STONE, J.
— McMath, as the agent of King, on the 8th day of May, 1878, made a contract with Reynolds, by which he let to him for the residue of that year, a piece of grass or meadow land, on agreed terms of rent, with which Reynolds complied. It is not denied that McMath had authority from King to make the lease. Reynolds did not obtain possession of the premises, and the present suit is brought to recover of King, damages for failing to deliver possession to Reynolds, the tenant. The complaint alleges that by" the terms of the lease, King bound himself to put the tenant-in possession. It was not shown that the contract of letting was in writing, [231]*231and the averment stated above was not proved, as matter of fact. , When Beynolds sought to obtain possession under his lease, Shortridge, a third party, disputed his right to take possession, claimed that he himself was the agent of King, and in possession, and, by threats, kept Beynolds out of possession, and occupied himself. To this extent there is no conflict in the testimony. There was conflict on two questions, first: Whether, at the time McMath gave the lease to' Beynolds, such third party was in possession of the premises, and, second : Whether he was then the agent of King, .as to this piece of land. The sole, question raised by this record is : Whether it was the duty of the lessor, King, to put Beynolds in possession, or, was it the duty of the iatter to take steps to obtain the possession. It is claimed for appellee that this duty rested on King, as one oi the implied stipulations in the contract of letting.
The rulings on this question are irreconcilable. The English decisions are, that “he who lets, agrees to give possession, and not merely to give a chance of a law suit; and the breach assigned being, that the defendant did not give the plaintiff possession,” it was held that an action could be maintained by the lessee against the lessor.— Coe v. Clay, 5 Bingham, 440. In. that case the letting was by unwritten contract, the tenancy to commence presently. A prior tenant held over, and the lessee failed to obtain possession. The same ruling was made in the Exchequer Chamber, 11 Excheq. 775. The English decisions have been followed in Missouri. L’Hussier v. Zallec, 24 Mo. 13; Hughes v. Hood, 50 Mo. 350. Against this ruling will be found a majority of American decisions, commencing with Gardner v. Keteltas, 3 Hill (N. Y.) 330. ‘ In that case the lessee failed to obtain possession, by reason that the former tenant held over. The court said : “I admit the covenant of quiet enjoyment means to ensure to the lessee a legal right to enter and enjoy the premises, and if he is prevented from entering into the possession by a person already in, under a paramount title, the action may be sustained. * * But, if the party holding is a wrongdoer, the remedy of the lessee is as perfect and effectual to dispossess him after, as that of the lessor was before, the execution of the lease. * * Upon the well settled construction of covenants of title and quiet enjoyment, it is not the duty of the landlord, when the demised premises are wrongfully held by a third person, to take the necessary steps to put his lessee into possession.” Gramiss v. Clark, 8 Con. 36, and Lawrence v. French, 25 Wend. 443, are cited, but nothing decided in them' sheds any light on the question we are discussing. Neither does Hokes' Case, 4 Rep. 80. Pen[232]*232dergrast v. Young, 21 N. H. 234, states this principle, referring to Gardner v. Keteltas, supra, but it is pure dictum. Sigmund v. Howard Bank, 29 Md. 324; Underwood v. Birchard, 47 Vt. 305; and Gazzelo v. Chambers, 73 Ill. 75, all follow the ease in 3 Hill, and cite it as their authority. The older case of Cozzens v. Stevenson, 5 Serg. & R. 421, had asserted the same doctrine, and Taylor, “Landlord and Tenant,” § 312, quotes from the case of Gardner v. Keteltas, and approves it, as the Ameiican doctrine, while admitting the English doctrine to be different.
With all due respect for the eminent jurists by whom the decisions in 5 Serg. & R., and in 3 Hill, were pronounced, it appears to us that in one phase of the question the argument is faulty. The principle applicable to the case of the lessee’s eviction by the lessor himself, or, by a title paramount to that of the lessor, certainly rests on impregnable grounds. Such eviction is a breach of the implied covenant in every lease in general terms, for quiet enjoyment, and, at once, bars the lessor’s right to recover rent, and confers on the lessee a right of action, for the lessor’s breach of covenant. And when the lessee can not maintain his possession, in consequence of the lessor’s want of title to uphold his, the lessee’s possession, the latter need not wait for eviction, but may yield possession, and sue his lessor for the breach — he taking on himself the onus of proving the inability of the lessor to protect his possession by a valid title. And so, when there is no impediment to the possession, at the time fixed by the terms of the lease for the lessee to take possession, it is no breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment, if a trespasser without title subsequently enter and evict the lessee in whole or in part. The lessee must meet- such intrusions as that. But how about the implications at the time — the very moment — fixed by the terms of the lease for -the lessee to take possession ? Who is responsible if there is a trespasser, or tenant holding over, then in possession? Must the lessor clear the possession, or is this duty cast on the lessee ? This question we do not understand to be fairly met in the following authorities : 1 Washb. Real Prop. 427, (325); Moore v. Weber, 71 Penn. St. 429. In Indiana, the implications are, that it is the duty of the lessor to deliver possession. — Spencer v. Burton, 5 Blackf. 57; Clark v. Butt, 26 Ind. 236. In Illinois — 73 Ill. 75 ; in New York, Gardner v. Keteltas, 3 Hill 330 — it would seem they have statutes authorizing a lessee to dispossess a trespasser found in possession, or tenant holding over, by summary remedy. In this State, no statute exists by which a tenant, not having had prior possession, can evict such intruder by summary proceeding. The lessor, [233]*233in such case, could invoke our summary remedy. — Code of 1876,•§§ 3696-7, et seq. Such actions lie for unauthorized'! disturbances of prior actual possessions, and title can not be inquired into.
The authorities being in conflict, how does this question stand on principle? As was. said in Coe v. Clay, 5 Bing. 440 — decided long before Gardner v. Keteltas was — one who accepts a lease, expects to enjoy the property, not a mere chance of a law suit. A lease for a year, or term of years, is not a freehold. It is a chattel interest. The prime motive of the contract is, that the lessee shall have possession ; as much so, as if a chattel were the subject of the purchase. Delivery is one of the elements of every executed contract. When a chattel is sold, the thing itself is delivered. When realty is the subject, still there must be livery of seizin. Formerly, parties went upon the land, and there symbolical delivery was perfected. Now, the delivery of the deed takes the place of this symbolical delivery. Still, it implies that the purchaser shall have possession ; and without it, it would seem the covenant for quiet enjoyment is broken.
Free access — add to your briefcase to read the full text and ask questions with AI
STONE, J.
— McMath, as the agent of King, on the 8th day of May, 1878, made a contract with Reynolds, by which he let to him for the residue of that year, a piece of grass or meadow land, on agreed terms of rent, with which Reynolds complied. It is not denied that McMath had authority from King to make the lease. Reynolds did not obtain possession of the premises, and the present suit is brought to recover of King, damages for failing to deliver possession to Reynolds, the tenant. The complaint alleges that by" the terms of the lease, King bound himself to put the tenant-in possession. It was not shown that the contract of letting was in writing, [231]*231and the averment stated above was not proved, as matter of fact. , When Beynolds sought to obtain possession under his lease, Shortridge, a third party, disputed his right to take possession, claimed that he himself was the agent of King, and in possession, and, by threats, kept Beynolds out of possession, and occupied himself. To this extent there is no conflict in the testimony. There was conflict on two questions, first: Whether, at the time McMath gave the lease to' Beynolds, such third party was in possession of the premises, and, second : Whether he was then the agent of King, .as to this piece of land. The sole, question raised by this record is : Whether it was the duty of the lessor, King, to put Beynolds in possession, or, was it the duty of the iatter to take steps to obtain the possession. It is claimed for appellee that this duty rested on King, as one oi the implied stipulations in the contract of letting.
The rulings on this question are irreconcilable. The English decisions are, that “he who lets, agrees to give possession, and not merely to give a chance of a law suit; and the breach assigned being, that the defendant did not give the plaintiff possession,” it was held that an action could be maintained by the lessee against the lessor.— Coe v. Clay, 5 Bingham, 440. In. that case the letting was by unwritten contract, the tenancy to commence presently. A prior tenant held over, and the lessee failed to obtain possession. The same ruling was made in the Exchequer Chamber, 11 Excheq. 775. The English decisions have been followed in Missouri. L’Hussier v. Zallec, 24 Mo. 13; Hughes v. Hood, 50 Mo. 350. Against this ruling will be found a majority of American decisions, commencing with Gardner v. Keteltas, 3 Hill (N. Y.) 330. ‘ In that case the lessee failed to obtain possession, by reason that the former tenant held over. The court said : “I admit the covenant of quiet enjoyment means to ensure to the lessee a legal right to enter and enjoy the premises, and if he is prevented from entering into the possession by a person already in, under a paramount title, the action may be sustained. * * But, if the party holding is a wrongdoer, the remedy of the lessee is as perfect and effectual to dispossess him after, as that of the lessor was before, the execution of the lease. * * Upon the well settled construction of covenants of title and quiet enjoyment, it is not the duty of the landlord, when the demised premises are wrongfully held by a third person, to take the necessary steps to put his lessee into possession.” Gramiss v. Clark, 8 Con. 36, and Lawrence v. French, 25 Wend. 443, are cited, but nothing decided in them' sheds any light on the question we are discussing. Neither does Hokes' Case, 4 Rep. 80. Pen[232]*232dergrast v. Young, 21 N. H. 234, states this principle, referring to Gardner v. Keteltas, supra, but it is pure dictum. Sigmund v. Howard Bank, 29 Md. 324; Underwood v. Birchard, 47 Vt. 305; and Gazzelo v. Chambers, 73 Ill. 75, all follow the ease in 3 Hill, and cite it as their authority. The older case of Cozzens v. Stevenson, 5 Serg. & R. 421, had asserted the same doctrine, and Taylor, “Landlord and Tenant,” § 312, quotes from the case of Gardner v. Keteltas, and approves it, as the Ameiican doctrine, while admitting the English doctrine to be different.
With all due respect for the eminent jurists by whom the decisions in 5 Serg. & R., and in 3 Hill, were pronounced, it appears to us that in one phase of the question the argument is faulty. The principle applicable to the case of the lessee’s eviction by the lessor himself, or, by a title paramount to that of the lessor, certainly rests on impregnable grounds. Such eviction is a breach of the implied covenant in every lease in general terms, for quiet enjoyment, and, at once, bars the lessor’s right to recover rent, and confers on the lessee a right of action, for the lessor’s breach of covenant. And when the lessee can not maintain his possession, in consequence of the lessor’s want of title to uphold his, the lessee’s possession, the latter need not wait for eviction, but may yield possession, and sue his lessor for the breach — he taking on himself the onus of proving the inability of the lessor to protect his possession by a valid title. And so, when there is no impediment to the possession, at the time fixed by the terms of the lease for the lessee to take possession, it is no breach of the covenant of quiet enjoyment, if a trespasser without title subsequently enter and evict the lessee in whole or in part. The lessee must meet- such intrusions as that. But how about the implications at the time — the very moment — fixed by the terms of the lease for -the lessee to take possession ? Who is responsible if there is a trespasser, or tenant holding over, then in possession? Must the lessor clear the possession, or is this duty cast on the lessee ? This question we do not understand to be fairly met in the following authorities : 1 Washb. Real Prop. 427, (325); Moore v. Weber, 71 Penn. St. 429. In Indiana, the implications are, that it is the duty of the lessor to deliver possession. — Spencer v. Burton, 5 Blackf. 57; Clark v. Butt, 26 Ind. 236. In Illinois — 73 Ill. 75 ; in New York, Gardner v. Keteltas, 3 Hill 330 — it would seem they have statutes authorizing a lessee to dispossess a trespasser found in possession, or tenant holding over, by summary remedy. In this State, no statute exists by which a tenant, not having had prior possession, can evict such intruder by summary proceeding. The lessor, [233]*233in such case, could invoke our summary remedy. — Code of 1876,•§§ 3696-7, et seq. Such actions lie for unauthorized'! disturbances of prior actual possessions, and title can not be inquired into.
The authorities being in conflict, how does this question stand on principle? As was. said in Coe v. Clay, 5 Bing. 440 — decided long before Gardner v. Keteltas was — one who accepts a lease, expects to enjoy the property, not a mere chance of a law suit. A lease for a year, or term of years, is not a freehold. It is a chattel interest. The prime motive of the contract is, that the lessee shall have possession ; as much so, as if a chattel were the subject of the purchase. Delivery is one of the elements of every executed contract. When a chattel is sold, the thing itself is delivered. When realty is the subject, still there must be livery of seizin. Formerly, parties went upon the land, and there symbolical delivery was perfected. Now, the delivery of the deed takes the place of this symbolical delivery. Still, it implies that the purchaser shall have possession ; and without it, it would seem the covenant for quiet enjoyment is broken. Up to the time the lessee is entitled to possession under the lease, the lessor is the owner of the larger estate, out of which the leasehold is carved, and ownership draws to it the possession,. unless some one else is in actual possession. The moment the lessor’s right of possession ceases by virtue of the lease, that moment the lessee’s right of possession begins. There is no appreciable interval between them, and, hence, there can be no interregnum, or neutral ground between the two attaching rights of possession, for a trespasser to step in and occupy. If there be actual, tortious occupancy, when the transition moment comes, then it is a trespass or wrong_ done to the lessor’s possession. If the trespass or intrusion have its beginning after this, then it is a trespass or wrong done to the lessee’s possession ; for the right and title to the property being then in the lessee for a term, it draws to it the possession, unless there is another in the actual possession. —Taylor, Landlord and Tenant, §§ 14-15 ; 3 Wash. Real Prop. 117-18.
We hold that when there is a contract of lease, and no stipulations to the contrary, there is an implied covenant on the part of the lessor, that when the time comes for the lessee to take possession under the lease, according to the terms of the contract, the premises shall be open to his entry. In other words, that there shall then be no impediment to his taking possession. But this implied covenant or agreement does not extend beyond that time. If, after the time when the lessee is entitled to have the possession, according to the [234]*234terms of the contract, a stranger trespass on, or take possession and hold, this is a wrong done to the lessee, for which the lessor is in no way responsible. And this is the rule, whether the trespass is committed before or after the lessee obtains actual possession. The lessor’s covenant extends no farther than to guaranty he had authority to make the lease, and that the premises will be open for occupancy, when the contract gives to the lessee the right to enter.
The lease in this case was made to take effect as soon as the lessee complied with his part of the contract, by paying and securing the rent. When he did that, he was entitled to the possession. Was a trespasser then in possession of the premises, • so as to forbid his taking possession ? If so, King’s implied covenant of quiet enjoyment was broken. The bill of exceptions informs us that the testimony on this point was in conflict. It became necessary then to submit this question to the jury. The defendant, appellant here, requested the following written charge : “When the defendant leased the land to the plaintiff, the contract of leasing transferred to the plaintiff all the possession the defendant had; and if a trespasser afterwards went into possession, his acts were a trespass against the lessee, and not against the landlord.” This charge was refused, and defendant excepted. This charge was based on one phase of the testimony, namely: that portion which tended to show that the trespasser, or third party, was not in possession, unti] after Reynolds’ right to take possession under the lease had accrued. If the possession was open when the contract was completed, on the part of Reynolds, then the trespass afterwards gave him no right of action against King. His sole recourse would be against the trespasser. The charge requested ought to have been given.
Reversed and remanded.