Ingraham, J.
[After stating the facts.]—The objection to the sufficiency of the complaint was not well taken. The offense consisted in fraudulently obtaining the property by Kelson. When that was made out, the title remained in their vendors, and it was not necessary for plaintiff to show any wrongful act on the part of the defendant in receiving the property. When the plaintiff showed fraud in the purchase, and a demand of the property from the person in possession, he made out a 'prima facie case to entitle him to recover. It is not necessary to inquire whether, if the defendant had been a holder for value without notice, he would have been protected, because if he was such a holder the onus of proving that fact [514]*514was on him, and because in this case it appeared that the defendant’s claim was merely as assignee under a voluntary assignment for the benefit of creditors, and that nothing was paid by the defendant therefor.
Nor was it necessary to aver that the plaintiff had tendered back what he had received upon the purchase. The facts proved showed there had never been a valid contract. The whole cause of action rested upon that issue. The subsequent matters which were necessary to be shown on the trial, in regard to the return of what had been received, did not go to make out a cause of action, but to relieve the plaintiff from any supposed affirmance of the sale after he obtained knowledge of the fraud. Such evidence is rather to rebut the presumption which the defendant might claim to exist from the acts of the plaintiff as affirming the contract.
The cause of action is that the title was in the plaintiff’s assignors and that no title ever passed to Nelson. Whether the plaintiff had in time disaffirmed the contract, or whether he had done everything necessary to prevent the defendant from claiming that he had waived his right to resume possession of the property, was matter of evidence to be furnished, and which would go to make out the cause of action or defense, but not necessarily matter to be averred in the complaint.
The declarations of Nelson as to his solvency made at the time of purchases prior to 1855 were admitted in evidence against the defendant’s objections. These declarations were the inducements to the first sales, and they undoubtedly remained in the remembrance of parties afterward. Nothing had been done by Nelson to correct them, but on the contrary, when the firm of King & Sons declined making further sales, similar representations were again repeated. I see no ground of objection to the testimony. The evidence shows, from the commencement, the intention of impressing upon the minds of the vendors that Nelson owed nobody but them, and that there was no danger in giving credit to him.
The inquiry is whether the purchaser made any false statements by which tke vendor was deceived and the property obtained from him. Such fraud may be practised by a continuous course of misrepresentation during a series of transactions [515]*515and still continued notwithstanding the first purchases were paid for. In fact such payment may he a part of a scheme to gain the confidence of the vendor, and induce him to make further sales and to give larger credit. Zabriskie v. Smith, 13 N. Y. 322, 332.
The question was put to plaintiff whether he would have trusted Nelson but for these representations. The objection was not to the form of the question as leading, but to the permitting the vendor to state whether he gave credit on them. This could only be known to himself, and it was a material ingredient in the plaintiff's case. If the vendor may not say whether he gave credit on the strength of the representations, or whether he would have trusted the purchaser without them, it becomes a matter for the jury to guess at without the only positive evidence there can be on the subject. I know it is subject to the criticism that it is the conclusion of a witness, but not justly. The conclusions of a witness are the results of his judgment upon various facts coming to his knowledge, and are properly excluded because the jury can form similar conclusions themselves; but this inquiry is as to the cause of action on the part of the vendor in making the sale, and the inducements which led to it. It is not what he thinks of the acts of others, but what he did himself in consequence of these acts.
Some of the purchases were made by the son Robert in the absence of the father. The representations made by him were offered in evidence and objected to. The whole price to be paid for these purchases had not been paid, and the goods which were the subject of purchase formed part of the property claimed and demanded by the plaintiff.
Robert Nelson must be treated as the agent of the purchaser while acting for him. His representations made at the time of the purchase, if false, would vitiate the contract the same as if made by the purchaser. For this reason the evidence was admissible. It was not necessary to aver in the complaint that the representations were made by the agent and not the principal. That was only a matter of evidence. Indeed, as before stated, no such averments are necessary in the complaint, especially where the action is to recover back the property. Even if the plaintiff chooses to waive the tort and sue on contract, [516]*516it would be unnecessary to set out such matters in the complaint. This was held in Roth v. Palmer, 27 Barb. 652, 656. Hogeboom, J., says: “ I think the plaintiff might properly and preferably have prosecuted simply for goods sold and delivered, and allowed the rest of the transaction to come out as matter of evidence.” It was no more necessary to aver that the representations were made by an agent than by the principal, and in both cases such matters were properly treated as evidence, and not as part of the cause of action.
A question was asked of Kelson as to the cost of his real estate. This was excluded, and the defendant excepted. I am at a loss to see what relevancy this question had to the matter in issue. How he lost his property was immaterial. Whether he had any or not when the representations were made would have been pertinent. The defendant appears to have offered this evidence to explain the insolvency of Kelson. As no such inquiry could properly come before the jury, there was no ground on which this evidence could have been received. Proof that, he had lost his property without the least fault, would not excuse the representation that he had property after it was expended.
The plaintiff tendered the notes held by him at the trial, but did not cancel them. This was made a ground of motion for nonsuit. The cancelment of the notes was not necessary at the time. It was sufficient to produce them on the trial. Being the notes of the debtor merely, they cease to be of any value, the moment it was settled that the contract was void. S. L. Seldeít, - J., says, in Kichols v. Michael, 23 N. Y. 264, 273: “It would be more in consonance with equity to hold it sufficient to produce the notes upon the trial and surrender them to the custody of the court, as in that case the rights of both parties are protected. If the fraud is made out and the contract subverted, the notes are void and will be canceled by the court. If the plaintiff fail to establish the fraud, the notes can be returned to him if the nature of the contract is such'that justice requires it.” Such I think to be the proper rule in similar cases.
When the plaintiff .demanded the lumber of the defendant, he tendered the notes he had received from Kelson and de[517]*517manded all the lumber. Of this, some parcels had been paid for entirely, and some in part. The defendant asked for a dismissal of the complaint on this ground. It is conceded that, if the action had been against Kelson, the purchaser, no demand would be necessary, but that, inasmuch as the defendant received the property lawfully and without notice of any fraud, a demand was necessary to entitle the plaintiff to maintain the action. If any demand was necessary, it was such a demand as would put it in the power of the defendant to comply without exposing himself to liability to other parties. Had the defendant complied with the plaintiff’s demand, and delivered up to the plaintiff all the lumber in his possession that was bought of King & Sons, he would have beeen liable to the creditors, for whom he was trustee. Personally, he had no knowledge as to which of the parcels of lumber were paid for and which were not, while the plaintiff had such knowledge; and I cannot think, with the learned judge who delivered the opinion below^ that we should presume, without proof, that the defendant was so informed by Kelson of whom he obtained the lumber. The whole case shows the defendant to have been lawfully and innocently in the possession of the property, and if the plaintiff conceived he had a claim on any part of it, fair dealing required that he should designate what parcels of lumber he claimed to have redelivered to himself. If he had demanded all the assigned property because one parcel purchased by Kelson had not been paid for, no one would for a moment suppose, either that the defendant was bound to comply with the demand, or that the plaintiff had done what the law requires Mm to do to entitle him to a right of action. I can see no differ'enee where he demands four or five different parcels, sold at different times, because one parcel had not been paid for.
If the defendant, in answer to this demand, had objected on the ground that he did not know which part was not paid for, and requested the plaintiff to specify what he was entitled to, I think the demand would not have been sufficient. But the defendant put his refusal on an entirely different ground, showing his determination not to deliver up any of the property, but to await the result of the litigation. He said “ he could not deliver up the lumber, thp,t he was able to pay for [518]*518it, and should hold on to it or the avails of it until he knew who was the right owner.” This rendered any further demand unnecessary. It was a refusal-to deliver any of it, not based on any insufficiency of the demand, but an absolute denial of the plaintiff’s right to it, and a refusal to deliver any to him.
Another question is as to the sufficiency of the tender to warrant the recovery. It is now well settled where the creditor held nothing but the purchaser’s notes for the goods purchased, that it is not necessary to tender such notes before action, but that it is sufficient to produce them on,the trial.to be canceled. Nichols v. Michael, supra. And it is equally well settled if he has received the notes of other persons or other property on account of the purchase, he must restore or offer to restore the same before suit. This was so stated in Hichols v. Michael, as the general rule. “ Where one party to a contract elects to rescind it for fraud, it is an indispensible preliminary that he surrender all that he has received from the other party upon the contract. Beabdseey, J., in Mason v. Bond, 1 Den. 73, 74, says: " The party who would disaffirm a contract must return whatever he has received upon it. He cannot hold on to such part of the contract as may be desirable on his part and avoid the residue, but must rescind in toto if at all.” Baker v. Robins, 3 Sen. 139; Fisher v. Conant, 3 E. D. Smith, 199. This rule was recognized by the judge upon the trial. He told the jury, "In order to avoid such sale, the party rescinding must restore what he has received, and all he has received.” This was all the defendant had a right to claim. Ho part of the lumber purchased in the fall of 1855 had been paid for. The vendor had received nothing except the notes of the purchaser, and these were produced on the trial. In regard to this portion there was a good cause of action made out if the contract was fraudulent, and the judge therefore rightly refused to dismiss the complaint on this ground. As he instructed the jury that the plaintiff could not recover for any other sales except those in the fall of 1855, it was unnecessary to give the jury any further instructions in regard to the money paid on former purchases. The remaining question is as to the propriety of submitting to the jury whether the plaintiff had.not affirmed the contract on his first [519]*519visit to Auburn. He had told the jury that the seller, if he rescinds the contract, must do so at the first reasonable and practicable moment after he discovers the fraud. If he affirms the contract after he has a knowledge of the fraud, even for a moment, he cannot rescind, and he submitted to the jury whether what he did at Auburn was such an affirmance.
It is not by any means clear from the evidence that the plaintiff, when he went to Auburn, had full knowledge of the circumstances attending the alleged fraud;,, and whether he had or not, was, I think, properly submitted to the jury. It does not appear that the plaintiff had any knowledge when the debts were created or what debts were owing at the time the representations were made. On various points connected with this part of the case, there was uncertainty calling for the finding of the jury.
A point is made as to the amount of damages. That was a question of fact, which, if erroneously found, should have been corrected in the court below.
The judgment should be affirmed.
Denio, Ch. J.
The point most earnestly insisted on by the defendant’s counsel is, that the plaintiff, by his conduct when at Auburn on April 1, 1856, ratified the sale of the lumber to Helson, and thereby precluded himself from claiming that it was void on account of fraud.
Ho controversy exists as to the state of the law upon the effect of a ratification of a sale induced by fraudulent representations. The vendor may affirm it notwithstanding its original defective character, and pursue his remedy for the purchase price, or he may treat the sale as void, and claim the property as owner; but in the latter case he must act promptly as soon as he has discovered the fraud. While he continues under the influence of the fraudulent representations, his acts * or declarations will not prejudice him,but will be consideradas of the same character as the original assent, by means of which the property passed into'the purchaser’s hands.
The judge charged in accordance with these principles, and it is not claimed that there was any error in the manner in which the law was laid down, provided the jury had any office to per[520]*520form in respect to the question. But it is argued that the alleged i acts of ratification were of such a character, and that they were so conclusively established, that no question of fact should have been left to the jury. There is no dispute upon the evidence, that the plaintiff, when he first came. to Auburn, after the assignment, and was made acquainted with it, and with the fact that Nelson’s accommodation indorsers were preferred before him, spoke of the affair to the defendant, and to Nelson in the defendant’s presence, as one by which he was concluded, nor that he then wholly omitted to assert any claim to the lumber based upon the invalidity of the sale, or any defect in Nelson’s title, The testimony of the defendant and of ThomasNelson, was positive to that effect, and it was corroborated by evidence of the conversation of the plaintiff with several other jpersons on the same day. The plaintiff then knew that the defendant was proceeding to execute the trust contained in the assignment, as though that instrument had passed to the defendant the title to the property which he claims to recover in this action. The plaintiff’s testimony as a witness on his own behalf does not contradict the essential points of that given on behalf of the defendant upon this branch of the case. He swore that he did not recollect proposing to Eobert Nelson to purchase lumber of the defendant as assignee, or telling the defendant to sell it, but he did not pretend that he claimed to be still the owner, although he swears that he did complain to the defendant of fraud having been committed in the purchaee of it from his firm. After the defendant had given the strong evidence which I have mentioned, the plaintiff was not again called to contradict or explain the declarations of acquiescence attributed to him by the defendant’s witnesses. '
I think the judge might well have assumed it to be proved by uncontradicted evidence, that the plaintiff on that occasion, in 'his conversation with the defendant and with others in his presence, assumed that all the lumber passed to the defendant by virtue of the assignment, and that he expected the defendant to execute the trust contained in that instrument. I am, moreover, of opinion that if it were equally clear that the plaintiff had at that time the same full information respecting the fraud which he now sets up, which he had when he came to ■ [521]*521make the demand of the lumber about a week afterward, the defense of ratification should have been held to be established; and the jury should have been directed to find their verdict for the defendant. But it is not so clear that he had such information. One of the points of the alleged fraudulent representation was that Kelson owned a large real estate which was but slightly incumbered, and another that he was abundantly responsible. The evidence of the fraud would, of course, consist in the falsity of these representations, and could be ascertained only by comparing his property with his indebtedness, and the value of his real estate with the charges upon it. The plaintiff came to Auburn, where the facts could be ascertained, on April 1, and returned the following morning. He obtained a certain amount of information, but apparently not sufficient to enable him to act upon the assumption that a fraud vitiating the sale had been committed. He received certain statements concerning Kelson’s indebtedness from Robert Kelson, his son. He appears to have acquainted himself with the material terms of the assignment, and was informed of the amount of the accommodation paper preferred by it, but he made no examination of the real estate; and he came away without challenging the sales as fraudulent. He himself says that he complained of fraud, but this is denied by the defendant’s witnesses. Kearly a week elapsed when he came again, accompanied by his son, one of the firm who were the vendors of the lumber. They spent the forenoon in examining the real estate of Thomas Kelson and the lumber on hand, and obtaining statements of Kelson’s indebtedness, and then the plaintiff for the first tizne took the ground that Kelson’s purchase of the lumber was void on account of the fraudulent representations; and he demanded that such of the lumber as had been purchased by Kelson from his firm should be given up to him. That he acquired some additional information bearing upon the integrity of the alleged representations at his second visit to Auburn is evident.
The fraud upon which the jury rendered their verdict condemning the sale may have been that which related to the value of the real estate beyond the incumbrances. The knowledge respecting that value was acquired by an examination of that property on the last occasion. So of the indorsed paper. [522]*522The additional statements which were furnished on the last visit, showing that indebtedness to have existed substantially as it stood at the time of the assignment, for several years before, and during the whole period of the representations, may have been necessary to complete the evidence of fraud which has been found sufficient to- avoid the sale. I concede that many of the most important features of the case were disclosed at the first time the plaintiff was at Auburn, but I am not able to say that the plaintiff was at that time fully informed of all the material facts which were subsequently shown to prove the case on the plaintiff’s part. Hence I think it was not the duty of the judge to withhold from the jury the question whether the plaintiff, when he omitted to challenge the defendant’s title at the first instance, was fully informed of the fraud. I do not say but that, as a juror, I should have held that the information was sufficient to make it his duty to determine finally which course he would pursue before leaving Auburn on the 1st or 2d of April, but the evidence was not so positive and certain that the judge was entitled to decide the case himself. He therefore committed no error in submitting it to the jury. If the defendant has sufiered wrong by the verdict, it was the fault of the jury and not of the judge.
At the commencement of the trial the defendant’s counsel moved for a dismissal of the complaint on the ground that it did not state facts sufficient to constitute a cause of action, and especially that it did not state that the defendant wrongfully received the lumber from Nelson. The action was brought for the conversion, by the defendant, of the personal property of King & Co.; and when it was allowed to have separate names for the different kinds of action, for the sake of convenience it would have been denominated an action of trover. All that it was necessary to allege in the pleadings was that King & Co., the plaintiff’s assignors, were the owners of the lumber, that it had come into the possession of the defendant, and that he had converted it to his own use. All this is plainly set forth in the complaint. In addition to that, the plaintiff saw fit to state his own title, namely, the original ownership of King & Co., and the form of a sale to Nelson, which was effected with fraud, and that he wrongfully delivered the property to the defendant; and instead of confin[523]*523ing himself to a simple statement of a conversion, he adds an allegation of a denial and refusal. I do not perceive that these statements of evidence modify or in any way impair the material allegations ofproperty in the plaintiff, anda conversion by the defendant. It was quite unnecessary to state that the defendant wrongfully received the property. Trover is not based on a wrongful taking, but consists in an unlawful conversion. There was, therefore, no defect in the complaint.
It appeared that Kelson had purchased lumber of King & Co. in the years 1854 and 1855. The plaintiff, when under examination as a witness in his own behalf, was asked by his counsel to state what representations were made by Kelson when he made the purchases of lumber in 1854, and the question was allowed to be answered; and by the answer certain representations were shown to have been made when Kelson came to make the purchases in that year, and there was an exception to that ruling. It subsequently appeared that all the lumber purchased in 1854 had been paid for; but at a later period of the trial the plaintiffs counsel made the same inquiry of another witness as to representations in 1854, and a similar exception was made to the ruling admitting the question. There was a series of purchases of lumber on credit of King & Co., extending through both the years 1854 and 1855, and the plaintiffs effort was to prove that, during the whole time, Kelson was largely indebted and in insolvent circumstances, carrying large accommodations at the bank at Auburn, but constantly represented himself to be free from debt and a person of competent means; and the proof tended to show such a state of things. Kow, although the purchases of 1854 had been paid for, and the whole arrearages of indebtedness were on account of the purchases in the fall of 1855, that does not render the representations made during the earlier dealing wholly immaterial. It is not essential, in order to avoid a sale in form, on the ground of fraud, that the fraudulent representations should be made at the very time when the purchases sought to be avoided were made. Where the dealing is continuous or at short intervals, representations made at any time in the course of such dealings may, if the jury so find, be held to influence the seller in respect to the subsequent sales. The evidence in this case was that [524]*524Nelson, or his agent, was interrogated ’ on each occasion of '.purchasing lumber of King & Co., and on each of those occasions made similar declarations; and that his other indebtedness and ability to pay in each of the years mentioned were substantially the same. I am of opinion that there was no error in admitting the declarations made on each occasion of purchasing, though the earlier purchases had been paid for. See Zabriskie v. Smith, 13 N. Y. 322.
Some of the representations relied on, were made by Robert Nelson, the son of Thomas Nelson, who was his agent in that respect, and was in his employment and had a general knowledge of his property and affairs. The defendant’s counsel objected to these representations on the ground that they were nut set out in the complaint, and that they were not made at the time of the purchase of the lumber which had not been paid for, but on the occasion of former purchases. I have already said that it was unnecessary for the complaint to state the representations upon which the purchaser obtained possession of the property. The competency of the declarations of an agent when engaged in making purchases in behalf of his principal was not questioned. They are regarded in the same light as representations made by the principal himself; and it has already been shown that, although they preceded the time of the particular purchase which is drawn in question, they are proper to be submitted to the jury, and it is for them to determine whether, under the circumstances, they had a just influence upon that purchase. v
The plaintiff was permitted to testify that he would not have disposed of the lumber to Nelson upon credit, except for the representations which he made as to his circumstances; and there was a similar ruling on taking the testimony of Joseph King, a witness for the plaintiff,, who was a partner of the firm of King & Co., and, as such, took part in the sale of lumber to Nelson. The defendant excepted to these several rulings. It is a part of the transaction which a party seeking to avoid a sale of property on account of fraud must establish, that the sale was induced by the representations and would not otherwise have been made. The defendant’s argument is that this can only be shown by facts and circumstances, to be submitted [525]*525to the jury, and that the direct testimony of the seller as to their influences upon his mind cannot be received. ISTo doubt the intrinsic facts may be strong enough in a given case to establish the position,*and it may also be true in a particular instance, that representations apparently pertinent to induce a sale, were not in truth the persuasive cause, the vendor having wholly relied upon other information, which he supposed correct, but which turned out to be erroneous.
The precise point to be established is the effect upon the mind of the seller produced by the purchaser’s wrongful declarations. Where the seller is so situated as to be a competent witness, he can prove with entire certainty how far he was influenced by what the purchaser had said, and how far he yielded to the force of other facts or other information. I see no reason why he should he precluded from speaking. It is not an opinion which he is called upon to give, but the statement of a fact within his personal knowledge. The cases respecting the opinions of witnesses have, therefore, no bearing upon the question. Where the direct testimony of the seller is not obtainable, the facts attending the transaction may be sufficient; but it is because they prove the essential point argumentatively. The jury in such cases infers the principal fact by applying their experience to the ascertainment of the effect which the representations, under the circumstances, would be likely to produce. It would be illogical to exclude the direct testimony of the person whose mind is said to have been influenced by the seller’s representations, where he is otherwise competent to testify as a witness. Suppose a sale to have been made by an agent to an insolvent person, would it not be competent for him to swear in an action by his principal that he assented to the sale, and parted with the possession of the property, because the purchaser represented that he had a large estate and owed nothing F On the trial" of indictments for obtaining money, or property, or other valuable things, by false pretenses, it is the constant practice to ask the prosecutor whether he parted with the money, or property, by reason of the statement of the prisoner. It is undoubtedly essential that státements should be of such a character as would naturally lead the owner ot property to sell it to the party making them. Whether they [526]*526actually did have that effect, may be shown by the oath of the owner, provided he be a competent witness.
Kelson was the owner of considerable real estate in 1854 and 1855, and down to the time of his failure. It did not appear when he purchased it. The defendant, when under examination as a witness in his own behalf, was inquired of by his counsel as to what his real estate cost him, but the question was excluded on the objection of the plaintiff’s counsel that it was immaterial. It had no bearing on the case unless the purchases were made during or shortly prior to Kelson’s dealing with King & Co. If connected in point of time with these transactions, and before the failure, it might have a bearing upon Kelson’s good faith, for if the purchases were made at exorbitant prices, it would tend to show that his means had been absorbed, or his indebtedness had been suddenly created by these purchases. The objection sufficiently intimated to the examining counsel'that some further fact was necessary to show the evidence to be pertinent, but nothing to connect it with the representations was offered. Immediately after the exclusion the defendant was permitted to and did testify fully as to the value of his real estate in 1854. This was everything on that subject which had any bearing upon the issue.
The demand which the plaintiff made of the defendant on the delivery of the lumber was more comprehensive than his rights. There was among the lumber in the plaintiff’s possession, not only that purchased in the fall of 1855, but portions of that purchased in the spring of that year, and some of that purchased in 1854. This had all been paid for or partly paid for, and as to that on which a partial payment had been made, there was no offer to return the money which had been received. The defendant, however, did not put his refusal on that ground, but claimed to hold the whole under the assignment. There are two answers to the exception arising out of this branch of the case. The possession of Kelson, the sale being void, was wrongful. He might give a good title to a bona fide purchaser, but ah assignee for the benefit of creditors does not 'occupy that position. The possession of this lumber was always, in judgment of law, in the vendors. The defendant was in no better jjosition to defend this action than if he [527]*527had been the servant of Nelson. Ash v. Putnam, 1 Hill, 302; Cary v. Hotailing, Id. 311; Olmsted v. Hotailing, Id. 317. The answer made by the defendant dispensed with a more discriminating statement of what the plaintiff conceived himself entitled to. The defendant maintained that his title under the assignment enabled him to retain all the lumber which had come to his hands, and he refused to lend any countenance to the claim of the plaintiff.
It was made a point in the prayer for instructions, that the plaintiff had not canceled the notes given for the lumber. He had offered to surrender them when, he made the demand, and he produced them in court at the trial. If the defendant had required anything further to be done, it was for him to suggest it.
No point was made on-the trial as to the protest of some of the notes by the bank at which they were made payable. The judgment appealed from, should, in my opinion, be affirmed.
All the judges concurred, except, Mullís, J., who was for reversal.
Judgment affirmed, with costs.