COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA
Present: Judges O’Brien, AtLee and Senior Judge Clements UNPUBLISHED
Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia
KIMBERLEY ANNE PRENTICE, F/K/A KIMBERLEY ANNE COOK MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY v. Record No. 0836-21-4 JUDGE MARY GRACE O’BRIEN JUNE 14, 2022 BRIAN CHRISTOPHER COOK
FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF LOUDOUN COUNTY James E. Plowman, Jr., Judge
Ronald M. Jacobs (Venable LLP, on briefs), for appellant.
Brandy M. Poss (Barnes & Diehl, P.C., on brief), for appellee.
Kimberly A. Prentice (mother) appeals an order denying her motion to relocate to South
Carolina with the parties’ two children, granting primary physical custody to Brian C. Cook (father),
and awarding him attorney fees.
Mother argues the court erred by (1) not considering the children’s preferences or father’s
history of abuse, (2) considering her violation of a pendente lite order, (3) giving undue weight to
whether relocation would substantially impair the children’s relationship with father, (4) focusing
on whether relocation was in the children’s best interests but not considering whether a change of
custody was in the children’s best interests, and (5) awarding attorney fees to father.
BACKGROUND
The parties married in 2005, had two daughters, and divorced in 2018. The divorce decree
incorporated a marital settlement agreement (MSA) providing for joint legal custody of the children,
* Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. with primary physical custody to mother. Father was allowed only supervised visitation until he
completed treatment for alcohol addiction. The MSA also extended a preexisting protective order
against father. Finally, it provided that in an enforcement action, the prevailing party was entitled to
attorney fees.
Mother remarried after the divorce. Her new husband, with whom she had another child,
secured employment in Charleston, South Carolina, and moved there in February 2019. In April
2019, mother filed a motion to relocate to South Carolina. Mother and father signed an agreed
temporary order in September 2019 that awarded father additional supervised visitation, with
conditions to ensure his sobriety during visitation, including regular alcohol monitoring using a
portable breathalyzer and ignition interlock device. The order also expressly provided that
“[n]either party shall relocate with the minor children absent a court order permitting the same.”
The relocation trial was set for March 2020.
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the courts closed in March 2020 before the relocation trial
could occur. On March 26, 2020, mother filed a notice of relocation, listing a new address in South
Carolina, and a motion to modify visitation. Mother argued that a combination of factors required
her immediate move, including her “high-risk” pregnancy, childcare issues for her toddler, the
expiration of her lease in Virginia, and the untenable costs of maintaining two homes. Father
objected to mother’s relocation and requested temporary physical custody pending a hearing.
In a June 12, 2020 letter opinion, the court acknowledged that “[t]he suspension of the
parties’ March[] 2020 hearing date . . . was necessitated by extraordinary events beyond everyone’s
control.” The court nevertheless determined that it “cannot allow either party to ignore the clear
requirement of a court order because they no longer deem it fair or applicable.”
Because mother was now living in South Carolina, the court established a new temporary
custodial schedule, ordering shared physical custody of the children on a three-week alternating -2- basis. Father’s time with the children remained subject to supervision, and he was required to
continue the alcohol-monitoring program. The temporary order required the children to remain
enrolled in the Loudoun County public school system.
At the time of the relocation trial in May 2021, the children were fifteen and thirteen years
old. The parties agreed that father, who had been a stay-at-home dad for approximately five years
before the parties separated, had always been involved in the children’s lives, even after the
separation. The children had always attended Loudoun County public schools and were doing well
academically and socially. They had numerous friends and extended family in Virginia. The
younger child played softball but was dismissed from her team when she began spending three
weeks at a time in South Carolina pursuant to the shared custody arrangement. Father found
another softball team that could accommodate the child’s schedule, and he became an assistant
coach. At trial, father’s own father, who typically supervised custodial time, detailed the “warm
relationship” and “signs of affection” he observed between father and the daughters.
Father acknowledged his history of alcohol addiction, and he detailed the treatment that he
received. The evidence included breathalyzer and ignition interlock reports from father’s
participation in the alcohol-monitoring program. Father admitted that, in the 2018 to 2019 time
frame, he occasionally drank during his custodial time “at night in [his] room” after the children
were asleep. However, at the time of trial, he had been sober for more than 500 days. He also
admitted that in the past, he sent mother offensive emails and letters, sometimes via one of the
children. Mother conceded that father’s recent communication had significantly improved.
Mother testified that she would not return to Virginia. She explained that the move to South
Carolina was economically advantageous because she and her husband would not have to maintain
two households. She testified that the children had a “tight bond” with their half-siblings and her
-3- husband, who made sure “that they’re well taken care of.” Her husband has extended family
nearby.
Mother testified that the children had “concern over [father having] a relapse,” and her
counsel stated, “Candidly, Your Honor, I’m trying to avoid having the children have to testify about
some of this stuff.” The court responded that it was “not interested in hearing from the children”
and did not think that “weigh[ing] in” on the custody and relocation decisions would be “beneficial”
to them or “in the[ir] best interests.”
Mother’s counsel stated that although she “would like to avoid” having the children testify,
she wanted to get one child’s “very strong preference before the [c]ourt.” The court suggested a
proffer that the child “still has concerns for her dad’s safety and for relapse,” and counsel
responded, “That is a really big help[,] and I appreciate the [c]ourt speaking to us in advance. It
eliminates us moving forward in a direction that we don’t need to do.”
At the conclusion of mother’s evidence, she unsuccessfully sought an agreed proffer that the
children would prefer to move to South Carolina. Mother stated that she would “reserve . . . for
rebuttal” evidence of the children’s preferences to relocate if she thought the court had “gotten an
unclear picture of their preference.” She explained that because the children’s preferences are a
factor for considering their best interests under Code § 20-124.3, she would “preserve the rebuttal at
a very narrow sense only if I think the [c]ourt is getting an unclear picture that’s totally inconsistent
with what I believe is their preference.”
Absent that, and it’s just about their best interest and not on their preference, then that’s fine. But I would ask the [c]ourt for the ability to have their preference heard only if there’s testimony put into evidence that's inconsistent to what I believe they would testify to on that narrow subject.
Mother did not call the children to testify on rebuttal.
-4- At the conclusion of the case, the court found that mother’s relocation to South Carolina and
father’s “500-plus days of sobriety” both constituted materially changed circumstances since the
initial custody order.
In reviewing the factors of Code § 20-124.3 to determine if relocation was in the children’s
best interests, the court noted that the children were both in good mental and physical health and had
family connections in Virginia and South Carolina, with more peers and family members in
Virginia.
When considering the sixth factor of Code § 20-124.3, the “propensity of each parent to
actively support the child’s contact and relationship with the other parent,” the court found that
although father’s communications from 2018 and 2019 were often “foul” and “mean-spirited,” his
recent communications were “more appropriate.” The court also noted that father had apologized
for his prior communications and was now “trying to coparent” and “trying to be cooperative,”
while mother’s communications were “[s]narky,” and she added “salt in the wound” by insisting
that her current husband be copied on all parenting-related messages.
The court analyzed the eighth factor, the “reasonable preferences of the child,” as follows:
I may have pushed back a little too much on this. I know both parties had the girls on their witness list. I wasn’t particularly interested in hearing either one of them say—and they may have said, we both prefer to live with mom in South Carolina. That was sort of implied in the testimony at least from [the older child]. Or they may have said, we sure don’t want to be away from our friends and our father in Virginia. So[,] we didn’t hear that. However, I considered both extremes. It wouldn’t change my ruling today if both the girls had said, “We want to stay in South Carolina” or if both girls had said, “We want to stay in Virginia.” And even weighing their input because it’s not about what the girls want. It’s about what is in their best interest. Sometimes teenagers don’t always make decisions that are in their best interest. So[,] even considering that that’s what their testimony might have been[,] it would not have changed my ruling.
-5- Regarding the ninth factor, the “history of . . . family abuse,” the court acknowledged
evidence of father “drinking during his custodial time” but also noted that it was “off on his own in
his room away from the girls.” The court reviewed all breathalyzer and ignition interlock reports
but found no “actual alcohol violations . . . for the time frame that we’re talking [sic] during this
500-plus days of sobriety.”
The court also addressed the tenth factor, the “[o]ther factors as the court deems necessary.”
It referred to the grandfather’s testimony as being “helpful and very insightful . . . in describing the
nature of [father’s] relationship with his daughters.” The court noted because mother wanted to
relocate, it was her “burden . . . to show what serves the best interest of the child[ren] and that
[relocation] would not substantially impair [father’s] relationship with them.” The court stated that
“[t]he proof of a close relationship [between father and the children] cuts against [mother’s]
relocation.”
The court found that the “objective reasons” for mother’s relocation—including her
remarriage, financial struggles, and the new husband’s pursuit of employment in South Carolina—
did not constitute a “legitimate safety emergency or some other factor” that would justify her
unilateral relocation in direct violation of a court order: “They expressly agreed not to relocate[,]
but that occurred.” The court noted that mother’s violation of the court order was not dispositive
but “a factor to consider. I think it’s a smaller factor.”
The court lauded the father’s “fairly recent[]” involvement with one daughter as a coach of
her softball team and found that there would be “no meaningful way” for father to participate in the
children’s “daily or weekly activities” if they moved to South Carolina.
Ultimately, the court denied mother’s motion to relocate. Further, because mother testified
“that she will not be returning to Virginia,” the court concluded that it had “little alternative but to
-6- award [father] primary physical custody.” The court set up a visitation and transportation schedule
and ordered child support pursuant to the guidelines.
The court initially awarded father $64,000 of his attorney fees, finding that “the vast bulk of
this litigation was prompted by the independent and voluntary decision by [mother and her new
husband] to relocate to South Carolina.” However, after mother pointed out that litigation was also
required to enforce anti-alcohol provisions of the prior order, the court agreed to reconsider the
issue. Following hearings on May 7 and May 19, for which there are no transcripts, the court
reduced father’s award to $34,000.
ANALYSIS
A court’s decision regarding a parent’s relocation and the children’s best interests “is a
matter of discretion,” and “unless plainly wrong or without evidence to support it, the court’s decree
must be affirmed.” Sullivan v. Knick, 38 Va. App. 773, 783 (2002) (quoting Bostick v.
Bostick-Bennett, 23 Va. App. 527, 533 (1996)); see also Judd v. Judd, 53 Va. App. 578, 589 (2009).
“[I]n a court’s decision as to the propriety of relocating the children . . . , ‘the welfare of the
children is of primary and paramount importance.’” Parish v. Spaulding, 26 Va. App. 566, 572
(1998) (quoting Simmons v. Simmons, 1 Va. App. 358, 361 (1986)), aff’d, 257 Va. 357 (1999).
A. Assignment of Error 1—Children’s Preferences and History of Family Abuse
Mother argues the court abused its discretion by refusing to consider the children’s
preferences or father’s history of family abuse when determining whether relocation was in the
children’s best interests.
1. Children’s Preferences
When determining what custody arrangement is in a child’s best interests, the court must
consider the factors in Code § 20-124.3, including “[t]he reasonable preference of the child, if the
-7- court deems the child to be of reasonable intelligence, understanding, age, and experience to express
such a preference.” Code § 20-124.3(8).
Mother contends that the court “refused to consider the two girls’ reasonable preference at
all, in either the [relocation] or custody contexts.” She refers to the court’s statement that it “wasn’t
particularly interested in hearing either of them say—and they may have said, we both prefer to live
with mom in South Carolina.” She also cites the court’s comment that regardless of the children’s
preferences, the court “wouldn’t change [its] ruling . . . because it’s not about what the girls
want. . . . Sometimes teenagers don’t always make decisions that are in their best interest.” The
court’s abuse of discretion, mother argues, is thus underscored by its express disregard for this
statutory factor. 1
The gravamen of mother’s assignment of error is that the court did not want to hear the
children’s testimony. However, mother chose not to call them as witnesses and instead agreed to
proffer that one child “still has concerns for her dad’s safety and for relapse.” At the conclusion of
her case, mother reiterated her decision not to have the children testify, and she explained that she
was reserving their testimony for rebuttal, if needed. Although father would not agree to a specific
proffer that the children’s preference was to relocate with mother (he did accept the prior proffer
that one child was concerned about his safety and relapse), he acknowledged that mother was
“welcome to reserve for rebuttal.”
At the conclusion of father’s case, mother opted not to call the children as rebuttal witnesses,
despite expressing her intent to do so if necessary to rebut other evidence concerning the children’s
1 Mother also relies on the court’s exclusion, on hearsay grounds, of a therapist’s testimony regarding the children’s preferences. However, mother did not object to or appeal the exclusion of this evidence. To the contrary, mother’s counsel agreed that the testimony was hearsay, saying “[s]ure,” when the court said, “[i]t’s pretty clear that that’s hearsay.” Because mother failed to preserve this issue for appellate review, we decline to consider it. See Rule 5A:18. -8- preferences. Mother’s trial strategy impacted the evidence that was presented regarding the
children’s preferences—not any decision by the court to disregard it. A court can only base its
decision on evidence that is presented by the parties and reasonable inferences therefrom. See
Wynnycky v. Kozel, 71 Va. App. 177, 203 (2019). Mother affirmatively chose not to call her
children as witnesses to testify about their preferences. Therefore, she cannot complain on appeal
that the court erred by refusing to consider this evidence. See, e.g., Moreno v. Commonwealth, 65
Va. App. 121, 130 (2015) (stating that an appellant “cannot invite error and then try to take
advantage of it later on appeal”).
2. History of Family Abuse
Code § 20-124.3(9) requires the court to consider
Any history of (i) family abuse as that term is defined in [Code] § 16.1-228; (ii) sexual abuse; (iii) child abuse; or (iv) an act of violence, force, or threat as defined in [Code] § 19.2-152.7:1 that occurred no earlier than 10 years prior to the date a petition is filed.
Family abuse includes “any act involving violence, force, or threat that results in bodily injury or
places one in reasonable apprehension of . . . bodily injury and that is committed by a person against
such person’s family or household member.” Code § 16.1-228.
Mother argues that the court did not consider evidence of family abuse that took place
during the marriage and therefore “impermissibly kept out evidence of abuse that it was statutorily
required to consider.” Mother contends the court erred by focusing exclusively on father’s alcohol
abuse, and by complimenting him for his newfound sobriety, rather than considering the requisite
ten-year history of family abuse. She argues the court “artificially constrained” itself to review only
the time frame since the divorce in 2018.
However, mother did not present evidence of an assault that occurred during the marriage,
and therefore we cannot find that the court erred by not considering it. Father did concede at trial
-9- that he was convicted of violating a protective order; however, the court did not abuse its discretion
by omitting mention of this specific evidence in its consideration of the statutory factors for
determining the children’s best interests. See Farley v. Farley, 9 Va. App. 326, 329 (1990). “A trial
court is presumed to have thoroughly weighed all the evidence, considered the statutory
requirements, and made its determination based on the child’s best interests.” Id.
Mother also contends the court erred by not considering messages father sent her or
evidence that, prior to the divorce, father once passed out in a car while waiting to pick up the
children. Based on our review of the record, the messages did not threaten bodily injury and
therefore do not constitute “family abuse” as that term is defined in Code § 16.1-228. Further, the
court did consider them, referring to them as “foul” and “mean-spirited.” Likewise, the car incident
did not involve an act of family abuse. See Code § 16.1-288. Therefore, the court did not err in its
consideration of the “history of family abuse” factor in Code § 20-124.3(9).
B. Assignment of Error 2—Mother’s Violation of a Court Order
Mother acknowledges that she violated the temporary custody order by relocating to South
Carolina with the children. However, she argues the court abused its discretion by putting undue
weight on this violation because that consideration “is not based on determining the best interest of
the child.” She primarily relies on Parish v. Spaulding, 257 Va. 357 (1992), where the Supreme
Court affirmed the transfer of custody to a mother who relocated with the children in violation of a
juvenile court order. 257 Va. at 363-64. “To require the children to return to Virginia irrespective
of their best interests would have violated the requirement that courts act only in furtherance of
those interests.” Id. at 363. Thus, the Supreme Court recognized a court’s authority to retroactively
approve an unapproved relocation, if the evidence demonstrates that the relocation was in the
child’s best interest. See id.
- 10 - Here, the record reflects that the court did not base its decision primarily on the evidence of
mother’s violation of the temporary order. The court considered mother’s violation pursuant to the
tenth factor in Code § 20-124.3, which allows a court to take into account “[s]uch other factors as
the court deems necessary and proper to the determination.” In so doing, the court expressly stated
that mother’s violation of a court order was not dispositive but was at least a “smaller factor” for
consideration. It noted that mother’s relocation was driven by her personal circumstances and
preferences, not because of a legitimate safety emergency or independent pursuit of the children’s
best interest. See Goodhand v. Kildoo, 37 Va. App. 591, 599 (2002) (stating that a court “may
consider a benefit to the parent from relocation only if the move independently benefits the [child]”
(alteration in original) (quoting Cloutier v. Queen, 35 Va. App. 413, 430 (2001))). Unlike in Parish,
the court found that relocation to South Carolina was not in the children’s best interest, and
therefore it was not compelled to retroactively approve the move. Cf. Parish, 257 Va. at 363.
The record demonstrates that the court did not deny mother’s relocation motion only to
“punish” her for violating a court order but instead considered that conduct among the totality of
evidence presented regarding the children’s best interest. A court is “not ‘required to quantify or
elaborate exactly what weight or consideration it has given to each of the statutory factors,’”
Sullivan, 38 Va. App. at 783 (quoting Sargent v. Sargent, 20 Va. App. 694, 702 (1995)), and its
“evaluation of the best interests of the child will not be disturbed on appeal if the findings of the
court are supported by credible evidence,” Goodhand, 37 Va. App. at 600. Credible evidence
supports the court’s evaluation of the children’s best interest, and we will not reweigh the factors on
appeal.
- 11 - C. Assignment of Error 3—Substantial Impairment to Father’s Relationship with Children
Mother argues the court abused its discretion by putting undue emphasis on whether
relocation would substantially impair the children’s relationship with father and failing to consider
that “effective visitation could cure any impairment.”
Because mother was relocating, it was her burden to prove that the move would not
substantially impair father’s relationship with the children. See id. at 602 (stating that “in relocation
matters, the moving party . . . bears the burden of proving that relocation will not cause a
‘substantial impairment’ to the relationship between the non-moving parent and the child”); see also
Stockdale v. Stockdale, 33 Va. App. 179, 184-85 (2000). The record supports the court’s finding
that mother failed to meet that burden. Instead, the evidence demonstrated that relocation would
substantially impair father’s relationship with the children. See Stockdale, 33 Va. App. at 187
(recognizing the non-moving party’s right to present evidence that relocation would substantially
impair relationship).
In reaching that conclusion, the court emphasized father’s recent involvement with the
youngest child as a coach for her softball team and found that relocation would preclude his
participation in a broad array of the children’s daily activities in and out of school.
Mother argues the court erred by focusing on father’s recent conduct and not considering the
impact of appropriate visitation. However, the court found that mother failed to prove that visitation
could adequately facilitate father’s active participation in the children’s lives. Although father had a
history of alcoholism, he recently reached 500-plus days of sobriety, had significantly improved
communications with his family, and was actively pursuing daily involvement in the children’s
lives. In fact, father’s sober lifestyle was one of the materially changed circumstances identified by
the court. The court did not ignore evidence of father’s history but weighed it against recent
lifestyle changes and credited his apologies for past behaviors. - 12 - We must defer to the finder of fact. See Petry v. Petry, 41 Va. App. 782, 790-92 (2003);
Venable v. Venable, 2 Va. App. 178, 186 (1986). Because these factual determinations are
supported by the evidence and are within the court’s discretion, we affirm the determination that
relocation would substantially impair father’s relationship with the children.
D. Assignment of Error 4—Changing Custody to Father
Mother argues the court erred by focusing solely on whether relocation was in the children’s
best interest without also considering whether changing custody to father was in the children’s best
interest. Mother essentially argues the court was required to analyze the statutory factors twice:
first when considering her relocation motion, and second when changing custody to father. She
argues that father would have the burden of proof in this second analysis.
The court considered the factors in Code § 20-124.3 to determine the children’s best
interests. Based on mother’s testimony that she was not going to return to Virginia, the court had no
choice but to change custody to father after denying her relocation motion. A court is “required to
fashion an appropriate remedy that comport[s] with the best interest of the children.” Cloutier, 35
Va. App. at 424. After denying mother’s relocation request, and finding that mother would not
return to Virginia, the court did not err in fashioning a remedy that would serve the children’s best
interests—here, awarding custody to father. See Code § 20-108 (authorizing a court to modify a
custody order “as the circumstances of the parents and the benefit of the children may require”).
Virginia law does not require a separate analysis of the statutory factors; in considering mother’s
relocation motion, the court was already weighing whether the children’s best interests were served
by moving to South Carolina with mother or staying in Virginia with father. “The need to fashion
complete justice on the facts presented is the role of the [trial court],” which must “make a custody
determination based solely upon the best interests of the children.” Cloutier, 35 Va. App. at 424.
- 13 - Given the evidence in this case and the paramount concern for the children’s best interests, we hold
that the court did not abuse its discretion in transferring custody to father.
E. Assignment of Error 5—Father’s Attorney Fee Award
Mother argues the court erred by awarding $34,000 in attorney fees to father because an
“outsized portion” of fees were attributable to father’s violations of the MSA.
The court originally awarded father attorney fees in the amount of $64,000. Mother
requested reconsideration because the parties’ litigation was attributable in part to father’s violations
of the MSA’s anti-alcohol provisions. The court agreed to reconsider the matter and, after
proceedings, entered an order that awarded father $34,000 in attorney fees.
The record indicates the parties appeared in court to argue mother’s motion to reconsider
attorney fees on May 7 and May 19, 2021; however, the record does not contain transcripts from
these proceedings, and in the absence of transcripts, we cannot review the court’s reasoning or
calculation of the attorney fee award. See Rule 5A:8(b)(4)(ii) (“When the appellant fails to ensure
that the record contains transcripts . . . necessary to permit resolution of appellate issues, any
assignments of error affected by such omission will not be considered.”); see also Browning v.
Browning, 68 Va. App. 19, 28 (2017). Therefore, we cannot consider mother’s assignment of error.
Finally, father requests his appellate attorney fees and costs pursuant to Rule 5A:30(b). “In
determining whether to make such an award, this Court will not be limited to a consideration of
whether a party’s position on an issue was frivolous or lacked substantial merit but may consider all
the equities of the case.” Rule 5A:30(b)(3). Mother’s appeal was neither frivolous nor lacking
substantial merit, and the record provides no equitable basis for awarding appellate attorney fees
and costs. Therefore, we deny father’s request.
- 14 - CONCLUSION
The court did not err in denying mother’s relocation motion and transferring primary
physical custody to father. Mother did not provide an adequate record for us to review the attorney
fee award. Therefore, we affirm the judgment below.
Affirmed.
- 15 -