This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A14-1954
Kimberly Ann McGovern, petitioner, Respondent,
vs.
Commissioner of Public Safety, Appellant.
Filed June 1, 2015 Reversed and remanded Schellhas, Judge
Dakota County District Court File No. 19AV-CV-14-592
Peter J. Timmons, Mendota Heights, Minnesota (for respondent)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Rory C. Mattson, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Reilly, Judge; and
Klaphake, Judge.*
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
SCHELLHAS, Judge
Appellant challenges the district court’s rescission of respondent’s driver’s license
revocation under the implied-consent law that followed respondent’s arrest for driving
while impaired (DWI) and a urine test that detected the presence of alcohol. We reverse
and remand.
FACTS
Dakota County Sheriff’s Deputy Gordon Steffel stopped respondent Kimberly
Ann McGovern for speeding in her vehicle on the evening of December 12, 2013. During
the traffic stop, McGovern displayed indicia of alcohol consumption and admitted to
drinking beer before driving. After field sobriety testing and a preliminary breath test
(PBT), Deputy Steffel arrested McGovern for DWI, transported her to the local jail, and
read her Minnesota’s implied-consent advisory. While in uniform with a sidearm, Deputy
Steffel informed McGovern that Minnesota law required her to take a test to determine
whether she was under the influence of alcohol, that refusal to take a test was a crime,
and that she had the right to consult with an attorney before making her decision about
testing.
McGovern spoke with an attorney by telephone. The attorney asked McGovern
about the PBT result, the type of chemical test that Deputy Steffel was offering her, and
whether Deputy Steffel had or planned to get a search warrant. Deputy Steffel told
McGovern that he did not plan to get a search warrant because he did not need one.
McGovern told Deputy Steffel that she would submit to a test when Deputy Steffel
2 obtained a search warrant but that she was not refusing a test. McGovern asked whether
she would be taken to jail if she refused a test, and Deputy Steffel reminded her that she
was already at the jail and that she would be booked and released regardless of whether
she took a test. McGovern stated that she thought the test request was unlawful and that
she was “coerced into taking a urine test” because she would be charged with a test
refusal if she did not submit to a test. The attorney advised McGovern to submit to a
urine test and to arrange for her own blood test, and then McGovern ended the telephone
call. She confirmed with Deputy Steffel that she was comfortable with the time she had
spent talking to her attorney and with the decision that she was going to make. She
refused breath and blood tests and stated that she would take a urine test. The test showed
an alcohol concentration of .144.
Appellant Minnesota Commissioner of Public Safety revoked McGovern’s
driver’s license under the implied-consent law, and McGovern challenged the license
revocation. At the revocation hearing, the parties agreed to submit the issue of the legality
of the urine test to the district court based on stipulated facts and documents submitted
into the record. The district court rescinded the license revocation, determining that the
commissioner failed to establish that McGovern knowingly and voluntarily consented to
the urine test, that there was no applicable exception to the requirement of a search
warrant for the test, and that the test was therefore unconstitutional.
This appeal follows.
3 DECISION
“When the facts are not in dispute, the validity of a search is a question of law
subject to de novo review.” Haase v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 679 N.W.2d 743, 745
(Minn. App. 2004). “When reviewing the constitutionality of a search, we independently
analyze the undisputed facts to determine whether evidence resulting from the search
should be suppressed.” Id.
The United States and Minnesota Constitutions guarantee the right to be secure
against unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I,
§ 10. The taking of a blood, breath, or urine sample is a physical intrusion that constitutes
a search. Skinner v. Ry. Labor Execs.’ Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602, 616–17, 109 S. Ct. 1402,
1412–13 (1989). A search is generally unreasonable unless conducted pursuant to a
warrant issued upon probable cause. Id. at 619, 109 S. Ct. at 1414. But there are
established exceptions to the warrant requirement, one of which is consent to the search.
State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 846 (Minn. 2011) (citing Schneckloth v. Bustamonte,
412 U.S. 218, 219, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 2043–44 (1973)).
Valid consent to search must be freely and voluntarily given, and “[w]hether
consent was voluntary is determined by examining the totality of the circumstances,
including the nature of the encounter, the kind of person the defendant is, and what was
said and how it was said.” Id. (quotations omitted). Voluntary consent is that given
“without coercion or submission to an assertion of authority,” in other words, consent
given under circumstances in which a reasonable person would feel free to decline law
enforcement’s requests or otherwise terminate the encounter. State v. Dezso, 512 N.W.2d
4 877, 880 (Minn. 1994); see also Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 225–26, 93 S. Ct. at 2047
(describing coercive encounter as one in which suspect’s “will has been overborne and
his capacity for self-determination critically impaired”).
“[A] driver’s decision to agree to take a test is not coerced simply because
Minnesota has attached the penalty of making it a crime to refuse the test.” State v.
Brooks, 838 N.W.2d 563, 570 (Minn. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1799 (2014). The
language of the implied-consent advisory makes clear that a person has a choice whether
to submit to testing, and “the fact that someone submits to the search after being told that
he or she can say no to the search supports a finding of voluntariness.” Id. at 572.
Moreover, the supreme court has “recognized that the ability to consult with counsel
about an issue supports the conclusion that [the driver] made a voluntary decision”
because “an attorney functions as an objective advisor who c[an] explain the alternative
choices to the driver.” Id. at 571–72 (quotation omitted).
Deputy Steffel read McGovern the implied-consent advisory, and she invoked her
right to consult with an attorney and did speak with an attorney by telephone. Her
attorney asked several questions about McGovern’s situation and gave her legal advice.
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This opinion will be unpublished and may not be cited except as provided by Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).
STATE OF MINNESOTA IN COURT OF APPEALS A14-1954
Kimberly Ann McGovern, petitioner, Respondent,
vs.
Commissioner of Public Safety, Appellant.
Filed June 1, 2015 Reversed and remanded Schellhas, Judge
Dakota County District Court File No. 19AV-CV-14-592
Peter J. Timmons, Mendota Heights, Minnesota (for respondent)
Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Rory C. Mattson, Assistant Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)
Considered and decided by Schellhas, Presiding Judge; Reilly, Judge; and
Klaphake, Judge.*
* Retired judge of the Minnesota Court of Appeals, serving by appointment pursuant to Minn. Const. art. VI, § 10. UNPUBLISHED OPINION
SCHELLHAS, Judge
Appellant challenges the district court’s rescission of respondent’s driver’s license
revocation under the implied-consent law that followed respondent’s arrest for driving
while impaired (DWI) and a urine test that detected the presence of alcohol. We reverse
and remand.
FACTS
Dakota County Sheriff’s Deputy Gordon Steffel stopped respondent Kimberly
Ann McGovern for speeding in her vehicle on the evening of December 12, 2013. During
the traffic stop, McGovern displayed indicia of alcohol consumption and admitted to
drinking beer before driving. After field sobriety testing and a preliminary breath test
(PBT), Deputy Steffel arrested McGovern for DWI, transported her to the local jail, and
read her Minnesota’s implied-consent advisory. While in uniform with a sidearm, Deputy
Steffel informed McGovern that Minnesota law required her to take a test to determine
whether she was under the influence of alcohol, that refusal to take a test was a crime,
and that she had the right to consult with an attorney before making her decision about
testing.
McGovern spoke with an attorney by telephone. The attorney asked McGovern
about the PBT result, the type of chemical test that Deputy Steffel was offering her, and
whether Deputy Steffel had or planned to get a search warrant. Deputy Steffel told
McGovern that he did not plan to get a search warrant because he did not need one.
McGovern told Deputy Steffel that she would submit to a test when Deputy Steffel
2 obtained a search warrant but that she was not refusing a test. McGovern asked whether
she would be taken to jail if she refused a test, and Deputy Steffel reminded her that she
was already at the jail and that she would be booked and released regardless of whether
she took a test. McGovern stated that she thought the test request was unlawful and that
she was “coerced into taking a urine test” because she would be charged with a test
refusal if she did not submit to a test. The attorney advised McGovern to submit to a
urine test and to arrange for her own blood test, and then McGovern ended the telephone
call. She confirmed with Deputy Steffel that she was comfortable with the time she had
spent talking to her attorney and with the decision that she was going to make. She
refused breath and blood tests and stated that she would take a urine test. The test showed
an alcohol concentration of .144.
Appellant Minnesota Commissioner of Public Safety revoked McGovern’s
driver’s license under the implied-consent law, and McGovern challenged the license
revocation. At the revocation hearing, the parties agreed to submit the issue of the legality
of the urine test to the district court based on stipulated facts and documents submitted
into the record. The district court rescinded the license revocation, determining that the
commissioner failed to establish that McGovern knowingly and voluntarily consented to
the urine test, that there was no applicable exception to the requirement of a search
warrant for the test, and that the test was therefore unconstitutional.
This appeal follows.
3 DECISION
“When the facts are not in dispute, the validity of a search is a question of law
subject to de novo review.” Haase v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 679 N.W.2d 743, 745
(Minn. App. 2004). “When reviewing the constitutionality of a search, we independently
analyze the undisputed facts to determine whether evidence resulting from the search
should be suppressed.” Id.
The United States and Minnesota Constitutions guarantee the right to be secure
against unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV; Minn. Const. art. I,
§ 10. The taking of a blood, breath, or urine sample is a physical intrusion that constitutes
a search. Skinner v. Ry. Labor Execs.’ Ass’n, 489 U.S. 602, 616–17, 109 S. Ct. 1402,
1412–13 (1989). A search is generally unreasonable unless conducted pursuant to a
warrant issued upon probable cause. Id. at 619, 109 S. Ct. at 1414. But there are
established exceptions to the warrant requirement, one of which is consent to the search.
State v. Diede, 795 N.W.2d 836, 846 (Minn. 2011) (citing Schneckloth v. Bustamonte,
412 U.S. 218, 219, 93 S. Ct. 2041, 2043–44 (1973)).
Valid consent to search must be freely and voluntarily given, and “[w]hether
consent was voluntary is determined by examining the totality of the circumstances,
including the nature of the encounter, the kind of person the defendant is, and what was
said and how it was said.” Id. (quotations omitted). Voluntary consent is that given
“without coercion or submission to an assertion of authority,” in other words, consent
given under circumstances in which a reasonable person would feel free to decline law
enforcement’s requests or otherwise terminate the encounter. State v. Dezso, 512 N.W.2d
4 877, 880 (Minn. 1994); see also Schneckloth, 412 U.S. at 225–26, 93 S. Ct. at 2047
(describing coercive encounter as one in which suspect’s “will has been overborne and
his capacity for self-determination critically impaired”).
“[A] driver’s decision to agree to take a test is not coerced simply because
Minnesota has attached the penalty of making it a crime to refuse the test.” State v.
Brooks, 838 N.W.2d 563, 570 (Minn. 2013), cert. denied, 134 S. Ct. 1799 (2014). The
language of the implied-consent advisory makes clear that a person has a choice whether
to submit to testing, and “the fact that someone submits to the search after being told that
he or she can say no to the search supports a finding of voluntariness.” Id. at 572.
Moreover, the supreme court has “recognized that the ability to consult with counsel
about an issue supports the conclusion that [the driver] made a voluntary decision”
because “an attorney functions as an objective advisor who c[an] explain the alternative
choices to the driver.” Id. at 571–72 (quotation omitted).
Deputy Steffel read McGovern the implied-consent advisory, and she invoked her
right to consult with an attorney and did speak with an attorney by telephone. Her
attorney asked several questions about McGovern’s situation and gave her legal advice.
When McGovern ended the telephone call, she confirmed that she was comfortable with
the time that she had spent talking with her attorney and with the decision that she was
going to make. She refused breath and blood tests before stating that she would take a
urine test.
The district court stated that McGovern was confused by and unfamiliar with the
implied-consent process and that this indicated that her capacity for self-determination
5 was critically impaired. The district court noted that McGovern interrupted Deputy
Steffel’s recitation of the implied-consent advisory several times, asked her attorney and
Deputy Steffel clarifying questions, and “acted merely as a relay between the attorney
and Deputy Steffel.” But the purpose of permitting a suspect in McGovern’s situation to
speak to an attorney is for the attorney to explain, advise, and clear up confusion. See id.
at 571–72; Maietta v. Comm’r of Pub. Safety, 663 N.W.2d 595, 598 (Minn. App. 2003)
(stating that caselaw “indicate[s] that it is the responsibility of the attorney, not a police
officer, to clear up any confusion on the part of a driver concerning the legal
ramifications of test refusal”), review denied (Minn. Aug. 19, 2003). Based on the totality
of the circumstances, McGovern voluntarily consented to the urine test, a search warrant
therefore was unnecessary, and the test was not unconstitutional. The district court erred
by rescinding the revocation of McGovern’s driver’s license.
Reversed and remanded.