Miller, Judge:
This action was by and against the parties as styled in the above caption, and tbe final judgment of nil capiat complained of, pronounced after verdict for defendant, set aside, and on motion of plaintiff, overruled, for leave to amend its declaration by substituting its correct name, The Kansas Flour Mills Company, a body corporate, trading as The King-man Mills, in the place of the name in the declaration.
The first point of error urged is that the circuit court, upon defendant’s motion, improperly quashed plaintiff’s statutory affidavit of the amount which it claimed it was entitled to recover in the action, and permitted defendant to plead to issue without having filed his counter-affidavit, as required by section 46, chapter 125 of the Code. As this statute is in derogation of the common law and designed to cut off defenses without compliance therewith, it should, according to well recognized rules of construction, be strictly construed, and strict compliance therewith required. The affidavit contains no caption showing the style of the action, nor does it show where the action was pending in which it was intended to be filed. The venue is laid in the ‘ ‘ State of Kansas, County of Kingman,” and is as follows:
[513]*513“This day E. F. Erbacher, personally appeared before me, Scott Williamson, a Notary Public in and for said county and state and being by me first duly sworn, deposes and says, that he is the manager of the Kingman Mills, a branch of the Kansas Flour Mills Company, a body corporate; that he is familiar with the facts involved in this case and with the books and accounts of his said company generally; that he is authorized by it to' make this affidavit; that there is as he verily believes due and unpaid to Ms said company, as aforesaid from the defendant, Noah C. Furner, including principal and interest, after deducting all credits, payments and sets-off made by the defendant and to which he ■ is entitled the sum of six hundred eighty six dollars and seventy cents ($686.70) that said sum is due, owing and unpaid.
E. F. ERBACHER.
“Taken, subscribed, sworn to and given under my notarial seal this 16 day of August, 1918.
SCOTT WILLIAMSON
Notary Public.”
By said section 46, the plaintiff, to cut off defenses without counter-affidavit, is required to swear that, “there is, as he verily believes, due and unpaid from the defendant to him upon the demand or demands stated in the declaration, including principal and interest, after deducting all payments, credits and sets-off made by the defendant, and to which he is entitled, a sum certain to be named in the affidavit.” It is apparent that the affidavit is not only wanting in identifying the action in which it-was intended to be filed, but that it omits the very important words of the statute, “due and unpaid from the defendant to him (it) upon the demand or demands stated in the declaration.” An affidavit which said “there is due him a certain sum” instead of “there is due and unpaid,” was held insufficient to call for judgment under the statute, by reason of the omission of the words “and unpaid”. Marstiller v. Ward, 52 W. Va. 74, approved in Hutton v. Holt, 52 W. Va. 672. The case of Vinson v. N. & W. Ry. Co., 37 W. Va. 598, holds fatally .defective an affidavit which omitted the words “after deducting all payments, credits and sets-off made by the defendant, and to which he is entitled.” In Virginia it was held that an affidavit was defective for failing to state the time from which plaintiff demanded interest. The [514]*514Merriam Company v. Thomas & Company., 103 Va. 24. Plaintiff’s affidavit in tbis case, we think, was fatally defective, and was properly quashed.
The next ground relied on for reversal is that the court, by its order entered on May 29, 1920, after having overruled it by a previous order, sustained defendant’s demurrer to plaintiff ’s declaration. And a third point, which may be considered with the second, is that after sustaining said demurrer, the court by the same order denied plaintiff the right to amend, already referred to. The second point presents the question whether the suit brought is in the name of any party plaintiff. It is said that “The Kingman Mills, a branch of the Kansas Flour Mills Company” is neither a natural person nor a corporation, capable of suing and being sued. Who is the plaintiff in this case? Is it not plainly the Kansas Flour Mills Company, a body corporate, owner of the King-man Mills branch of its business? How can there be any doubt or misunderstanding about this? We think the name of plaintiff as pleaded might, without any- violence to the rules of. practice prescribed by statute and recognized by general law, have been paraphrased so as to more correctly state its name, as for example, “The Kansas Flour Mills Company, a body corporate, The Kingman Mills Branch,” or “doing business as the Kingman Mills Branch,” or by simply omitting altogether the words, “The Kingman Mills Branch,” and specifically averring the fact of plaintiff’s ownership of the mills, and that the contract was made in that name and for its use and. benefit, followed by proof of the fact. Our opinion is that as stated in the writ and declaration the name pleaded did not in fact or in legal effect constitute a misnomer calling for amendment. In the case of Board of Education of Walton District, Roane County, v. Board of Trustees of Walton Lodge No. 132, I. O. O. F. 78 W. Va. 445, 447, the suit was upon a contract signed “Walton Lodge I. O. O. F. 132, by C. D. Moore, Its Agent,” whereas the defendant was described in the bill, “Board of Trustees of Walton Lodge No. 132, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, a corporation.” It was said that because the two names were not identical, they did not describe the same [515]*515corporation or entity. In that case Judge Williams says, at page 447: “ It does not follow that, because the two names are not identical, they do not describe the same corporation, or entity.” And in the same connection it is said: “The name signed to the contract may not be defendant’s strictly correct name; yet, if it contracted in that name, it is bound. A corporation, like a natural person, may contract in different names.” And quoting from cited cases it is further said: “A contract entered into by a corporation under an assumed name may be enforced by either of the parties, and the identity of the company may be established by the ordinary methods of proof.” Citing Marmet Company v. Archibald, 37 W. Va. 778; Culpepper Agri. & Mfg. Soc. v. Digges, 6 Rand. 165; National Bank v. Distilling Co., 41 W. Va. 530; Grafton Grocery Co. v. Home Brewing Co., 60 W. Va. 281; and Varney & Evans v. Lumber & Mfg. Co., 64 W. Va. 417. In the principal case it was held that the alleged variance could not be taken advantage of by demurrer, and that by •virtue of section 14 of chapter 125 of the Code, the error in names could be corrected by mere motion on affidavit stating the correct name.
Assuming in this case that the plaintiff was misnamed in the declaration, was the name correctable on motion? We think it was. We think the case falls clearly within the provisions of said section 14 of chapter 125, Code. In the more recent case of Duty v. C. & O. Ry. Co., 70 W. Va.
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Miller, Judge:
This action was by and against the parties as styled in the above caption, and tbe final judgment of nil capiat complained of, pronounced after verdict for defendant, set aside, and on motion of plaintiff, overruled, for leave to amend its declaration by substituting its correct name, The Kansas Flour Mills Company, a body corporate, trading as The King-man Mills, in the place of the name in the declaration.
The first point of error urged is that the circuit court, upon defendant’s motion, improperly quashed plaintiff’s statutory affidavit of the amount which it claimed it was entitled to recover in the action, and permitted defendant to plead to issue without having filed his counter-affidavit, as required by section 46, chapter 125 of the Code. As this statute is in derogation of the common law and designed to cut off defenses without compliance therewith, it should, according to well recognized rules of construction, be strictly construed, and strict compliance therewith required. The affidavit contains no caption showing the style of the action, nor does it show where the action was pending in which it was intended to be filed. The venue is laid in the ‘ ‘ State of Kansas, County of Kingman,” and is as follows:
[513]*513“This day E. F. Erbacher, personally appeared before me, Scott Williamson, a Notary Public in and for said county and state and being by me first duly sworn, deposes and says, that he is the manager of the Kingman Mills, a branch of the Kansas Flour Mills Company, a body corporate; that he is familiar with the facts involved in this case and with the books and accounts of his said company generally; that he is authorized by it to' make this affidavit; that there is as he verily believes due and unpaid to Ms said company, as aforesaid from the defendant, Noah C. Furner, including principal and interest, after deducting all credits, payments and sets-off made by the defendant and to which he ■ is entitled the sum of six hundred eighty six dollars and seventy cents ($686.70) that said sum is due, owing and unpaid.
E. F. ERBACHER.
“Taken, subscribed, sworn to and given under my notarial seal this 16 day of August, 1918.
SCOTT WILLIAMSON
Notary Public.”
By said section 46, the plaintiff, to cut off defenses without counter-affidavit, is required to swear that, “there is, as he verily believes, due and unpaid from the defendant to him upon the demand or demands stated in the declaration, including principal and interest, after deducting all payments, credits and sets-off made by the defendant, and to which he is entitled, a sum certain to be named in the affidavit.” It is apparent that the affidavit is not only wanting in identifying the action in which it-was intended to be filed, but that it omits the very important words of the statute, “due and unpaid from the defendant to him (it) upon the demand or demands stated in the declaration.” An affidavit which said “there is due him a certain sum” instead of “there is due and unpaid,” was held insufficient to call for judgment under the statute, by reason of the omission of the words “and unpaid”. Marstiller v. Ward, 52 W. Va. 74, approved in Hutton v. Holt, 52 W. Va. 672. The case of Vinson v. N. & W. Ry. Co., 37 W. Va. 598, holds fatally .defective an affidavit which omitted the words “after deducting all payments, credits and sets-off made by the defendant, and to which he is entitled.” In Virginia it was held that an affidavit was defective for failing to state the time from which plaintiff demanded interest. The [514]*514Merriam Company v. Thomas & Company., 103 Va. 24. Plaintiff’s affidavit in tbis case, we think, was fatally defective, and was properly quashed.
The next ground relied on for reversal is that the court, by its order entered on May 29, 1920, after having overruled it by a previous order, sustained defendant’s demurrer to plaintiff ’s declaration. And a third point, which may be considered with the second, is that after sustaining said demurrer, the court by the same order denied plaintiff the right to amend, already referred to. The second point presents the question whether the suit brought is in the name of any party plaintiff. It is said that “The Kingman Mills, a branch of the Kansas Flour Mills Company” is neither a natural person nor a corporation, capable of suing and being sued. Who is the plaintiff in this case? Is it not plainly the Kansas Flour Mills Company, a body corporate, owner of the King-man Mills branch of its business? How can there be any doubt or misunderstanding about this? We think the name of plaintiff as pleaded might, without any- violence to the rules of. practice prescribed by statute and recognized by general law, have been paraphrased so as to more correctly state its name, as for example, “The Kansas Flour Mills Company, a body corporate, The Kingman Mills Branch,” or “doing business as the Kingman Mills Branch,” or by simply omitting altogether the words, “The Kingman Mills Branch,” and specifically averring the fact of plaintiff’s ownership of the mills, and that the contract was made in that name and for its use and. benefit, followed by proof of the fact. Our opinion is that as stated in the writ and declaration the name pleaded did not in fact or in legal effect constitute a misnomer calling for amendment. In the case of Board of Education of Walton District, Roane County, v. Board of Trustees of Walton Lodge No. 132, I. O. O. F. 78 W. Va. 445, 447, the suit was upon a contract signed “Walton Lodge I. O. O. F. 132, by C. D. Moore, Its Agent,” whereas the defendant was described in the bill, “Board of Trustees of Walton Lodge No. 132, Independent Order of Odd Fellows, a corporation.” It was said that because the two names were not identical, they did not describe the same [515]*515corporation or entity. In that case Judge Williams says, at page 447: “ It does not follow that, because the two names are not identical, they do not describe the same corporation, or entity.” And in the same connection it is said: “The name signed to the contract may not be defendant’s strictly correct name; yet, if it contracted in that name, it is bound. A corporation, like a natural person, may contract in different names.” And quoting from cited cases it is further said: “A contract entered into by a corporation under an assumed name may be enforced by either of the parties, and the identity of the company may be established by the ordinary methods of proof.” Citing Marmet Company v. Archibald, 37 W. Va. 778; Culpepper Agri. & Mfg. Soc. v. Digges, 6 Rand. 165; National Bank v. Distilling Co., 41 W. Va. 530; Grafton Grocery Co. v. Home Brewing Co., 60 W. Va. 281; and Varney & Evans v. Lumber & Mfg. Co., 64 W. Va. 417. In the principal case it was held that the alleged variance could not be taken advantage of by demurrer, and that by •virtue of section 14 of chapter 125 of the Code, the error in names could be corrected by mere motion on affidavit stating the correct name.
Assuming in this case that the plaintiff was misnamed in the declaration, was the name correctable on motion? We think it was. We think the case falls clearly within the provisions of said section 14 of chapter 125, Code. In the more recent case of Duty v. C. & O. Ry. Co., 70 W. Va. 14, we decided that the name of the defendant described in the declaration as a corporation under the laws of a different State than the one described in the declaration, when the right one had been intended and served with process, might be corrected by motion under the statute.
Cases from other jurisdictions where similar statutes were involved are substantially in accord with our decisions. In Bank of Havana v. Magee, 20 N. Y. 355, it was held that the prosecution of a suit by an individual banker in a name importing a corporate character, under which he carried on business, was a merely formal error amendable in the court of original jurisdiction and to be disregarded in the appellate court, and that where the plaintiff miscalls himself by a name [516]*516which represents no person, natural or artificial, the remedy is by motion and not by demurrer or answer. In Barber v. Smith, 41 Mich. 138, 144-5, it was decided that this remedy by amendment was properly applied in an attachment suit. In that case the distinction was drawn between a case where the suit is in a partnership name without naming the individuals composing it, as was that case, and cases like Smith v. Canfield, 8 Mich. 493. In the latter case, however, the court withheld its opinion whether the writ was a nullity in a sense excluding all possibility of making anything valid out of it by admissions or amendment. In Morgridge and Merrick v. Stoeffer, 14 N. D. 430, where the statute is quite similar to our own, the court decided that a summons which contained only the ’ partnership name, was not a nullity, but might be amended by inserting the name of each partner. A similar holding is found in Kleinert v. Knoop, 147 Mich. 387, which decided that a petition in the name of Fursternberg Bros, might be amended by setting out the names of the persons composing the firm. In Morrison & Co. v. Tate, 1 Metcalf, (Ky.), 569, the suit was in the name of A. J. Morrison & Co. It did not appear from the petition whether or not the plaintiff was a firm composed of more than one person. If it was, the court said it devolved upon defendant to show it, and that he then could have compelled an amendment. In Loewenberg v. Gilliam, 72 Ark. 314, we find a like holding in a suit in partnership name where the names of the individual partners were not set out in the writ or pleadings.
A case or two may be found which may not be in accord with our decisions and those cases cited from other states. For example, we find the case of Proprietors of Mexican Mills v. Yellow Jacket Silver Mining Company, 4 Nev. 40, where, in construing the statute relating to the amendment of pleadings, the court held it to be inapplicable to cases where no person, natural or artificial, is named as plaintiff. In the case here an artificial person is named as plaintiff, namely, the Kansas Flour Mills Company; and the motion for leave ,to amend the declaration falls clearly within the meaning and intent of our statute. Of course the party plaintiff or defendant must be capable of suing and being sued. Asso-[517]*517eiations of individuals not incorporated can not sue or defend in the name of the association. St. Paul Typothetae v. St. Paul Bookbinders’ Union, 94 Minn. 351; Detroit Schuetzen Bund v. Detroit Agitations Verein, 44 Mich. 313; Simpson and Smith v. International Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, 83 W. Va. 355. In the latter case we held, however, that a corporation contracting under an assumed name may be sued by such name and is estopped to deny its existence for the purposes of the litigation, though proof of the incorporation of the individuals so contracting is essential to the maintenance of the suit. A steamboat, hotel, toll-gate or racehorse, though having a name, and to which notes or other obligations may be made, .may not sue, but suit thereon may be maintained in the names of the real parties in interest. Steamboat Pembinaw and Owner v. Wilson, 11 Iowa Rep. 479. So in the. case at bar, the Kingman Mills, not a corporation, but a branch of the real plaintiff named in the declaration, may not be competent to sue, but its owner is competent to sue; and the Kansas Flour Mills Company, named as the real owner, is a corporate entity and competent to maintain the suit in the name of the non-entity which it owned .and controlled, if it elected to do so. The case of Western & Atlantic Railroad Company v. Dalton Marble Works et al., 122 Ga. 774, we do not regard as being in conflict with the views herein' expressed, for that case holds that though a suit can be •maintained only in the name of a natural or artificial person capable of suing, nevertheless it holds that if a corporation suing fails to fully or correctly describe its legal entity, it may amend by setting out in the pleading its correct name, distinguishing that class of eases from others cited and relied on by counsel. The case of Lilly v. Tobbein, 103 Mo. 477, 23 Am. St. Rep. 887, an action to upset a will, was commenced in the name of an unincorporated church society, and it was decided that members of such church suing in their own behalf as well as in behalf of all the members, might be substituted as plaintiffs by an amended petition.
Upon the authority of the foregoing decisions, and upon our statute properly construed, we think the court erred, not only in sustaining the defendant’s demurrer to the declaration, but [518]*518also in overruling plaintiff’s motion to amend according to tbe fact then appearing by depositions filed in the case, though in our opinion no amendment of the declaration was actually necessary.
The only other error assigned which may be considered is the giving of defendant’s instruction number eight. This instruction is no part of the record of the case by any order or bill of exception, and though copied in the brief of defendant’s counsel, can not be considered. The case was finally disposed of by the judgment of nil capiat on May 29, 1920, before the act of April 15, 1921, Acts 1921, Chapter 68, became effective. It can be.given no retroactive effect.
Our conclusion is to reverse the judgment, and grant the plaintiff a new trial.
Reversed and remanded.