Mr-. Justice Sinnoxs,
of tlie Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, who sat with the Court in the hearing and determination of the appeal, in the place of Mr. .Justice Van Oksdel, delivered the opinion of the Court:
After tlie trial court had indicated its intention to grant the defendant's motion for a directed verdict, the plaintiff sought leave and offered to prove that at tlie time the defendant notified him to deliver no more materials he had already delivered on said “order” material amounting to $1,469.50 in value, but on defendant's objection “that the evidence was not admissible under the plaintiff's theory of the case,5" the objection was sustained, and to this action of the court the plaintiff reserved 1ns first exception.
There was no error in the ruling. It is clear that the evidence was not admissible under the first two counts of the declaration upon which recovery was sought for the balance of a fixed, definid' sum contracted to be paid by the defendant, to the plaintiff in staff'd instalments, the plaintiff having completed the contract on his part to bo performed, while the excluded evidence tended only to establish a claim as for a, quantum valebant. To admit the evidence under either of those counts would be to violate old and settled rules of the law of pleading, founded on common sense and the requirements at least of an orderly procedure in the presentation and trial of common-law actions.
Was the evidence admissible under the third count of the declaration i It would have' been but for the plaintiff's own action in restricting his claim thereunder to the character of demand appearing in the annexed bill of particulars, which, as has already been noted, is a copy of the contract or order which is tin;-basis of the first two counts of the declaration. •
“The effect of a bill of particulars,” declared this court in American Secur. & T. Co. v. Kaveney, 39 App. D. C. 223, 226, “is to limit the plaintiff’s demand, and restrict his proof to the. subject-matters specified.” And see Columbus v. Sheehy, 43 App. D. C. 462, 466; Decker v. Lightfoot, 44 App. D. C. 45, 48; Gray v. Ward, 45 App. D. C. 498, 500.
[320]*320Examining the contract it is at once seen to be an obligation of the defendant to pay to the order of the plaintiff “for mill-work, to complete those fifteen two-story dwellings on Church St. between 17th and 18th Sts., N. W., now recorded in the name of Thos. R. Riley, the sum of two thousand fifty dollars * * $2}050. Partial payments to be made as materials are delivered, as follows:” There then follow the itemized 'payments in various amounts, ranging from $135, the lowest, to $570, the highest; these payments to be made, as stated, as materials were delivered. To justify the admission of the excluded testimony, it would be necessary to distort this express contract to pay the sum of $2,050 into a state of facts from which the law would imply an obligation to pay the reasonable value of some of the material delivered; not the total of several of the instalment payments even, but an odd amount, $1,469.50, the value of material, it is claimed by the plaintiff, which had been delivered at the time the defendant notified him to deliver no more. Unless wo arc prepared to break down the distinctions between express and implied contracts, between special and general assumpsit, we cannot give our assent to the contentions urged by the appellant in behalf of the excluded evidence. This wc must decline to do.
There is another reason why we should not disturb the action of the trial court in this particular. The excluded evidence was not offered until after the plaintiff had closed his case in chief, the defendant had moved for a directed verdict, and the court had indicated its purpose to grant the motion. Under such circumstances, unless it is obvious that there has been such ah abuse of the judicial discretion in refusing to admit the evidence that there is likely to result a miscarriage of justice, an appellate court should not interfere. Olmstead v. Webb, 5 App. D. C. 38, 57. No such situation is presented by the record.
This brings us to a consideration of the second and remaining exception. At the conclusion of the plaintiff’s ease, the defendant moved the court to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the defendant, and this motion was granted. To this action, this exception was reserved. The basis of the motion [321]*321was that it appeared that ilie contract .sued upon had been renounced, repudiated, and canceled by the defendant prior to its completion by the plaintiff, thus constituting a breach by the defendant, unless there was some legal justification for his act of repudiation; and that as the plaintiff’s action was for the recovery of a stipulated amount to be paid by the defendant on the completion of the contract by the plaintiff, he could not be permitted to prevail where it was clear that the injury he had suffered was for a breach or violation of the contract by the defendant.
As has been pointed out, the parties went to trial on the issue of renunciation and repudiation by the defendant as set up in his fourth and fifth pleas; and it is clear from the plaintiff’s evidence that he had been informed on or about November 24, 1912, of the renunciation and repudiation, and of the direction by the defendant to deliver no more material under the order, as the defendant would not he responsible therefor; but he nevertheless continued to deliver the mal erial until he had delivered all, as he claims, that was called for by the contract.
On cross-examination, after stating the communication that had been made to him that he was not to deliver any more material, and that the defendant would not be responsible under the order from the time that the communication was made to the plaintiff, he was asked these questions:
Q. For anv material that was vet to be delivered ?
A. Yes.
Q. And yet after lie insisted on that, you continued to deliver the material Í
Q. .And that is the material for which-you are suing in this ease ?
Therefore, the fact is uncontroverted that, though the plaintiff had been notified by the defendant not to deliver any more of the material, and that lie Avon Id not be responsible fdr any more material, yet the plaintiff persisted in continuing delivery until he had delivered all that avrs called for under the [322]*322contract, and then brings bis suit on the theory that he had completed the contract so far as he was concerned, and was entitled to the full amount of the stipulated consideration.
Under such a contract as we. have before, us, the plaintiff’ could not legally do this. Of course, when the defendant undertook to commit a breach of flic contract, he exposed, himself to an action for damages by the plaintiff for the breach. This, indeed, is conceded by the defendant; but it is not such a contract as would permit the plaintiff to disregard the repudiation by the defendant, go on and complete it so far as he was concerned, and demand that the defendant be required to perform it on his part.
The. plaintiff, in his brief and in the oral argument of his counsel, undertook to maintain that the contract had at least this.
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Mr-. Justice Sinnoxs,
of tlie Supreme Court of the District of Columbia, who sat with the Court in the hearing and determination of the appeal, in the place of Mr. .Justice Van Oksdel, delivered the opinion of the Court:
After tlie trial court had indicated its intention to grant the defendant's motion for a directed verdict, the plaintiff sought leave and offered to prove that at tlie time the defendant notified him to deliver no more materials he had already delivered on said “order” material amounting to $1,469.50 in value, but on defendant's objection “that the evidence was not admissible under the plaintiff's theory of the case,5" the objection was sustained, and to this action of the court the plaintiff reserved 1ns first exception.
There was no error in the ruling. It is clear that the evidence was not admissible under the first two counts of the declaration upon which recovery was sought for the balance of a fixed, definid' sum contracted to be paid by the defendant, to the plaintiff in staff'd instalments, the plaintiff having completed the contract on his part to bo performed, while the excluded evidence tended only to establish a claim as for a, quantum valebant. To admit the evidence under either of those counts would be to violate old and settled rules of the law of pleading, founded on common sense and the requirements at least of an orderly procedure in the presentation and trial of common-law actions.
Was the evidence admissible under the third count of the declaration i It would have' been but for the plaintiff's own action in restricting his claim thereunder to the character of demand appearing in the annexed bill of particulars, which, as has already been noted, is a copy of the contract or order which is tin;-basis of the first two counts of the declaration. •
“The effect of a bill of particulars,” declared this court in American Secur. & T. Co. v. Kaveney, 39 App. D. C. 223, 226, “is to limit the plaintiff’s demand, and restrict his proof to the. subject-matters specified.” And see Columbus v. Sheehy, 43 App. D. C. 462, 466; Decker v. Lightfoot, 44 App. D. C. 45, 48; Gray v. Ward, 45 App. D. C. 498, 500.
[320]*320Examining the contract it is at once seen to be an obligation of the defendant to pay to the order of the plaintiff “for mill-work, to complete those fifteen two-story dwellings on Church St. between 17th and 18th Sts., N. W., now recorded in the name of Thos. R. Riley, the sum of two thousand fifty dollars * * $2}050. Partial payments to be made as materials are delivered, as follows:” There then follow the itemized 'payments in various amounts, ranging from $135, the lowest, to $570, the highest; these payments to be made, as stated, as materials were delivered. To justify the admission of the excluded testimony, it would be necessary to distort this express contract to pay the sum of $2,050 into a state of facts from which the law would imply an obligation to pay the reasonable value of some of the material delivered; not the total of several of the instalment payments even, but an odd amount, $1,469.50, the value of material, it is claimed by the plaintiff, which had been delivered at the time the defendant notified him to deliver no more. Unless wo arc prepared to break down the distinctions between express and implied contracts, between special and general assumpsit, we cannot give our assent to the contentions urged by the appellant in behalf of the excluded evidence. This wc must decline to do.
There is another reason why we should not disturb the action of the trial court in this particular. The excluded evidence was not offered until after the plaintiff had closed his case in chief, the defendant had moved for a directed verdict, and the court had indicated its purpose to grant the motion. Under such circumstances, unless it is obvious that there has been such ah abuse of the judicial discretion in refusing to admit the evidence that there is likely to result a miscarriage of justice, an appellate court should not interfere. Olmstead v. Webb, 5 App. D. C. 38, 57. No such situation is presented by the record.
This brings us to a consideration of the second and remaining exception. At the conclusion of the plaintiff’s ease, the defendant moved the court to instruct the jury to return a verdict for the defendant, and this motion was granted. To this action, this exception was reserved. The basis of the motion [321]*321was that it appeared that ilie contract .sued upon had been renounced, repudiated, and canceled by the defendant prior to its completion by the plaintiff, thus constituting a breach by the defendant, unless there was some legal justification for his act of repudiation; and that as the plaintiff’s action was for the recovery of a stipulated amount to be paid by the defendant on the completion of the contract by the plaintiff, he could not be permitted to prevail where it was clear that the injury he had suffered was for a breach or violation of the contract by the defendant.
As has been pointed out, the parties went to trial on the issue of renunciation and repudiation by the defendant as set up in his fourth and fifth pleas; and it is clear from the plaintiff’s evidence that he had been informed on or about November 24, 1912, of the renunciation and repudiation, and of the direction by the defendant to deliver no more material under the order, as the defendant would not he responsible therefor; but he nevertheless continued to deliver the mal erial until he had delivered all, as he claims, that was called for by the contract.
On cross-examination, after stating the communication that had been made to him that he was not to deliver any more material, and that the defendant would not be responsible under the order from the time that the communication was made to the plaintiff, he was asked these questions:
Q. For anv material that was vet to be delivered ?
A. Yes.
Q. And yet after lie insisted on that, you continued to deliver the material Í
Q. .And that is the material for which-you are suing in this ease ?
Therefore, the fact is uncontroverted that, though the plaintiff had been notified by the defendant not to deliver any more of the material, and that lie Avon Id not be responsible fdr any more material, yet the plaintiff persisted in continuing delivery until he had delivered all that avrs called for under the [322]*322contract, and then brings bis suit on the theory that he had completed the contract so far as he was concerned, and was entitled to the full amount of the stipulated consideration.
Under such a contract as we. have before, us, the plaintiff’ could not legally do this. Of course, when the defendant undertook to commit a breach of flic contract, he exposed, himself to an action for damages by the plaintiff for the breach. This, indeed, is conceded by the defendant; but it is not such a contract as would permit the plaintiff to disregard the repudiation by the defendant, go on and complete it so far as he was concerned, and demand that the defendant be required to perform it on his part.
The. plaintiff, in his brief and in the oral argument of his counsel, undertook to maintain that the contract had at least this. characteristic of a bill of exchange, — that having been accepted by the drawee, the acceptor could not thereafter undertake to breach his obligation or contract. He disclaims the idea that the contract is a bill of exchange, and it clearly is not. The law merchant, in-its jealous regard for the rights of the bona fide holders for value*, holds parties to such an instrument, to a strict performance of their obligations in actions brought, upon them by bona fide holders for value; and it is correct enough to say that, as against a bona fide holder for value, an acceptor would not be permitted to repudiate his acceptance.
The legal power to repudiate such a contract as the one before us is, we think, well settled,- both on principle and authority, of course leaving the party so repudiating subject to a demand for damages for the breach. 6 R. C. L. 1029, 1030; United States v. Behan, 110 U. S. 338, 28 L. ed. 168, 4 Sup. Ct. Rep. 81; Roehm v. Horst, 178 U. S. 1, 44 L. ed. 953, 20 Sup. Ct. Rep. 780; Clark v. Marsiglia, 1 Denio, 317, 43 Am. Dec. 670; Newhall v. Clark, 3 Cush. 376, 50 Am. Dec. 741.
Finding no error in the record, the judgment appealed from must be affirmed, with costs to the appellee. A firmed.
A motion for reargument was denied March 16, 1918.