2 And he would have been
subject to periods of supervised release at least equal to,
and (depending on the quantity of drugs involved) possibly
longer than, the earlier special parole terms--a fact he
overlooks entirely. It is thus clear that application of the
1987 penalties would have been impermissible. And, lastly,
petitioner's contention that the circumstances here are so
ambiguous as to warrant invoking the "rule of lenity" in his
favor is well off the mark. See, e.g., Gozlon-Peretz, 498
U.S. at 409-10; Ferryman, 897 F.2d at 591.3
2. Defendant suggests this would have posed no constitutional difficulties in light of the government's sentencing recommendations under the plea agreement. He ignores the fact that the district court was not required to accept those recommendations.
3. While we need not address the issue, we note that the second prong of petitioner's argument--that any reduction in criminal penalties must be applied retroactively, even absent any specific provision to that effect--appears equally problematic. See generally United States v. Jacobs, 919 F.2d
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September 22, 1993 [NOT FOR PUBLICATION]
UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE FIRST CIRCUIT
No. 93-1250
MICHAEL J. KINGSLEY,
Petitioner,
v.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,
Respondent.
APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT
FOR THE DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS
[Hon. Frank H. Freedman, U.S. District Judge]
Before
Breyer, Chief Judge,
Selya and Boudin, Circuit Judges.
Michael J. Kingsley on brief pro se.
A. John Pappalardo, United States Attorney, and Kevin
O'Regan, Assistant United States Attorney, on brief for appellee.
-2-
Per Curiam. Petitioner Michael Kingsley challenges the
legality of special parole terms imposed as part of his
sentence for multiple drug violations. He argues that,
because such sanctions were abolished between the time of his
offenses and the time of his sentencing, the district court
should have applied the law in effect on the latter date. We
disagree and therefore affirm the denial of his motion to
correct sentence under 28 U.S.C. 2255 and/or Fed. R. Crim.
P. 35(a).
From March 1977 to May 1985, petitioner was the leader
of a twenty-three member organization engaged in distributing
cocaine and marijuana in western Massachusetts. In January
1987, he pled guilty to 22 separate offenses as follows: one
count of conspiracy to distribute cocaine, 21 U.S.C. 846,
one count of conspiracy to distribute marijuana, id., ten
counts of cocaine distribution, 21 U.S.C. 841(a), three
counts of marijuana distribution, id., one count of
conducting a continuing criminal enterprise, 21 U.S.C. 848,
and six related tax offenses. Sentencing occurred on
February 17, 1987. At the government's recommendation
pursuant to a plea bargain, the district court imposed twelve
ten-year prison terms (for the continuing criminal enterprise
offense and each of the cocaine offenses) and ten five-year
prison terms (for each of the marijuana and tax offenses)--
all to be served concurrently. The court also imposed three
-3-
years of special parole for each of the eleven cocaine
offenses (the conspiracy count and ten substantive counts)
and two years of special parole for each of the three
substantive marijuana offenses.
In October 1992, petitioner filed the instant motion
seeking to vacate the special parole terms. From his reading
of various amendments to 21 U.S.C. 841(b) that occurred in
the mid-1980s, he argued that the statute in its 1987
configuration imposed no type of post-confinement monitoring
for the offenses at issue here. He further contended that
the district court was required to impose this allegedly more
"lenient" penalty provision, rather than the one in effect at
the time the offenses occurred. The district court properly
rejected this analysis.1 Contrary to petitioner's view, the
1987 version of 841(b) actually contained more stringent
penalties, including enhanced prison sentences and terms of
supervised release. Applying that provision at sentencing
thus would have violated the ex post facto clause. We
explain briefly.
The various modifications that 841(b) underwent
between 1984 and 1987 have been exhaustively detailed
elsewhere, see, e.g., Gozlon-Peretz v. United States, 498
1. The district court did modify one aspect of the judgment sua sponte. Pursuant to Bifulco v. United States, 447 U.S.
381 (1980), it vacated the special parole term imposed for the cocaine conspiracy count.
-4-
U.S. 395, 399-403 (1991); Padilla Palacios v. United States,
932 F.2d 31, 32-33 (1st Cir. 1991) (per curiam); United
States v. Ocasio Figueroa, 898 F.2d 825, 826-28 (1st Cir.
1990), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 1001 (1993); United States v.
Ferryman, 897 F.2d 584, 586-88 (1st Cir.), cert. denied, 498
U.S. 830 (1990), and so need only be summarized here. Prior
to October 12, 1984, 841(b) mandated a three-year term of
special parole for cocaine offenses and a two-year term for
marijuana offenses. Between that date and October 27, 1986,
an anomalous situation existed. The statute imposed no
special parole term for large-scale offenses (e.g., those
involving one kilogram or more of cocaine), but retained such
sanctions for lesser offenses. Compare 21 U.S.C.
841(b)(1)(A) (Supp. 1984) with id. 841(b)(1)(B)-(C); see,
e.g., United States v. Santamaria, 788 F.2d 824, 829 (1st
Cir. 1986). Finally, it is now clear that the statute
requires a term of supervised release for all offenses
occurring on or after October 27, 1986 (not November 1, 1987,
as petitioner suggests). See, e.g., Gozlon-Peretz, 498 U.S.
at 409; United States v. Morris, 977 F.2d 677, 686 (1st Cir.
1992), cert. denied, 113 S. Ct. 1588 (1993). Both the 1984
and 1986 amendments, of course, also enhanced the prison
terms prescribed by 841(b).
Defendant is therefore mistaken in maintaining that the
statutory penalties existing prior to October 12, 1984 were
-5-
more stringent than those existing in 1987. Had he been
sentenced under the latter, he would have been exposed to
longer terms of imprisonment.2 And he would have been
subject to periods of supervised release at least equal to,
and (depending on the quantity of drugs involved) possibly
longer than, the earlier special parole terms--a fact he
overlooks entirely. It is thus clear that application of the
1987 penalties would have been impermissible. And, lastly,
petitioner's contention that the circumstances here are so
ambiguous as to warrant invoking the "rule of lenity" in his
favor is well off the mark. See, e.g., Gozlon-Peretz, 498
U.S. at 409-10; Ferryman, 897 F.2d at 591.3
2. Defendant suggests this would have posed no constitutional difficulties in light of the government's sentencing recommendations under the plea agreement. He ignores the fact that the district court was not required to accept those recommendations.
3. While we need not address the issue, we note that the second prong of petitioner's argument--that any reduction in criminal penalties must be applied retroactively, even absent any specific provision to that effect--appears equally problematic. See generally United States v. Jacobs, 919 F.2d
10 (3d Cir. 1990) (applying "saving statute," 1 U.S.C. 109, to find change in drug offense classification, which occurred between time of offense and time of sentencing and which would have rendered defendant eligible for probation, inapplicable), cert. denied, 111 S. Ct. 1333 (1991); Lerner
v. Gill, 751 F.2d 450, 456 (1st Cir.) (rejecting argument
that "a state must retroactively afford a prisoner the benefits of any less stringent legislation adopted after the crime"), cert. denied, 472 U.S. 1010 (1985). See also United
States v. Tarvers, 833 F.2d 1068, 1077 (1st Cir. 1987)
(upholding special parole term imposed under pre-1984 version of 841(b), even though sentencing occurred in 1985).
-6-
The same reasoning applies to the two offenses here that
occurred after October 12, 1984: count 14 (involving
distribution of cocaine on October 29, 1984), and count 15
(involving possession of marijuana with intent to distribute
on May 3, 1985). The penalty provisions applicable to these
offenses, 21 U.S.C. 841(b)(1)(B)-(C) (Supp. 1984), were
less stringent than those in effect in 1987. Moreover, the
1984 statute required special parole in both instances. Of
course, had count 14 involved a kilogram or more of cocaine
and thus fallen within the 1984 version of subsection
(b)(1)(A) rather than (b)(1)(B), no special parole would have
been warranted with respect thereto. Yet the district court
specifically determined that this offense was governed by
subsection (b)(1)(B) and petitioner has not challenged this
finding on appeal.
Affirmed.
-7-